Research has shown that pupil size shapes interpersonal impressions: Individuals with dilated pupils tend to be perceived more positively than those with constricted pupils. Untested so far is the role of cognitive processes in shaping the effects of pupil size. Two pre-registered studies investigated whether the effect of pupil size is qualified by partner’s attention allocation inferred from gaze orientation. In Experiment 1 (N=50) partners with dilated pupils were more liked when gazing toward the participant, but less liked when gazing toward a disliked other. Experiment 2 (N=50) unveiled the underlying mechanism of the pupil-gaze interplay. Pupillary changes led to inferences about the feelings held by the partner towards the gazed target: larger the pupils signaled positive feelings. Crucially, target identity moderated the response of the participants (i.e., liking toward the partner). This work shows the importance of considering the interplay of affective and cognitive eye-signals when studying person perception.
{"title":"It is written in the eyes: Inferences from pupil size and gaze orientation shape interpersonal liking","authors":"S. Mattavelli, M. Brambilla, M. Kret","doi":"10.31234/osf.io/65e9n","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/65e9n","url":null,"abstract":"Research has shown that pupil size shapes interpersonal impressions: Individuals with dilated pupils tend to be perceived more positively than those with constricted pupils. Untested so far is the role of cognitive processes in shaping the effects of pupil size. Two pre-registered studies investigated whether the effect of pupil size is qualified by partner’s attention allocation inferred from gaze orientation. In Experiment 1 (N=50) partners with dilated pupils were more liked when gazing toward the participant, but less liked when gazing toward a disliked other. Experiment 2 (N=50) unveiled the underlying mechanism of the pupil-gaze interplay. Pupillary changes led to inferences about the feelings held by the partner towards the gazed target: larger the pupils signaled positive feelings. Crucially, target identity moderated the response of the participants (i.e., liking toward the partner). This work shows the importance of considering the interplay of affective and cognitive eye-signals when studying person perception.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48646432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.3.366
Marleen Stelter, Marc Rommel, Juliane Degner
People experience difficulties recognizing faces of ethnic outgroups, known as the other-race effect. The present eye-tracking study investigates if this effect is related to differences in visual attention to ingroup and outgroup faces. We measured gaze fixations to specific facial features and overall eye-movement activity level during an old/new recognition task comparing ingroup faces with proximal and distal ethnic outgroup faces. Recognition was best for ingroup faces and decreased gradually for proximal and distal outgroup faces. Participants attended more to the eyes of ingroup faces than outgroup faces, but this effect was unrelated to recognition performance. Ingroup-outgroup differences in eye-movement activity level did not emerge during the study phase, but during the recognition phase, with ingroup-outgroup differences varying as a function of recognition accuracy and old/new effects. Overall, ingroup-outgroup effects on recognition performance and eye movements were more pronounced for recognition of new items, emphasizing the role of retrieval processes.
{"title":"(Eye-) Tracking the Other-Race Effect: Comparison of Eye Movements During Encoding and Recognition of Ingroup Faces With Proximal and Distant Outgroup Faces","authors":"Marleen Stelter, Marc Rommel, Juliane Degner","doi":"10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.3.366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.3.366","url":null,"abstract":"People experience difficulties recognizing faces of ethnic outgroups, known as the other-race effect. The present eye-tracking study investigates if this effect is related to differences in visual attention to ingroup and outgroup faces. We measured gaze fixations to specific facial features and overall eye-movement activity level during an old/new recognition task comparing ingroup faces with proximal and distal ethnic outgroup faces. Recognition was best for ingroup faces and decreased gradually for proximal and distal outgroup faces. Participants attended more to the eyes of ingroup faces than outgroup faces, but this effect was unrelated to recognition performance. Ingroup-outgroup differences in eye-movement activity level did not emerge during the study phase, but during the recognition phase, with ingroup-outgroup differences varying as a function of recognition accuracy and old/new effects. Overall, ingroup-outgroup effects on recognition performance and eye movements were more pronounced for recognition of new items, emphasizing the role of retrieval processes.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":"39 1","pages":"366-395"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41394240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.3.328
Andrew Luttrell, Jacob D. Teeny, R. Petty
To better understand the seemingly inconsistent influence of consumers' morality on their marketplace behaviors, we apply insights from research on attitude moralization to the consumer domain. That is, rather than predefining certain products as “moral,” this approach treats morality as the extent to which individual consumers metacognitively perceive their positive product attitudes as rooted in moral (vs. non-moral) considerations. Across multiple studies (N = 1,105), a wide variety of product categories, and multiple methodological approaches (i.e., correlational, experimental, and longitudinal), we show how the degree to which consumers perceive a moral basis for their product attitudes robustly predicts their intended and actual marketplace behaviors. Importantly, these findings hold above and beyond overall attitudes, other metacognitive assessments (e.g., certainty and ambivalence), and explicit product quality. By extending prior research in moral social cognition to the consumer domain, we provide a more refined account of morality's role in consumer behavior.
{"title":"Morality Matters in the Marketplace: The Role of Moral Metacognition in Consumer Purchasing","authors":"Andrew Luttrell, Jacob D. Teeny, R. Petty","doi":"10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.3.328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.3.328","url":null,"abstract":"To better understand the seemingly inconsistent influence of consumers' morality on their marketplace behaviors, we apply insights from research on attitude moralization to the consumer domain. That is, rather than predefining certain products as “moral,” this approach treats morality as the extent to which individual consumers metacognitively perceive their positive product attitudes as rooted in moral (vs. non-moral) considerations. Across multiple studies (N = 1,105), a wide variety of product categories, and multiple methodological approaches (i.e., correlational, experimental, and longitudinal), we show how the degree to which consumers perceive a moral basis for their product attitudes robustly predicts their intended and actual marketplace behaviors. Importantly, these findings hold above and beyond overall attitudes, other metacognitive assessments (e.g., certainty and ambivalence), and explicit product quality. By extending prior research in moral social cognition to the consumer domain, we provide a more refined account of morality's role in consumer behavior.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47035336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.3.408
Mianlin Deng, A. Guinote, Lin Li, Lijuan Cui, Wendian Shi
The study examines metaphor selection for the same abstract concept when multiple concrete dimensions are available for use. Drawing on the power concept, four studies investigated the roles of attention and visual features of concrete dimensions in metaphoric mapping. In Studies 1 and 2, two concrete dimensions (vertical space and size) were visually connected to power-related target words simultaneously, and one was salient. Attention driven by stimulus saliency allowed the attended concrete dimension to have a higher activation level and to be used. In Studies 3 and 4, the attended and the non-attended concrete dimensions were presented separately, and the latter was visually associated with power-related target words. This time, the attended dimension did not have an activation advantage, allowing the non-attended dimension to be used for metaphoric mapping simultaneously. The findings suggest that attention is important, but not necessary, and that features of concrete dimensions can guide metaphor use.
{"title":"When Abstract Concepts Rely on Multiple Metaphors: Metaphor Selection in the Case of Power","authors":"Mianlin Deng, A. Guinote, Lin Li, Lijuan Cui, Wendian Shi","doi":"10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.3.408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.3.408","url":null,"abstract":"The study examines metaphor selection for the same abstract concept when multiple concrete dimensions are available for use. Drawing on the power concept, four studies investigated the roles of attention and visual features of concrete dimensions in metaphoric mapping. In Studies 1 and 2, two concrete dimensions (vertical space and size) were visually connected to power-related target words simultaneously, and one was salient. Attention driven by stimulus saliency allowed the attended concrete dimension to have a higher activation level and to be used. In Studies 3 and 4, the attended and the non-attended concrete dimensions were presented separately, and the latter was visually associated with power-related target words. This time, the attended dimension did not have an activation advantage, allowing the non-attended dimension to be used for metaphoric mapping simultaneously. The findings suggest that attention is important, but not necessary, and that features of concrete dimensions can guide metaphor use.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41856144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.3.315
M. Brambilla, Matteo Masi, S. Mattavelli, M. Biella
Face processing has mainly been investigated by presenting facial expressions without any contextual information. However, in everyday interactions with others, the sight of a face is often accompanied by contextual cues that are processed either visually or under different sensory modalities. Here, we tested whether the perceived trustworthiness of a face is influenced by the auditory context in which that face is embedded. In Experiment 1, participants evaluated trustworthiness from faces that were surrounded by either threatening or non-threatening auditory contexts. Results showed that faces were judged more untrustworthy when accompanied by threatening auditory information. Experiment 2 replicated the effect in a design that disentangled the effects of threatening contexts from negative contexts in general. Thus, perceiving facial trustworthiness involves a cross-modal integration of the face and the level of threat posed by the surrounding context.
{"title":"Faces and Sounds Becoming One: Cross-Modal Integration of Facial and Auditory Cues in Judging Trustworthiness","authors":"M. Brambilla, Matteo Masi, S. Mattavelli, M. Biella","doi":"10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.3.315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.3.315","url":null,"abstract":"Face processing has mainly been investigated by presenting facial expressions without any contextual information. However, in everyday interactions with others, the sight of a face is often accompanied by contextual cues that are processed either visually or under different sensory modalities. Here, we tested whether the perceived trustworthiness of a face is influenced by the auditory context in which that face is embedded. In Experiment 1, participants evaluated trustworthiness from faces that were surrounded by either threatening or non-threatening auditory contexts. Results showed that faces were judged more untrustworthy when accompanied by threatening auditory information. Experiment 2 replicated the effect in a design that disentangled the effects of threatening contexts from negative contexts in general. Thus, perceiving facial trustworthiness involves a cross-modal integration of the face and the level of threat posed by the surrounding context.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43106610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.3.396
Ashley L. Ruba, Christopher A. Thorstenson, B. Repacholi
Various contextual factors, such as color, modify how emotions are perceived on the face. In particular, the color red enhances categorization of anger on faces. Yet, an open question remains as to whether red facilitates anger categorization uniformly or whether this effect is specific to targets with characteristics already highly associated with anger. The current work examines whether the color red facilitates anger categorization and whether this effect varies as a function of target gender. We found that red facilitates the processing of anger for male faces (Experiment 1) but not for female faces (Experiment 2), likely due to stronger implicit associations between red with anger for male faces (Experiment 3). The findings suggest that cues to emotion (e.g., red cueing anger) are most salient when the meaning of the signal (e.g., threat) matches observer's implicit notions about the target's characteristics (e.g., capability of doing harm; males).
{"title":"Red Enhances the Processing of Anger Facial Configurations as a Function of Target Gender","authors":"Ashley L. Ruba, Christopher A. Thorstenson, B. Repacholi","doi":"10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.3.396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.3.396","url":null,"abstract":"Various contextual factors, such as color, modify how emotions are perceived on the face. In particular, the color red enhances categorization of anger on faces. Yet, an open question remains as to whether red facilitates anger categorization uniformly or whether this effect is specific to targets with characteristics already highly associated with anger. The current work examines whether the color red facilitates anger categorization and whether this effect varies as a function of target gender. We found that red facilitates the processing of anger for male faces (Experiment 1) but not for female faces (Experiment 2), likely due to stronger implicit associations between red with anger for male faces (Experiment 3). The findings suggest that cues to emotion (e.g., red cueing anger) are most salient when the meaning of the signal (e.g., threat) matches observer's implicit notions about the target's characteristics (e.g., capability of doing harm; males).","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":"39 1","pages":"396-407"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45209145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joanna Korman, Boyoung Kim, B. Malle, David M. Sobel
Microaggressions are subtle, offensive comments directed at minority group members that are characteristically ambiguous in meaning. In two studies, we explored how observers interpret such ambiguous statements by comparing microaggressions to faux pas, offenses caused by the speaker having an incidental false belief. In Study 1, we compared third-party observers’ blame and intentionality judgments of microaggressions with those for social faux pas. Despite judging both offenses not to be caused intentionally, participants judged microaggressions as more blameworthy. In Study 2 microaggressions without explicit mental state information exhibited a similar profile of judgments as those accompanied by explicit prejudiced or ignorant beliefs. Although they are, like faux pas, judged not to cause harm intentionally, microaggressive comments appear to be judged as more blameworthy on account of enduring prejudice thought to be lurking behind a speaker’s false or incorrect beliefs. Our studies demonstrate a distinctive profile of moral judgment for microaggressions.
{"title":"Ambiguity under scrutiny: Moral judgment of microaggressions","authors":"Joanna Korman, Boyoung Kim, B. Malle, David M. Sobel","doi":"10.31234/OSF.IO/MUQ2T","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31234/OSF.IO/MUQ2T","url":null,"abstract":"Microaggressions are subtle, offensive comments directed at minority group members that are characteristically ambiguous in meaning. In two studies, we explored how observers interpret such ambiguous statements by comparing microaggressions to faux pas, offenses caused by the speaker having an incidental false belief. In Study 1, we compared third-party observers’ blame and intentionality judgments of microaggressions with those for social faux pas. Despite judging both offenses not to be caused intentionally, participants judged microaggressions as more blameworthy. In Study 2 microaggressions without explicit mental state information exhibited a similar profile of judgments as those accompanied by explicit prejudiced or ignorant beliefs. Although they are, like faux pas, judged not to cause harm intentionally, microaggressive comments appear to be judged as more blameworthy on account of enduring prejudice thought to be lurking behind a speaker’s false or incorrect beliefs. Our studies demonstrate a distinctive profile of moral judgment for microaggressions.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41388765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.2.243
Javier A. Granados Samayoa, R. Fazio
The current research presents a novel perspective regarding individual differences in intertemporal choice preferences. We postulate that such differences are partly rooted in individuals’ valence weighting proclivities—their characteristic manner of weighting positive and negative valence when constructing an initial evaluation. Importantly, valence weighting bias should predict intertemporal choice most strongly (a) for those who are relatively low in trait self-control and (b) when the magnitude of the available rewards is relatively small, because these two factors are associated with lesser motivation/resources to deliberate extensively about one's decision. More specifically, we propose that those with a more positive weighting bias give greater weight to the clearly positive immediate reward that is under consideration, and under these conditions, the resulting appraisal shapes choice more strongly. Using a performance-based measure of valence weighting tendencies, a hypothetical intertemporal choice task, and a self-report measure of trait self-control, we provide evidence for our hypothesis.
{"title":"“I want it now!” Intertemporal Choice Through the Lens of Valence Weighting Bias","authors":"Javier A. Granados Samayoa, R. Fazio","doi":"10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.2.243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.2.243","url":null,"abstract":"The current research presents a novel perspective regarding individual differences in intertemporal choice preferences. We postulate that such differences are partly rooted in individuals’ valence weighting proclivities—their characteristic manner of weighting positive and negative valence when constructing an initial evaluation. Importantly, valence weighting bias should predict intertemporal choice most strongly (a) for those who are relatively low in trait self-control and (b) when the magnitude of the available rewards is relatively small, because these two factors are associated with lesser motivation/resources to deliberate extensively about one's decision. More specifically, we propose that those with a more positive weighting bias give greater weight to the clearly positive immediate reward that is under consideration, and under these conditions, the resulting appraisal shapes choice more strongly. Using a performance-based measure of valence weighting tendencies, a hypothetical intertemporal choice task, and a self-report measure of trait self-control, we provide evidence for our hypothesis.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46965955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.2.295
Sumeet Farwaha, Sukhvinder S. Obhi
High status individuals have been found to be less attuned to the behavior of others in the social environment. An important question is whether social status in an online setting affects social information processing in a way that resembles the known effects of real-world status on such processing. We examined differences in automatic imitation between Instagram “leaders” and “followers.” In Experiment 1, we found that followers exhibited more automatic imitation than leaders. Experiment 2 sought to establish whether this effect depended on status being salient, or whether it would occur spontaneously in the absence of priming. Results confirmed that thinking about status prior to the task is necessary for producing the pattern of effects in which high status individuals exhibit less automatic imitation than lower status individuals. We discuss our findings in relation to the effects of online status on self-other processing as assessed in the automatic imitation task.
{"title":"The Effects of Online Status on Self-Other Processing as Revealed by Automatic Imitation","authors":"Sumeet Farwaha, Sukhvinder S. Obhi","doi":"10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.2.295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.2.295","url":null,"abstract":"High status individuals have been found to be less attuned to the behavior of others in the social environment. An important question is whether social status in an online setting affects social information processing in a way that resembles the known effects of real-world status on such processing. We examined differences in automatic imitation between Instagram “leaders” and “followers.” In Experiment 1, we found that followers exhibited more automatic imitation than leaders. Experiment 2 sought to establish whether this effect depended on status being salient, or whether it would occur spontaneously in the absence of priming. Results confirmed that thinking about status prior to the task is necessary for producing the pattern of effects in which high status individuals exhibit less automatic imitation than lower status individuals. We discuss our findings in relation to the effects of online status on self-other processing as assessed in the automatic imitation task.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":"39 1","pages":"295-314"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46575438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.2.201
M. Bertolotti, P. Catellani
The tendency to perceive outcomes as more foreseeable once they are available is a well-known phenomenon. However, research on the cognitive and motivational factors that induce individuals to overestimate the foreseeability of an electoral outcome has yielded inconsistent findings. In three studies based on large-scale electoral surveys (ITANES, Italian National Election Studies), we argued that the tendency to perceive an electoral outcome as foreseeable is positively and consistently associated with satisfaction with the outcome. Across all studies, satisfaction with the outcome was significantly and positively associated with retrospective foreseeability, above and beyond voters’ preference for a “winning” or “losing” party. In Study 3, a measure of memory distortion of pre-electoral forecasts was included, which was only weakly associated with retrospective foreseeability, but not with satisfaction for the outcome, supporting the notion of different levels of hindsight bias associated with different cognitive and motivational factors.
{"title":"Hindsight Bias and Electoral Outcomes: Satisfaction Counts More Than Winner-Loser Status","authors":"M. Bertolotti, P. Catellani","doi":"10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.2.201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.2.201","url":null,"abstract":"The tendency to perceive outcomes as more foreseeable once they are available is a well-known phenomenon. However, research on the cognitive and motivational factors that induce individuals to overestimate the foreseeability of an electoral outcome has yielded inconsistent findings. In three studies based on large-scale electoral surveys (ITANES, Italian National Election Studies), we argued that the tendency to perceive an electoral outcome as foreseeable is positively and consistently associated with satisfaction with the outcome. Across all studies, satisfaction with the outcome was significantly and positively associated with retrospective foreseeability, above and beyond voters’ preference for a “winning” or “losing” party. In Study 3, a measure of memory distortion of pre-electoral forecasts was included, which was only weakly associated with retrospective foreseeability, but not with satisfaction for the outcome, supporting the notion of different levels of hindsight bias associated with different cognitive and motivational factors.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":"39 1","pages":"201-224"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47552934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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