Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1521/soco.2023.41.6.562
Youngki Hong, Megan Reed, K. G. Ratner
Previous research shows that perceivers have distinct mental representations of ingroups and outgroups even when groups are novel and not defined by physical attributes. Here, we leverage the minimal group paradigm, the reverse correlation method, and machine learning to parse the visual ingredients of group membership. In Study 1, we found that ingroup faces are trusted more than outgroup faces and that facial stereotypes of trustworthiness resemble those of the ingroup/outgroup distinction. However, in Study 2 we showed that such facial stereotypes of group membership resembled those of competence more than trustworthiness and dominance. Together, these findings suggest that even though trustworthiness is an important visual ingredient of the ingroup/outgroup distinction, people may rely on facial cues indicating competence the most to guide their visualization of novel ingroup and outgroup members, highlighting the nuanced nature of ingroup bias in face processing.
{"title":"Facial Stereotypes of Competence (Not Trustworthiness or Dominance) Most Resemble Facial Stereotypes of Group Membership","authors":"Youngki Hong, Megan Reed, K. G. Ratner","doi":"10.1521/soco.2023.41.6.562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2023.41.6.562","url":null,"abstract":"Previous research shows that perceivers have distinct mental representations of ingroups and outgroups even when groups are novel and not defined by physical attributes. Here, we leverage the minimal group paradigm, the reverse correlation method, and machine learning to parse the visual ingredients of group membership. In Study 1, we found that ingroup faces are trusted more than outgroup faces and that facial stereotypes of trustworthiness resemble those of the ingroup/outgroup distinction. However, in Study 2 we showed that such facial stereotypes of group membership resembled those of competence more than trustworthiness and dominance. Together, these findings suggest that even though trustworthiness is an important visual ingredient of the ingroup/outgroup distinction, people may rely on facial cues indicating competence the most to guide their visualization of novel ingroup and outgroup members, highlighting the nuanced nature of ingroup bias in face processing.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139190238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1521/soco.2023.41.6.537
Jin X. Goh, Vlada Trofimchuk
Gendered race theory argues that in the United States, Asian men are perceived as more feminine and less masculine than Black and White men. However, extant research has focused predominantly on East Asians while overlooking South Asians. In five studies (N = 1,773 U.S. participants), we examined the perceived femininity-masculinity of East and South Asian men. East Asian men were perceived as more feminine and less masculine than South Asian, White, and Black men. South Asian men's perceived femininity-masculinity depends on whether they have facial hair or not. South Asian men with facial hair were perceived as less feminine, more masculine, and more threatening than men from other racial groups. This hyper-masculinization of South Asian men is likely due to alignment of the bearded terrorist stereotypes with facial hair cues. Results for South and East Asian women were inconsistent. This research highlights the importance of disaggregating Asian targets in social cognition theories.
{"title":"Gendered Perceptions of East and South Asian Men","authors":"Jin X. Goh, Vlada Trofimchuk","doi":"10.1521/soco.2023.41.6.537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2023.41.6.537","url":null,"abstract":"Gendered race theory argues that in the United States, Asian men are perceived as more feminine and less masculine than Black and White men. However, extant research has focused predominantly on East Asians while overlooking South Asians. In five studies (N = 1,773 U.S. participants), we examined the perceived femininity-masculinity of East and South Asian men. East Asian men were perceived as more feminine and less masculine than South Asian, White, and Black men. South Asian men's perceived femininity-masculinity depends on whether they have facial hair or not. South Asian men with facial hair were perceived as less feminine, more masculine, and more threatening than men from other racial groups. This hyper-masculinization of South Asian men is likely due to alignment of the bearded terrorist stereotypes with facial hair cues. Results for South and East Asian women were inconsistent. This research highlights the importance of disaggregating Asian targets in social cognition theories.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139195699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1521/soco.2023.41.5.415
Philip Robbins, Fernando Alvear
Recent research suggests that moral behavior attracts more praise, and immoral behavior less blame, when the agent has suffered in childhood. In this article we report results from three studies in which a fictional character's childhood was described in terms of either neglect and abuse (Adversity condition), love and care (Prosperity condition), or neutrally (Control condition). In Study 1 (N = 248), participants in the Adversity condition attributed more praise to a fictional character relative to other conditions. In Study 2 (N = 275), participants in the Adversity condition attributed more praise and less blame relative to other conditions, with the effects mediated by self-expressivity. In Study 3 (N = 275), where the character was female rather than male, there was no effect of condition on praise, but there was an effect of condition on blame, and this effect was mediated by self-expressivity and social-emotional impairment.
{"title":"Deformative Experience: Explaining the Effects of Adversity on Moral Evaluation","authors":"Philip Robbins, Fernando Alvear","doi":"10.1521/soco.2023.41.5.415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2023.41.5.415","url":null,"abstract":"Recent research suggests that moral behavior attracts more praise, and immoral behavior less blame, when the agent has suffered in childhood. In this article we report results from three studies in which a fictional character's childhood was described in terms of either neglect and abuse (Adversity condition), love and care (Prosperity condition), or neutrally (Control condition). In Study 1 (N = 248), participants in the Adversity condition attributed more praise to a fictional character relative to other conditions. In Study 2 (N = 275), participants in the Adversity condition attributed more praise and less blame relative to other conditions, with the effects mediated by self-expressivity. In Study 3 (N = 275), where the character was female rather than male, there was no effect of condition on praise, but there was an effect of condition on blame, and this effect was mediated by self-expressivity and social-emotional impairment.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135706444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1521/soco.2023.41.5.467
Nan Zhu, Judith G. Smetana, Lei Chang
Helping others in need is universally encouraged and appreciated. However, the conceptualization of social obligation underlying helping may differ considerably in different cultures. In three studies, we explored variations in perceived social obligations both between and within different Western and Confucian (East Asian) societies using hypothetical scenarios. Study 1 (N = 525) compared the United States, Japan, and China and found stronger effects of individual differences in social connections on perceived obligation toward strangers for U.S. participants than for Chinese and Japanese participants. Studies 2 (N = 260) and 3 (N = 398) examined preregistered hypotheses about perceived obligations toward wider-ranging targets in the United States and China, respectively, and found different patterns of favoritism in these two societies. Study 3 also found that Confucian role-requirement reasoning and expected reciprocity predicted Chinese participants’ perceived obligations toward familiar and unfamiliar targets, respectively.
{"title":"Within-Person Versus Between-Person: Social Connectedness, Target Roles, and Cultural Backgrounds Contribute to Perceived Social Obligations","authors":"Nan Zhu, Judith G. Smetana, Lei Chang","doi":"10.1521/soco.2023.41.5.467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2023.41.5.467","url":null,"abstract":"Helping others in need is universally encouraged and appreciated. However, the conceptualization of social obligation underlying helping may differ considerably in different cultures. In three studies, we explored variations in perceived social obligations both between and within different Western and Confucian (East Asian) societies using hypothetical scenarios. Study 1 (N = 525) compared the United States, Japan, and China and found stronger effects of individual differences in social connections on perceived obligation toward strangers for U.S. participants than for Chinese and Japanese participants. Studies 2 (N = 260) and 3 (N = 398) examined preregistered hypotheses about perceived obligations toward wider-ranging targets in the United States and China, respectively, and found different patterns of favoritism in these two societies. Study 3 also found that Confucian role-requirement reasoning and expected reciprocity predicted Chinese participants’ perceived obligations toward familiar and unfamiliar targets, respectively.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135706454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1521/soco.2023.41.5.391
Y. Andre Wang, Melisse C. Liwag, Katherine Weltzien, Trevor Crowell, Alison Ledgerwood
A growing literature on sequential framing effects has documented a negativity bias: In many contexts, attitudes change less when framing switches from negative-to-positive (vs. positive-to-negative). However, it is unclear whether this negativity bias sticks to one attitude object or generalizes beyond it. Novel paradigms in two experiments yielded strong evidence for the first possibility and tentative evidence for the second: Switching to a different object (vs. same object) across time points reduced the negativity bias in reframing. In contrast, superficially rebranding an object (just changing its name) did not reduce negativity bias. The experiments also provide the first evidence that positive frames are somewhat sticky: A positive initial frame somewhat attenuated the impact of a negative subsequent frame on attitudes. The findings are consistent with the possibility that once an object is framed negatively or positively, that conceptualization sticks in the mind and resists subsequent reframing—especially for negative frames.
{"title":"Sticky Frames and What's in a Name: Frames Stick to Particular Objects","authors":"Y. Andre Wang, Melisse C. Liwag, Katherine Weltzien, Trevor Crowell, Alison Ledgerwood","doi":"10.1521/soco.2023.41.5.391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2023.41.5.391","url":null,"abstract":"A growing literature on sequential framing effects has documented a negativity bias: In many contexts, attitudes change less when framing switches from negative-to-positive (vs. positive-to-negative). However, it is unclear whether this negativity bias sticks to one attitude object or generalizes beyond it. Novel paradigms in two experiments yielded strong evidence for the first possibility and tentative evidence for the second: Switching to a different object (vs. same object) across time points reduced the negativity bias in reframing. In contrast, superficially rebranding an object (just changing its name) did not reduce negativity bias. The experiments also provide the first evidence that positive frames are somewhat sticky: A positive initial frame somewhat attenuated the impact of a negative subsequent frame on attitudes. The findings are consistent with the possibility that once an object is framed negatively or positively, that conceptualization sticks in the mind and resists subsequent reframing—especially for negative frames.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135707793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1521/soco.2023.41.5.447
Marcel R. Schreiner, Mandy Hütter
Remembering events coherently requires the binding of their constituting elements in episodic memory. Considering various demonstrations of social motives influencing cognition and preliminary evidence for a facilitating effect of social status on associative memory, we investigated whether social status influences binding processes in episodic memory. Participants were presented with events consisting of a person, an object, and a location, with the status of the person being manipulated. Two experiments yielded no evidence for a facilitating effect of social status on binding processes in episodic memory. These findings suggest that effects of social status are limited to simpler associative memories, as demonstrated by previous research.
{"title":"The Influence of Social Status on Memory: No Evidence for Effects of Social Status on Event Element Binding","authors":"Marcel R. Schreiner, Mandy Hütter","doi":"10.1521/soco.2023.41.5.447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2023.41.5.447","url":null,"abstract":"Remembering events coherently requires the binding of their constituting elements in episodic memory. Considering various demonstrations of social motives influencing cognition and preliminary evidence for a facilitating effect of social status on associative memory, we investigated whether social status influences binding processes in episodic memory. Participants were presented with events consisting of a person, an object, and a location, with the status of the person being manipulated. Two experiments yielded no evidence for a facilitating effect of social status on binding processes in episodic memory. These findings suggest that effects of social status are limited to simpler associative memories, as demonstrated by previous research.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135707369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.1521/soco.2023.41.4.365
Sarah D. McCrackin, Sabrina Provencher, Ethan Mendell, J. Ristic
Emotional expressions can be recognized from the eye region alone. However, it remains unknown how reading emotions from the eyes impacts downstream abilities that build on basic emotion recognition, including understanding (i.e., affective theory of mind) and sharing of emotions (i.e., affective empathy). In three experiments we investigated how occluding the eye region of emotional faces impacted judgments of affective theory of mind and affective empathy. Participants viewed emotional faces with eye regions covered by opaque occluders, transparent occluders, or no occluders. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants reported the protagonists’ emotional valence and intensity. In Experiment 3, participants rated their own empathy and emotional valence for the protagonist. When eyes were occluded, protagonists were judged to feel more neutral and less intense emotion and were empathized with less. This provides one of the first direct links between eye region information and the complex socioemotional processes of inferring and sharing emotions.
{"title":"Decoding the Silent Language of the Eyes: Occluding the Eye Region Impacts Understanding and Sharing of Emotions With Others","authors":"Sarah D. McCrackin, Sabrina Provencher, Ethan Mendell, J. Ristic","doi":"10.1521/soco.2023.41.4.365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2023.41.4.365","url":null,"abstract":"Emotional expressions can be recognized from the eye region alone. However, it remains unknown how reading emotions from the eyes impacts downstream abilities that build on basic emotion recognition, including understanding (i.e., affective theory of mind) and sharing of emotions (i.e., affective empathy). In three experiments we investigated how occluding the eye region of emotional faces impacted judgments of affective theory of mind and affective empathy. Participants viewed emotional faces with eye regions covered by opaque occluders, transparent occluders, or no occluders. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants reported the protagonists’ emotional valence and intensity. In Experiment 3, participants rated their own empathy and emotional valence for the protagonist. When eyes were occluded, protagonists were judged to feel more neutral and less intense emotion and were empathized with less. This provides one of the first direct links between eye region information and the complex socioemotional processes of inferring and sharing emotions.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43389715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.1521/soco.2023.41.4.317
Keith B. Maddox
{"title":"Toward a More Inclusive Science of Social Cognition","authors":"Keith B. Maddox","doi":"10.1521/soco.2023.41.4.317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2023.41.4.317","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43145443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.1521/soco.2023.41.4.321
Young-eun Lee, Ayse Payir, Larisa Heiphetz
Humans behave more prosocially toward ingroup (vs. outgroup) members. This preregistered research examined the influence of God concepts and memories of past behavior on prosociality toward outgroups. In Study 1 (n = 573), participants recalled their past kind or mean behavior (between-subjects) directed toward an outgroup. Subsequently, they completed a questionnaire assessing their views of God. Our dependent measure was the number of lottery entries given to another outgroup member. Participants who recalled their kind (vs. mean) behavior perceived God as more benevolent, which in turn predicted more generous allocation to the outgroup (vs. ingroup). Study 2 (n = 281) examined the causal relation by manipulating God concepts (benevolent vs. punitive). We found that not only recalling kind behaviors but perceiving God as benevolent increased outgroup generosity. The current research extends work on morality, religion, and intergroup relations by showing that benevolent God concepts and memories of past kind behaviors jointly increase outgroup generosity.
{"title":"Benevolent God Concepts and Past Kind Behaviors Induce Generosity Toward Outgroups","authors":"Young-eun Lee, Ayse Payir, Larisa Heiphetz","doi":"10.1521/soco.2023.41.4.321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2023.41.4.321","url":null,"abstract":"Humans behave more prosocially toward ingroup (vs. outgroup) members. This preregistered research examined the influence of God concepts and memories of past behavior on prosociality toward outgroups. In Study 1 (n = 573), participants recalled their past kind or mean behavior (between-subjects) directed toward an outgroup. Subsequently, they completed a questionnaire assessing their views of God. Our dependent measure was the number of lottery entries given to another outgroup member. Participants who recalled their kind (vs. mean) behavior perceived God as more benevolent, which in turn predicted more generous allocation to the outgroup (vs. ingroup). Study 2 (n = 281) examined the causal relation by manipulating God concepts (benevolent vs. punitive). We found that not only recalling kind behaviors but perceiving God as benevolent increased outgroup generosity. The current research extends work on morality, religion, and intergroup relations by showing that benevolent God concepts and memories of past kind behaviors jointly increase outgroup generosity.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45220869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.1521/soco.2023.41.4.341
Oren Bornstein, T. Moran, Almog Simchon, Tal Eyal
Despite the importance of positive emotions, little empirical attention has been given to factors that influence their intensity. We explored the influence of psychological distance on the experience of joy and pride. We suggest that pride involves a relatively more distant perspective than joy, and therefore, a psychologically distant perspective will lead to a less intense experience of joy than of pride. In Experiments 1a and 1b, using the Implicit Association Test, we found joy was associated with psychological proximity, whereas pride was associated with psychological distance. We then manipulated psychological distance through black-and-white versus color imagery (Experiment 2), and a third-versus first-person perspective (Experiment 3). We found that psychological distance consistently decreased the intensity of joy, whereas for pride, we found a smaller effect (Experiment 2) or no effect at all (Experiment 3). These findings suggest that psychological distance plays a different role in the regulation of joy and pride.
{"title":"The Effect of Psychological Distance on the Experience of Joy Versus Pride","authors":"Oren Bornstein, T. Moran, Almog Simchon, Tal Eyal","doi":"10.1521/soco.2023.41.4.341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2023.41.4.341","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the importance of positive emotions, little empirical attention has been given to factors that influence their intensity. We explored the influence of psychological distance on the experience of joy and pride. We suggest that pride involves a relatively more distant perspective than joy, and therefore, a psychologically distant perspective will lead to a less intense experience of joy than of pride. In Experiments 1a and 1b, using the Implicit Association Test, we found joy was associated with psychological proximity, whereas pride was associated with psychological distance. We then manipulated psychological distance through black-and-white versus color imagery (Experiment 2), and a third-versus first-person perspective (Experiment 3). We found that psychological distance consistently decreased the intensity of joy, whereas for pride, we found a smaller effect (Experiment 2) or no effect at all (Experiment 3). These findings suggest that psychological distance plays a different role in the regulation of joy and pride.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43558330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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