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Negative or Negated, Thus True? An Investigation of Concept Valence and Semantic Negation as Drivers of Framing Effects in Judgments of Truth 否定还是否定,所以是真的?真理判断中概念效价和语义否定对框架效应驱动因素的研究
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1521/soco.2021.39.6.687
Mariela E. Jaffé, Rainer Greifeneder
The negativity bias in judgments of truth holds that content-wise identical statements are more likely to be judged as true when presented in a negative compared to positive concept frame. This article investigates the mechanisms underlying this concept frame effect by differentiating concept valence (something good versus bad) and semantic negation (grammatical operator) throughout five studies. We found some evidence that concept valence and semantic negation work in tandem to produce the concept frame, yet negation seems to be the more stable driver. Moreover, we found that negation exerts its impact on perceived truth by increasing the realm of possible states in which a specific statement can be true. Together, the present findings extend knowledge of the negativity bias in truth judgments by providing a more fine-grained picture of “negativity” and an explanation for why negation might be especially effective in increasing truth judgments.
真理判断中的消极偏见认为,与积极概念框架相比,在消极概念框架中呈现的内容相同的陈述更有可能被判断为真实。本文通过对五项研究中概念效价(好与坏)和语义否定(语法操作符)的区分,探讨了概念框架效应的机制。我们发现一些证据表明,概念效价和语义否定协同工作产生概念框架,但否定似乎是更稳定的驱动因素。此外,我们发现否定通过增加特定陈述可能为真的可能状态的范围来影响感知真理。总之,目前的研究结果通过提供一个更细致的“消极性”图片,扩展了对真理判断中消极偏见的认识,并解释了为什么否定可能在增加真理判断中特别有效。
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引用次数: 1
Happy = Human: A Feeling of Belonging Modulates the “Expression-to-Mind” Effect 快乐=人类:归属感调节“表达到思想”的效果
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2021-11-13 DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/u2657
Toshiki Saito, Steven M. Almaraz, K. Hugenberg
Past research has demonstrated a link between facial expressions and mind perception, yet why expressions, especially happy expressions, influence mind attribution remains unclear. Conducting four studies, we addressed this issue. In Study 1, we investigated whether the valence or behavioral intention (i.e., approach or avoidance) implied by different emotions affected the minds ascribed to expressers. Happy (positive valence and approach intention) targets were ascribed more sophisticated minds than were targets displaying neutral, angry (negative-approach), or fearful (negative-avoidance) expressions, suggesting emotional valence was relevant to mind attribution but apparent behavioral intentions were not. We replicated this effect using both Black and White targets (Study 2) and another face database (Study 3). In Study 4, we conducted path analyses to examine attractiveness and expectations of social acceptance as potential mediators of the effect. Our findings suggest that signals of social acceptance are crucial to the effect emotional expressions have on mind perception.
过去的研究表明,面部表情和心理感知之间存在联系,但为什么表情,尤其是快乐表情,会影响心理归因仍不清楚。我们进行了四项研究,解决了这个问题。在研究1中,我们调查了不同情绪所暗示的效价或行为意图(即接近或回避)是否会影响表达者的思维。快乐(积极效价和接近意图)的目标比表现出中立、愤怒(消极接近)或恐惧(消极回避)表情的目标更复杂,这表明情绪效价与心理归因相关,但明显的行为意图与心理归因无关。我们使用黑人和白人目标(研究2)和另一个人脸数据库(研究3)复制了这种效果。在研究4中,我们进行了路径分析,以检验社会接受的吸引力和期望作为影响的潜在中介。我们的研究结果表明,社会接受的信号对情绪表达对心理感知的影响至关重要。
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引用次数: 4
Does Emotional Expression Moderate Implicit Racial Bias? Examining Bias Following Smiling and Angry Primes 情绪表达能调节隐性种族偏见吗?检查微笑和愤怒高潮后的偏见
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1521/soco.2021.39.5.570
A. Raissi, J. Steele
Given the pervasiveness of prejudice, researchers have become increasingly interested in examining racial bias at the intersection of race and other social and perceptual categories that have the potential to disrupt these negative attitudes. Across three studies, we examined whether the emotional expression of racial exemplars would moderate implicit racial bias. We found that racial bias on the Affect Misattribution Procedure only emerged in response to angry but not smiling Black male faces in comparison to White (Study 1) or White and Asian (Study 3) male faces with similar emotional expressions. Racial bias was also found toward Asian targets (Studies 2 and 3), but not only following angry primes. These findings suggest that negative stereotypes about Black men can create a contrast effect, making racial bias toward smiling faces less likely to be expressed in the presence of angry Black male faces.
鉴于偏见的普遍性,研究人员越来越有兴趣在种族和其他社会和感知类别的交叉点上研究种族偏见,这些偏见有可能破坏这些负面态度。在三项研究中,我们考察了种族样本的情感表达是否会缓和隐性种族偏见。我们发现,与情绪表达相似的白人(研究1)或白人和亚洲人(研究3)男性面孔相比,情绪归因程序中的种族偏见只出现在对愤怒但不微笑的黑人男性面孔的反应中。种族偏见也被发现对亚洲目标(研究2和3),但不仅仅是在愤怒的黄金时期。这些发现表明,对黑人男性的负面刻板印象会产生对比效应,使对笑脸的种族偏见不太可能在愤怒的黑人男性面前表现出来。
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引用次数: 2
The Limits of Defaults: The Influence of Decision Time on Default Effects 违约的限度:决策时间对违约效应的影响
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1521/soco.2021.39.5.543
Benjamin X White, Duo Jiang, D. Albarracín
The stability of default effects to contextual features is critical to their use in policy. In this paper, decision time was investigated as a contextual factor that may pose limits on the efficacy of defaults. Consistent with the hypothesis that time constraints may increase reliance on contextual cues, four experiments, including a preregistered one of a nationally representative sample, and a meta-analysis that included four additional pilot experiments, indicated that short decision times increased the advantage of action defaults (i.e., the default option automatically endorsed the desired behavior) and that the default advantage was trivial or nonexistent when decision times were longer. These effects replicated for naturalistic as well as externally induced decision times and were present even when participants were unaware that time was limited. This research has critical implications for psychological science and allied disciplines concerned with policy in the domains of public health, finance and economics, marketing, and environmental sciences.
上下文特性的默认效果的稳定性对于它们在策略中的使用至关重要。在本文中,决策时间作为一个可能对违约效力构成限制的上下文因素进行了研究。与时间限制可能增加对上下文线索依赖的假设一致,四个实验,包括一个全国代表性样本的预注册实验,以及一个包含四个额外试点实验的荟萃分析,表明短的决策时间增加了默认行动的优势(即,默认选项自动支持期望的行为),而当决策时间较长时,默认优势微不足道或不存在。这些效应在自然的和外部诱导的决策时间中都是一样的,甚至在参与者没有意识到时间有限的情况下也存在。这项研究对心理科学和与公共卫生、金融和经济、市场营销和环境科学领域的政策有关的相关学科具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 1
Mixed Evidence for Name Priming Effects as a Measure of Implicit Self-Esteem: A Conceptual Replication of Krause Et Al. (2012) 名称引发效应作为内隐自尊衡量标准的混合证据:克劳斯等人的概念复制。(2012)
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1521/soco.2021.39.5.591
Adrian Jusepeitis, K. Rothermund
Krause et al. (2012) demonstrated that evaluative responses elicited by self-related primes in an affective priming task have incremental validity over explicit self-esteem in predicting self-serving biases in performance estimations and expectations in an anagram task. We conducted a conceptual replication of their experiment in which we added a behavioral and an affective outcome and presented names instead of faces as self-related primes. A heterogeneous sample (N = 96) was recruited for an online data collection. Name primes produced significantly positive and reliable priming effects, which correlated with explicit self-esteem. However, neither these priming effects nor explicit self-esteem predicted the cognitive, affective, or behavioral outcomes. Despite the lack of predictive validity of the implicit measure for affective and behavioral outcomes, the positive and reliable priming effects produced by name primes warrant the further investigation of the validity of the affective priming paradigm as a measure of implicit self-esteem.
Krause等人(2012)证明,在情感启动任务中,由自我相关素数引发的评估反应在预测变位词任务中的表现估计和期望中的自我服务偏见方面,比外显自尊具有递增的有效性。我们对他们的实验进行了概念复制,在实验中我们添加了行为和情感结果,并将名字而不是面孔作为自我相关的素数。招募了一个异质样本(N=96)进行在线数据收集。姓名启动能产生显著的正向和可靠的启动效应,并与外显自尊相关。然而,这些启动效应和外显自尊都不能预测认知、情感或行为结果。尽管内隐测量对情感和行为结果缺乏预测有效性,但名字启动产生的积极可靠的启动效应值得进一步研究情感启动范式作为内隐自尊测量的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
The Self-Validating Role of Political Ideology on Political Attitudes 政治意识形态对政治态度的自我验证作用
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2021-08-01 DOI: 10.1521/soco.2021.39.4.437
Kevin L. Blankenship, K. Kane, Carl Hewitt
Recently there has been a resurgence of interest in the influence of ideology on the formation and maintenance of political attitudes. Much of this work has examined ideology as an individual difference that influences evaluations of political issues; these studies instead examined how one's ideology explicitly serves to polarize political opinions. Using the self-validation perspective as a theoretical backdrop, two studies examine the role of political ideology in validating thoughts about a political issue. In Study 1, considering one's political ideology after writing about one's attitude toward abortion increased thought confidence and attitude extremity related to abortion. Study 2 utilized a more subtle manipulation of ideology salience and found that political ideology validated thoughts about abortion, but not the issue of changing the legal drinking age (an issue less related to political ideology). These studies suggest that political ideology plays a role in attitude extremity and certainty toward ideology-relevant issues.
最近,人们对意识形态对政治态度形成和维持的影响重新产生了兴趣。这项工作的大部分都将意识形态视为影响政治问题评估的个体差异;相反,这些研究考察了一个人的意识形态是如何明确地分化政治观点的。两项研究以自我验证视角为理论背景,考察了政治意识形态在验证政治问题思想中的作用。在研究1中,在写下自己对堕胎的态度后,考虑自己的政治意识形态,增加了与堕胎相关的思想自信和态度极端。研究2利用了对意识形态显著性的更微妙的操纵,发现政治意识形态验证了关于堕胎的想法,但没有验证改变法定饮酒年龄的问题(这个问题与政治意识形态关系不大)。这些研究表明,政治意识形态在对待意识形态相关问题的态度极端性和确定性方面发挥着作用。
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引用次数: 4
The Effect of First-Hand and Second-Hand Knowledge on Perceived Group Homogeneity and Certainty About Stereotype-Based Inferences 第一手和二手知识对群体同质性和刻板印象推断确定性的影响
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2021-08-01 DOI: 10.1521/soco.2021.39.4.457
Thalia H Vrantsidis
Stereotypes are often used to make inferences about others, yet can lead to problematic consequences, which get exacerbated when people are more confident in these inferences. The current research examines whether biases in people's first-hand and second-hand information about groups make groups appear overly homogeneous, leading to more confident inferences about group members. Supporting this, across two studies, groups appeared more homogeneous when people lacked first-hand information from personal experience with a group, as well as when stereotypes were based on second-hand information from the media or other people. However, only second-hand information increased confidence about group members, as lacking first-hand information reduced confidence about what groups and group members were like. Biases in homogeneity also had greater impact for typical rather than atypical group members. Thus, people may be especially confident in stereotype-based inferences when stereotypes are based on second-hand information and when group members appear typical of their group.
刻板印象经常被用来对他人进行推断,但也会导致有问题的后果,当人们对这些推断更有信心时,问题就会加剧。目前的研究考察了人们对群体的第一手和二手信息的偏见是否会使群体显得过于同质化,从而导致对群体成员做出更自信的推断。支持这一观点的两项研究表明,当人们缺乏来自个人经验的第一手信息时,以及当刻板印象基于来自媒体或其他人的二手信息时,群体显得更加同质。然而,只有二手信息增加了对小组成员的信心,因为缺乏第一手信息会降低对小组和小组成员的信心。同质性偏见对典型群体成员的影响也大于非典型群体成员。因此,当刻板印象是基于二手信息的时候,当群体成员表现得很典型的时候,人们可能对基于刻板印象的推断特别有信心。
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引用次数: 1
Considering Victims' Minds in the Evaluation of Harmful Agents' Moral Standing 有害主体道德地位评价中的受害者心理思考
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2021-08-01 DOI: 10.1521/soco.2021.39.4.489
Hironori Akechi, J. Hietanen
An agent's moral standing is considered as depending on the agent's mind and their harmfulness toward a victim, but a victim's mind and species may also matter. To examine whether a victim's species (i.e., human or another) and a victim's mind are considered in the judgment of a harmful agent's moral standing, the present study modulated the mental capacities of an imaginary species. Only humans' suffering was considered when the other species' mental capacities were presumed to be low (Study 1), but humans' and the other species' suffering were equally considered when the other species had mental capacities that were presumed to be equivalent to those of humans (Study 2). The results suggest that our judgments of the moral standing of an agent 1) depend not only on the agent's mind but also on the victim's mind and 2) are not human species-oriented but human mind-oriented.
代理人的道德地位被认为取决于代理人的思想及其对受害者的伤害,但受害者的思想和物种也可能很重要。为了检验在判断有害因素的道德地位时是否考虑了受害者的物种(即人类或其他物种)和受害者的心理,本研究调节了想象物种的心理能力。当其他物种的心智能力被认为较低时,只考虑人类的痛苦(研究1),但当其他物种具有与人类相当的心智能力时,人类和其他物种的痛苦同样被考虑(研究2)。结果表明,我们对代理人道德地位的判断1)不仅取决于代理人的心理,还取决于受害者的心理;2)不是以人类物种为导向,而是以人类心理为导向。
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引用次数: 0
Underappreciated Benefits of Reading Own and Others' Memories 阅读自己和他人记忆的好处被低估了
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2021-08-01 DOI: 10.1521/soco.2021.39.4.504
Shriya Sekhsaria, E. Pronin
These studies investigate underappreciated benefits of reading memories, including memories of other people, for happiness, psychological well-being, and loneliness. In the studies, college students (Study 1), residents of assisted-living facilities (Study 2), and MTurk workers online (Study 3) wrote down memories. They also predicted how they would feel after reading their own and others' memories at a later date. Then, later on, participants read memories that they or another participant had written. Individuals felt happier, less lonely, and higher in well-being after reading memories, regardless of whether those memories were their own or someone else's. Participants underpredicted the affect boost that they would gain from reading memories. This affective forecasting error was related to individuals' perceptions of the “mundaneness” of the memories, and the error was especially pronounced when individuals read others' memories rather than their own. Implications of reading memories for promoting well-being and reducing loneliness are discussed.
这些研究调查了阅读记忆(包括他人的记忆)对幸福、心理健康和孤独感的好处。在研究中,大学生(研究1)、生活辅助设施的居民(研究2)和MTurk在线工作者(研究3)写下了记忆。他们还预测了日后阅读自己和他人的记忆后的感受。然后,稍后,参与者阅读他们或另一个参与者写下的记忆。人们在阅读记忆后感到更快乐、更少孤独、更幸福,无论这些记忆是他们自己的还是别人的。参与者低估了他们从阅读记忆中获得的情感提升。这种情感预测误差与个体对记忆“平凡”的感知有关,当个体阅读他人的记忆而不是自己的记忆时,这种误差尤其明显。讨论了阅读记忆对促进幸福感和减少孤独感的影响。
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引用次数: 0
It is written in the eyes: Inferences from pupil size and gaze orientation shape interpersonal liking 它写在眼睛里:瞳孔大小和凝视方向决定了人与人之间的喜好
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2021-07-18 DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/65e9n
S. Mattavelli, M. Brambilla, M. Kret
Research has shown that pupil size shapes interpersonal impressions: Individuals with dilated pupils tend to be perceived more positively than those with constricted pupils. Untested so far is the role of cognitive processes in shaping the effects of pupil size. Two pre-registered studies investigated whether the effect of pupil size is qualified by partner’s attention allocation inferred from gaze orientation. In Experiment 1 (N=50) partners with dilated pupils were more liked when gazing toward the participant, but less liked when gazing toward a disliked other. Experiment 2 (N=50) unveiled the underlying mechanism of the pupil-gaze interplay. Pupillary changes led to inferences about the feelings held by the partner towards the gazed target: larger the pupils signaled positive feelings. Crucially, target identity moderated the response of the participants (i.e., liking toward the partner). This work shows the importance of considering the interplay of affective and cognitive eye-signals when studying person perception.
研究表明,瞳孔大小会影响人际印象:瞳孔扩大的人往往比瞳孔缩小的人更容易被正面看待。到目前为止,认知过程在塑造瞳孔大小影响方面的作用还没有得到验证。两项预先注册的研究调查了瞳孔大小的影响是否符合从凝视方向推断出的伴侣注意力分配。在实验1(N=50)中,瞳孔放大的伴侣在凝视参与者时更受欢迎,但在凝视不喜欢的另一半时不太受欢迎。实验2(N=50)揭示了瞳孔-凝视相互作用的潜在机制。瞳孔的变化导致了对伴侣对凝视目标的感觉的推断:瞳孔越大,表示积极的感觉。至关重要的是,目标身份调节了参与者的反应(即对伴侣的好感)。这项工作表明,在研究人的感知时,考虑情感和认知眼睛信号的相互作用很重要。
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引用次数: 2
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Social Cognition
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