Pub Date : 2021-06-28DOI: 10.1080/00380253.2021.1923379
D. Witteveen
ABSTRACT Drawing the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 data, a comprehensive treatment model indicates a strong positive influence of incarceration on premature death risk. Models adjust for numerous covariates of mortality, including demographics, family background, and a range of health and behavioral indicators measured during childhood, as well as selection into incarceration (“treatment”). This study expands extant research by observing much longer panel data, closer to the mortality curve. The main treatment effect reveals risk of premature death by one’s mid-fifties being increased by 13.9 percentage-points. Results also indicate that young adulthood incarceration shortens lives equally for Blacks and non-Blacks.
{"title":"Premature Death Risk from Young Adulthood Incarceration","authors":"D. Witteveen","doi":"10.1080/00380253.2021.1923379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00380253.2021.1923379","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Drawing the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 data, a comprehensive treatment model indicates a strong positive influence of incarceration on premature death risk. Models adjust for numerous covariates of mortality, including demographics, family background, and a range of health and behavioral indicators measured during childhood, as well as selection into incarceration (“treatment”). This study expands extant research by observing much longer panel data, closer to the mortality curve. The main treatment effect reveals risk of premature death by one’s mid-fifties being increased by 13.9 percentage-points. Results also indicate that young adulthood incarceration shortens lives equally for Blacks and non-Blacks.","PeriodicalId":48007,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Quarterly","volume":"63 1","pages":"613 - 640"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00380253.2021.1923379","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45916059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-28DOI: 10.1080/00380253.2021.1918593
Joseph A. Guzman
ABSTRACT Exclusion and inclusion constitute the formation of social groups and their boundaries. Historically, middle- and upper-class African Americans formed social organizations to engage in racial uplift and status enhancement. Recent work suggests the purposes of such organizations have shifted from status enhancement toward preserving intra-racial ties. Drawing on nearly four years of participant observation and 29 in-depth interviews with members of a middle-class Black men’s social club, this article analyzes the tensions imbued in maintaining solidarity amid class-based divisions. Beyond providing social respite from the white gaze, this Black space offers escape from the Black gaze, or the burdens of racial uplift. Studying Black social clubs and symbolic boundary formation is richly informative for understanding boundary maintenance and group solidarity within racialized organizations.
{"title":"Walking the Intra-Racial Tightrope: Balancing Exclusion and Inclusion within a Black Social Club","authors":"Joseph A. Guzman","doi":"10.1080/00380253.2021.1918593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00380253.2021.1918593","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Exclusion and inclusion constitute the formation of social groups and their boundaries. Historically, middle- and upper-class African Americans formed social organizations to engage in racial uplift and status enhancement. Recent work suggests the purposes of such organizations have shifted from status enhancement toward preserving intra-racial ties. Drawing on nearly four years of participant observation and 29 in-depth interviews with members of a middle-class Black men’s social club, this article analyzes the tensions imbued in maintaining solidarity amid class-based divisions. Beyond providing social respite from the white gaze, this Black space offers escape from the Black gaze, or the burdens of racial uplift. Studying Black social clubs and symbolic boundary formation is richly informative for understanding boundary maintenance and group solidarity within racialized organizations.","PeriodicalId":48007,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Quarterly","volume":"63 1","pages":"590 - 611"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00380253.2021.1918593","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46733819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-15DOI: 10.1080/00380253.2021.1916410
Jeremy Pais, A. Deener, M. Fischer, Zachary D. Kline
ABSTRACT This study examines the effects of community vulnerability on residential sequestering across counties in the United States. Powerlessness and racialized politics are two hypothesized reasons for why community vulnerability affects social distancing behavior. Powerlessness is tied to the socioeconomic disadvantages of places, which intertwines with politics and race to produce a stratified response to the pandemic. We examine these dynamics with analyses that account for the disease epidemiology and other demographic factors. Data come from multiple sources, including Google’s Mobility Reports and Cuebiq’s Mobility Insights. Growth curve analyses find that socioeconomic disadvantage, political orientation, and racial composition independently explain the rate of change in mobility and peak residential sequestering levels during the initial outbreak. These conceptually separate dimensions of community vulnerability operate in concert, rather than as substitutes or as competing explanations, to impact the behavioral response to COVID-19.
{"title":"“Shelter at Home, if You Can:” Community Vulnerability and Residential Sequestering During the Coronavirus Pandemic of 2020","authors":"Jeremy Pais, A. Deener, M. Fischer, Zachary D. Kline","doi":"10.1080/00380253.2021.1916410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00380253.2021.1916410","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study examines the effects of community vulnerability on residential sequestering across counties in the United States. Powerlessness and racialized politics are two hypothesized reasons for why community vulnerability affects social distancing behavior. Powerlessness is tied to the socioeconomic disadvantages of places, which intertwines with politics and race to produce a stratified response to the pandemic. We examine these dynamics with analyses that account for the disease epidemiology and other demographic factors. Data come from multiple sources, including Google’s Mobility Reports and Cuebiq’s Mobility Insights. Growth curve analyses find that socioeconomic disadvantage, political orientation, and racial composition independently explain the rate of change in mobility and peak residential sequestering levels during the initial outbreak. These conceptually separate dimensions of community vulnerability operate in concert, rather than as substitutes or as competing explanations, to impact the behavioral response to COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":48007,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Quarterly","volume":"63 1","pages":"562 - 589"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00380253.2021.1916410","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43703410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-25DOI: 10.1080/00380253.2021.1899087
R. Wickes, John R. Hipp, Jacqueline Laughland-Booÿ
ABSTRACT Since Putnam introduced his constrict thesis in 2007, many researchers have established that ethnic diversity lowers perceptions of social cohesion, at least in the short term. The connection between ethnic diversity and social behavior, however, is less certain. In this paper we draw on social distance and social identity theories to empirically test if ethnic diversity encourages behaviors linked to social withdrawal. Using data from a longitudinal panel study of urban communities in Australia, we examine the influence of social distance on neighborhood ties, neighborly exchange, and civic engagement and assess if an individual’s social identity (ethnic or civic) strengthens or weakens these relationships. We find individuals that endorse an ethnic identity are more likely to engage in social withdrawal behaviors. Withdrawal is also more likely in neighborhoods where individuals distort the presence of minorities.
{"title":"Ethnic Diversity, Social Identity, and Social Withdrawal: Investigating Putnam’s Constrict Thesis","authors":"R. Wickes, John R. Hipp, Jacqueline Laughland-Booÿ","doi":"10.1080/00380253.2021.1899087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00380253.2021.1899087","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Since Putnam introduced his constrict thesis in 2007, many researchers have established that ethnic diversity lowers perceptions of social cohesion, at least in the short term. The connection between ethnic diversity and social behavior, however, is less certain. In this paper we draw on social distance and social identity theories to empirically test if ethnic diversity encourages behaviors linked to social withdrawal. Using data from a longitudinal panel study of urban communities in Australia, we examine the influence of social distance on neighborhood ties, neighborly exchange, and civic engagement and assess if an individual’s social identity (ethnic or civic) strengthens or weakens these relationships. We find individuals that endorse an ethnic identity are more likely to engage in social withdrawal behaviors. Withdrawal is also more likely in neighborhoods where individuals distort the presence of minorities.","PeriodicalId":48007,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Quarterly","volume":"63 1","pages":"516 - 540"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00380253.2021.1899087","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44523993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-30DOI: 10.1080/00380253.2021.1909444
Thomas E. Shriver, Laura A. Bray, Annika Wilcox, A. Szabo
ABSTRACT Research indicates that social movements are shaped by increased opportunities and threats, yet this work rarely examines environments of intersecting opportunity and threat. This article extends the literature on political opportunity theory by explaining how shifting rights regimes influence the political context of movements. Specifically, we analyze how dissent in Communist Czechoslovakia responded to the expansion and contraction of rights across three political periods between 1948 and 1977. Our research delineates three key features of rights regimes and shows how variation across multiple scales creates “hybrid environments” of political opportunity and threat for social movements.
{"title":"Human Rights and Dissent in Hybrid Environments: The Impact of Shifting Rights Regimes","authors":"Thomas E. Shriver, Laura A. Bray, Annika Wilcox, A. Szabo","doi":"10.1080/00380253.2021.1909444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00380253.2021.1909444","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Research indicates that social movements are shaped by increased opportunities and threats, yet this work rarely examines environments of intersecting opportunity and threat. This article extends the literature on political opportunity theory by explaining how shifting rights regimes influence the political context of movements. Specifically, we analyze how dissent in Communist Czechoslovakia responded to the expansion and contraction of rights across three political periods between 1948 and 1977. Our research delineates three key features of rights regimes and shows how variation across multiple scales creates “hybrid environments” of political opportunity and threat for social movements.","PeriodicalId":48007,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Quarterly","volume":"63 1","pages":"541 - 561"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00380253.2021.1909444","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44811558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-30DOI: 10.1080/00380253.2021.1899086
S. Walgrave, R. Wouters, Pauline Ketelaars
ABSTRACT Decades of research found that protest participation is unequally distributed over the population. The usual protesters are resourceful, skilled, and politically engaged. We theorize that “open channel” mobilization and mobilization via strong persuasion ties is able to bring unusual protesters to the streets. Additionally, we explore the contextual antecedents of both mobilization types. Results are based on large-scale protest survey data encompassing 71 protests from nine countries. We measure protester (un)usualness in terms of education, political interest, political efficacy and past participation. We find that mobilization via closed information channels and weak persuasion ties generally leads to the well-known skew in participation. Open information channels and strong persuasion ties, on the other hand, tend to decrease the probability of participants being usual suspects and increase the probability of participants being unusual suspects. In sum, not all mobilization fosters inequality.
{"title":"Mobilizing Usual versus Unusual Protesters. Information Channel Openness and Persuasion Tie Strength in 71 Demonstrations in Nine Countries","authors":"S. Walgrave, R. Wouters, Pauline Ketelaars","doi":"10.1080/00380253.2021.1899086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00380253.2021.1899086","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Decades of research found that protest participation is unequally distributed over the population. The usual protesters are resourceful, skilled, and politically engaged. We theorize that “open channel” mobilization and mobilization via strong persuasion ties is able to bring unusual protesters to the streets. Additionally, we explore the contextual antecedents of both mobilization types. Results are based on large-scale protest survey data encompassing 71 protests from nine countries. We measure protester (un)usualness in terms of education, political interest, political efficacy and past participation. We find that mobilization via closed information channels and weak persuasion ties generally leads to the well-known skew in participation. Open information channels and strong persuasion ties, on the other hand, tend to decrease the probability of participants being usual suspects and increase the probability of participants being unusual suspects. In sum, not all mobilization fosters inequality.","PeriodicalId":48007,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Quarterly","volume":"63 1","pages":"48 - 73"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00380253.2021.1899086","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48968858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/00380253.2020.1733450
H. Prechel
ABSTRACT An organizational political economy perspective is elaborated to explain greenhouse gas emissions in the high polluting U.S. electrical energy industry. The analysis includes an examination of neoliberal organizational and political-legal arrangements and how the managerial class in parent companies make substantively different strategic investment decisions that affect greenhouse gas emissions. The quantitative analysis examines the effects of corporate characteristics and political embeddedness greenhouse gas emissions in the high-polluting energy sector. Findings show that parent company size, organizational complexity, political embeddedness, and the interaction of size and political embeddedness in the largest electrical energy producing corporations effect their greenhouse gas emissions.
{"title":"Neoliberal Organizational and Political-Legal Arrangements and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the U.S. Electrical Energy Sector","authors":"H. Prechel","doi":"10.1080/00380253.2020.1733450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00380253.2020.1733450","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT An organizational political economy perspective is elaborated to explain greenhouse gas emissions in the high polluting U.S. electrical energy industry. The analysis includes an examination of neoliberal organizational and political-legal arrangements and how the managerial class in parent companies make substantively different strategic investment decisions that affect greenhouse gas emissions. The quantitative analysis examines the effects of corporate characteristics and political embeddedness greenhouse gas emissions in the high-polluting energy sector. Findings show that parent company size, organizational complexity, political embeddedness, and the interaction of size and political embeddedness in the largest electrical energy producing corporations effect their greenhouse gas emissions.","PeriodicalId":48007,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Quarterly","volume":"62 1","pages":"209 - 233"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00380253.2020.1733450","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43060052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-19DOI: 10.1080/00380253.2020.1867485
E. Baumer, Christopher S. Fowler, S. Messner, R. Rosenfeld
ABSTRACT Recent scholarship has examined changes in the geographic distribution of poor persons in America, but it remains unclear whether high- and low- poverty neighborhoods have become more, or less, spatially clustered over the past several decades. Additionally, while many have argued that growth in both high-poverty spatial clusters and high-low poverty spatial clusters could yield conditions that are conducive to increases in homicide, previous research has not considered that possibility. We contribute to knowledge by examining whether there have been important shifts in the spatial clustering of poverty in America between 1980 and 2010, and if so, whether those shifts were related to changes in homicide during the period. The descriptive results of our study reveal that there were notable changes in population exposure to both high- poverty and high-low poverty spatial clusters between 1980 and 2010. Fixed-effects negative binomial regression models yield limited support for the idea that changes in spatial inequality, as measured by the clustering of high- and low-poverty neighborhoods, are associated with changes in homicide rates. In contrast, the results indicate a significant positive association between changes in exposure to very high-poverty spatial clusters and homicide trends. The findings affirm the importance of considering the spatial dynamics of demographic conditions when explaining changes in violence across communities.
{"title":"Change in the Spatial Clustering of Poor Neighborhoods within U.S. Counties and Its Impact on Homicide: An Analysis of Metropolitan Counties, 1980-2010","authors":"E. Baumer, Christopher S. Fowler, S. Messner, R. Rosenfeld","doi":"10.1080/00380253.2020.1867485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00380253.2020.1867485","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Recent scholarship has examined changes in the geographic distribution of poor persons in America, but it remains unclear whether high- and low- poverty neighborhoods have become more, or less, spatially clustered over the past several decades. Additionally, while many have argued that growth in both high-poverty spatial clusters and high-low poverty spatial clusters could yield conditions that are conducive to increases in homicide, previous research has not considered that possibility. We contribute to knowledge by examining whether there have been important shifts in the spatial clustering of poverty in America between 1980 and 2010, and if so, whether those shifts were related to changes in homicide during the period. The descriptive results of our study reveal that there were notable changes in population exposure to both high- poverty and high-low poverty spatial clusters between 1980 and 2010. Fixed-effects negative binomial regression models yield limited support for the idea that changes in spatial inequality, as measured by the clustering of high- and low-poverty neighborhoods, are associated with changes in homicide rates. In contrast, the results indicate a significant positive association between changes in exposure to very high-poverty spatial clusters and homicide trends. The findings affirm the importance of considering the spatial dynamics of demographic conditions when explaining changes in violence across communities.","PeriodicalId":48007,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Quarterly","volume":"63 1","pages":"401 - 425"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00380253.2020.1867485","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48808699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-08DOI: 10.1080/00380253.2020.1868956
C. Ickert, A. Senthilselvan, G. Jhangri
ABSTRACT Health inequities in Canada are pervasive. Intersectional theory and novel quantitative methods can be used to understand health inequities. Drawing on a sample of adults from the 2015 and 2016 Canadian Community Health Survey, this study uses multilevel analysis individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy (MAIHDA) to examine the intersectional effect of race, sex, income and immigration status on perceived health and perceived mental health. Small variance partition coefficients of the final models suggest that most of the variance across social strata is explained by the main effects for the four variables. Intersectional interaction effects for each social strata are reported.
{"title":"Multilevel Modeling of Health Inequalities at the Intersection of Multiple Social Identities in Canada","authors":"C. Ickert, A. Senthilselvan, G. Jhangri","doi":"10.1080/00380253.2020.1868956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00380253.2020.1868956","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Health inequities in Canada are pervasive. Intersectional theory and novel quantitative methods can be used to understand health inequities. Drawing on a sample of adults from the 2015 and 2016 Canadian Community Health Survey, this study uses multilevel analysis individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy (MAIHDA) to examine the intersectional effect of race, sex, income and immigration status on perceived health and perceived mental health. Small variance partition coefficients of the final models suggest that most of the variance across social strata is explained by the main effects for the four variables. Intersectional interaction effects for each social strata are reported.","PeriodicalId":48007,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Quarterly","volume":"63 1","pages":"214 - 246"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00380253.2020.1868956","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48058860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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