Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1521/soco.2024.42.2.85
Kirsten Westmoreland, Iain D. Gilchrist, Susanne Quadflieg
Judging the emotional states of others based on visual information alone is a fundamental aspect of rapid impression formation. However, it remains unclear whether complex social emotions (such as feelings of pride or envy) can be inferred by merely observing others. Here we demonstrate consistent perception of such complex social emotions when a person is seen in the context of a meaningful interpersonal encounter. In Study 1, we show that the perception of social emotions is enhanced when emotionally expressive target individuals are seen with meaningful social companions rather than with social distractors or in isolation. In Study 2, we illustrate that the perception of social emotions increases systematically when formerly isolated individuals are subsequently seen with meaningful social companions rather than with social distractors or objects. We conclude that interpersonal encounters play an integral part in the perception of social emotions.
{"title":"Witnessing Meaningful Interpersonal Encounters Facilitates the Perception of Social Emotions","authors":"Kirsten Westmoreland, Iain D. Gilchrist, Susanne Quadflieg","doi":"10.1521/soco.2024.42.2.85","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2024.42.2.85","url":null,"abstract":"Judging the emotional states of others based on visual information alone is a fundamental aspect of rapid impression formation. However, it remains unclear whether complex social emotions (such as feelings of pride or envy) can be inferred by merely observing others. Here we demonstrate consistent perception of such complex social emotions when a person is seen in the context of a meaningful interpersonal encounter. In Study 1, we show that the perception of social emotions is enhanced when emotionally expressive target individuals are seen with meaningful social companions rather than with social distractors or in isolation. In Study 2, we illustrate that the perception of social emotions increases systematically when formerly isolated individuals are subsequently seen with meaningful social companions rather than with social distractors or objects. We conclude that interpersonal encounters play an integral part in the perception of social emotions.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140770731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1521/soco.2024.42.2.112
Nicholas P. Alt, Pamala N. Dayley, Anna G. Faulkner, Kerri L. Johnson
Previous findings on people perception show that perceivers are attuned to the social categories of group members, which subsequently influences social judgments. An outstanding question is whether perceivers are also attuned to visual cue variability (e.g., gender typicality). In two studies (n = 165), perceivers viewed 12-person ensembles (500 ms) of varying White men-to-women ratios. Importantly, faces of one gender/sex were morphed to appear either more masculine or more feminine. Consistent with prior work, results indicated that judgments varied by the actual gender/sex ratio. In addition, perceivers' judgments varied as a function of manipulated gender cues. Ensembles composed of masculine, compared to feminine White men, were judged to have more men, higher perceived masculinity, and to be more threatening. Complementary results were found for ensembles composed of feminine, compared to masculine White women. These findings highlight the impact of both social categories and visual phenotypic cue variability on people perception.
{"title":"Gender/Sex Categories and Gendered Cues in People Perception: The Influence of Gender/Sex Ratio and Gendered Appearance on Group Judgments","authors":"Nicholas P. Alt, Pamala N. Dayley, Anna G. Faulkner, Kerri L. Johnson","doi":"10.1521/soco.2024.42.2.112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2024.42.2.112","url":null,"abstract":"Previous findings on people perception show that perceivers are attuned to the social categories of group members, which subsequently influences social judgments. An outstanding question is whether perceivers are also attuned to visual cue variability (e.g., gender typicality). In two studies (n = 165), perceivers viewed 12-person ensembles (500 ms) of varying White men-to-women ratios. Importantly, faces of one gender/sex were morphed to appear either more masculine or more feminine. Consistent with prior work, results indicated that judgments varied by the actual gender/sex ratio. In addition, perceivers' judgments varied as a function of manipulated gender cues. Ensembles composed of masculine, compared to feminine White men, were judged to have more men, higher perceived masculinity, and to be more threatening. Complementary results were found for ensembles composed of feminine, compared to masculine White women. These findings highlight the impact of both social categories and visual phenotypic cue variability on people perception.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140783180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1521/soco.2024.42.2.133
Jared Wong, Jin Kim
Extensive research in social perception and biological motion has converged on the finding that humans are particularly accurate in identifying gender from the gait of minimal visual conspecific stimuli (e.g., point-light walkers). Despite the preponderance of evidence in favor of this ability, we return to the original paradigm and vary a single parameter—weight. Across nine pre-registered studies, participants (N = 3,196) were assigned to view the gait of point-light walkers based on actual human motion patterns. We find a decline in the accuracy of identifying the gender of female point-light walkers as their weight increases. However, as the weight of female walkers decreases, gender identification accuracy is recovered. These findings carry implications for the gendered nature of weight bias and the role of weight in human perception.
{"title":"Walk This Way: How Weight Distorts Gender Identification of Point-Light Walkers","authors":"Jared Wong, Jin Kim","doi":"10.1521/soco.2024.42.2.133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2024.42.2.133","url":null,"abstract":"Extensive research in social perception and biological motion has converged on the finding that humans are particularly accurate in identifying gender from the gait of minimal visual conspecific stimuli (e.g., point-light walkers). Despite the preponderance of evidence in favor of this ability, we return to the original paradigm and vary a single parameter—weight. Across nine pre-registered studies, participants (N = 3,196) were assigned to view the gait of point-light walkers based on actual human motion patterns. We find a decline in the accuracy of identifying the gender of female point-light walkers as their weight increases. However, as the weight of female walkers decreases, gender identification accuracy is recovered. These findings carry implications for the gendered nature of weight bias and the role of weight in human perception.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140768647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01DOI: 10.1521/soco.2024.42.1.61
David J. Hauser, James Hillman
Words have semantic prosody when they collocate with positive/negative concepts in natural language. Semantic prosody encourages positive/negative evaluations. However, it is unknown whether semantic prosody affects inferences of other attributes aside from positivity/negativity. Semantic prosody likely causes people to expect the valence of what comes next, and expectation violations occur when authors have ironic intent and when authors lack fluency with a language. Four studies investigated whether semantically prosodic expectations impact specific inferences about authors. Participants perceived a writer as having greater ironic intent when the writer used a sentence with a semantically prosodic word that mismatched with the valence of adjacent words (Studies 1, 3, and 4). Additionally, in line with English as foreign language pedagogy, the same manipulation caused participants to perceive a writer as being less fluent in English (Studies 2, 3, and 4). Thus, semantic prosody generates expectations that affect nuanced inferences.
{"title":"What Does It Mean to Be “Utterly Content”? Semantic Prosody Impacts Nuanced Inferences Beyond Just Valence","authors":"David J. Hauser, James Hillman","doi":"10.1521/soco.2024.42.1.61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2024.42.1.61","url":null,"abstract":"Words have semantic prosody when they collocate with positive/negative concepts in natural language. Semantic prosody encourages positive/negative evaluations. However, it is unknown whether semantic prosody affects inferences of other attributes aside from positivity/negativity. Semantic prosody likely causes people to expect the valence of what comes next, and expectation violations occur when authors have ironic intent and when authors lack fluency with a language. Four studies investigated whether semantically prosodic expectations impact specific inferences about authors. Participants perceived a writer as having greater ironic intent when the writer used a sentence with a semantically prosodic word that mismatched with the valence of adjacent words (Studies 1, 3, and 4). Additionally, in line with English as foreign language pedagogy, the same manipulation caused participants to perceive a writer as being less fluent in English (Studies 2, 3, and 4). Thus, semantic prosody generates expectations that affect nuanced inferences.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139813651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01DOI: 10.1521/soco.2024.42.1.5
Amanda Seruti, Mário B. Ferreira, Bruno Kluwe-Schiavon
The present research explores whether popular proverbs can shape moral intuitions and influence people's moral judgments. A two-response experimental paradigm was used to obtain participants' evaluations of immoral behaviors that were condemned or condoned using popular proverbs. When used to condemn immoral behaviors, proverbs increased the strength of participants' moral intuitions—making their judgments more polarized, confident, and resistant to response revision. When used to condone immoral behaviors, proverbs did not change moral judgment (i.e., immoral behaviors were still considered unacceptable) but weakened participants moral intuitions—making their judgments relatively less polarized and confident. Our results further suggest that the cognitive ease of processing associated with proverbs contributes to explaining their impact on people's moral judgments.
{"title":"Popular Saying and Moral Judgment: The Influence of Proverbs on Moral Intuition","authors":"Amanda Seruti, Mário B. Ferreira, Bruno Kluwe-Schiavon","doi":"10.1521/soco.2024.42.1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2024.42.1.5","url":null,"abstract":"The present research explores whether popular proverbs can shape moral intuitions and influence people's moral judgments. A two-response experimental paradigm was used to obtain participants' evaluations of immoral behaviors that were condemned or condoned using popular proverbs. When used to condemn immoral behaviors, proverbs increased the strength of participants' moral intuitions—making their judgments more polarized, confident, and resistant to response revision. When used to condone immoral behaviors, proverbs did not change moral judgment (i.e., immoral behaviors were still considered unacceptable) but weakened participants moral intuitions—making their judgments relatively less polarized and confident. Our results further suggest that the cognitive ease of processing associated with proverbs contributes to explaining their impact on people's moral judgments.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139821110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01DOI: 10.1521/soco.2024.42.1.27
David S. March
It is standard practice to assess participants’ perception of suboptimal stimuli by using an awareness measure. Yet the assessment of stimulus awareness is a difficult issue in masked priming studies; there is no standard for what constitutes participants’ conscious “awareness” nor what measure is best to assess awareness. Nonetheless, researchers make claims of participant (un)awareness based on idiosyncratic operationalizations of “awareness” and unstandardized practices for testing awareness. This unstandardized practice can lead to spurious conclusions based on faulty assumptions. The current work adds to an ongoing discussion on the methodology of the field by drawing attention to how operational definitions and tasks impact the results obtained from experiments. The concept of awareness is briefly discussed, work testing awareness across three attempts is presented, each using different oft-employed awareness measures that render different empirical conclusions, and finally the article discusses choosing an awareness measure that reflects one's research goal.
{"title":"Ignorance Is Not Bliss: On Issues Measuring the Awareness of Suboptimal Stimuli","authors":"David S. March","doi":"10.1521/soco.2024.42.1.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2024.42.1.27","url":null,"abstract":"It is standard practice to assess participants’ perception of suboptimal stimuli by using an awareness measure. Yet the assessment of stimulus awareness is a difficult issue in masked priming studies; there is no standard for what constitutes participants’ conscious “awareness” nor what measure is best to assess awareness. Nonetheless, researchers make claims of participant (un)awareness based on idiosyncratic operationalizations of “awareness” and unstandardized practices for testing awareness. This unstandardized practice can lead to spurious conclusions based on faulty assumptions. The current work adds to an ongoing discussion on the methodology of the field by drawing attention to how operational definitions and tasks impact the results obtained from experiments. The concept of awareness is briefly discussed, work testing awareness across three attempts is presented, each using different oft-employed awareness measures that render different empirical conclusions, and finally the article discusses choosing an awareness measure that reflects one's research goal.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139816746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01DOI: 10.1521/soco.2024.42.1.61
David J. Hauser, James Hillman
Words have semantic prosody when they collocate with positive/negative concepts in natural language. Semantic prosody encourages positive/negative evaluations. However, it is unknown whether semantic prosody affects inferences of other attributes aside from positivity/negativity. Semantic prosody likely causes people to expect the valence of what comes next, and expectation violations occur when authors have ironic intent and when authors lack fluency with a language. Four studies investigated whether semantically prosodic expectations impact specific inferences about authors. Participants perceived a writer as having greater ironic intent when the writer used a sentence with a semantically prosodic word that mismatched with the valence of adjacent words (Studies 1, 3, and 4). Additionally, in line with English as foreign language pedagogy, the same manipulation caused participants to perceive a writer as being less fluent in English (Studies 2, 3, and 4). Thus, semantic prosody generates expectations that affect nuanced inferences.
{"title":"What Does It Mean to Be “Utterly Content”? Semantic Prosody Impacts Nuanced Inferences Beyond Just Valence","authors":"David J. Hauser, James Hillman","doi":"10.1521/soco.2024.42.1.61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2024.42.1.61","url":null,"abstract":"Words have semantic prosody when they collocate with positive/negative concepts in natural language. Semantic prosody encourages positive/negative evaluations. However, it is unknown whether semantic prosody affects inferences of other attributes aside from positivity/negativity. Semantic prosody likely causes people to expect the valence of what comes next, and expectation violations occur when authors have ironic intent and when authors lack fluency with a language. Four studies investigated whether semantically prosodic expectations impact specific inferences about authors. Participants perceived a writer as having greater ironic intent when the writer used a sentence with a semantically prosodic word that mismatched with the valence of adjacent words (Studies 1, 3, and 4). Additionally, in line with English as foreign language pedagogy, the same manipulation caused participants to perceive a writer as being less fluent in English (Studies 2, 3, and 4). Thus, semantic prosody generates expectations that affect nuanced inferences.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139873364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01DOI: 10.1521/soco.2024.42.1.27
David S. March
It is standard practice to assess participants’ perception of suboptimal stimuli by using an awareness measure. Yet the assessment of stimulus awareness is a difficult issue in masked priming studies; there is no standard for what constitutes participants’ conscious “awareness” nor what measure is best to assess awareness. Nonetheless, researchers make claims of participant (un)awareness based on idiosyncratic operationalizations of “awareness” and unstandardized practices for testing awareness. This unstandardized practice can lead to spurious conclusions based on faulty assumptions. The current work adds to an ongoing discussion on the methodology of the field by drawing attention to how operational definitions and tasks impact the results obtained from experiments. The concept of awareness is briefly discussed, work testing awareness across three attempts is presented, each using different oft-employed awareness measures that render different empirical conclusions, and finally the article discusses choosing an awareness measure that reflects one's research goal.
{"title":"Ignorance Is Not Bliss: On Issues Measuring the Awareness of Suboptimal Stimuli","authors":"David S. March","doi":"10.1521/soco.2024.42.1.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2024.42.1.27","url":null,"abstract":"It is standard practice to assess participants’ perception of suboptimal stimuli by using an awareness measure. Yet the assessment of stimulus awareness is a difficult issue in masked priming studies; there is no standard for what constitutes participants’ conscious “awareness” nor what measure is best to assess awareness. Nonetheless, researchers make claims of participant (un)awareness based on idiosyncratic operationalizations of “awareness” and unstandardized practices for testing awareness. This unstandardized practice can lead to spurious conclusions based on faulty assumptions. The current work adds to an ongoing discussion on the methodology of the field by drawing attention to how operational definitions and tasks impact the results obtained from experiments. The concept of awareness is briefly discussed, work testing awareness across three attempts is presented, each using different oft-employed awareness measures that render different empirical conclusions, and finally the article discusses choosing an awareness measure that reflects one's research goal.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139876489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01DOI: 10.1521/soco.2024.42.1.5
Amanda Seruti, Mário B. Ferreira, Bruno Kluwe-Schiavon
The present research explores whether popular proverbs can shape moral intuitions and influence people's moral judgments. A two-response experimental paradigm was used to obtain participants' evaluations of immoral behaviors that were condemned or condoned using popular proverbs. When used to condemn immoral behaviors, proverbs increased the strength of participants' moral intuitions—making their judgments more polarized, confident, and resistant to response revision. When used to condone immoral behaviors, proverbs did not change moral judgment (i.e., immoral behaviors were still considered unacceptable) but weakened participants moral intuitions—making their judgments relatively less polarized and confident. Our results further suggest that the cognitive ease of processing associated with proverbs contributes to explaining their impact on people's moral judgments.
{"title":"Popular Saying and Moral Judgment: The Influence of Proverbs on Moral Intuition","authors":"Amanda Seruti, Mário B. Ferreira, Bruno Kluwe-Schiavon","doi":"10.1521/soco.2024.42.1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2024.42.1.5","url":null,"abstract":"The present research explores whether popular proverbs can shape moral intuitions and influence people's moral judgments. A two-response experimental paradigm was used to obtain participants' evaluations of immoral behaviors that were condemned or condoned using popular proverbs. When used to condemn immoral behaviors, proverbs increased the strength of participants' moral intuitions—making their judgments more polarized, confident, and resistant to response revision. When used to condone immoral behaviors, proverbs did not change moral judgment (i.e., immoral behaviors were still considered unacceptable) but weakened participants moral intuitions—making their judgments relatively less polarized and confident. Our results further suggest that the cognitive ease of processing associated with proverbs contributes to explaining their impact on people's moral judgments.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139880895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1521/soco.2023.41.6.579
{"title":"Author Index to Volume 41","authors":"","doi":"10.1521/soco.2023.41.6.579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2023.41.6.579","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139193088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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