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Linguistic Evidence for the Dissociation Between Impurity and Harm: Differences in the Duration and Scope of Contamination Versus Injury 不洁净与伤害分离的语言学证据:污染与伤害的持续时间和范围的差异
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2021-02-01 DOI: 10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.1.117
Laura Niemi, C. Leone, L. Young
Previous research has shown that harm and impurity are relevant to a different extent across individuals and transgressions. However, the source of these differences is still unclear. Here, we combine language analysis and social-moral psychology to articulate the core defining features of impurity versus harm. In Study 1 (a–c), we found systematic variation in language use, indicating that people infer that contamination, unlike injury, affects a target completely and irreversibly, rendering them a transmitter of contamination. In Study 2 (a–b), we investigated how evoking intuitions about these core features of contamination—completeness, irreversibility, and transferability—influences judgments of impurity and harm. We found that implying effects on a target were complete and irreversible altered judgments of impurity, but not harm. Overall, our research supports the conclusion that impurity and harm are substantially distinct in cognition and moral judgment; unlike harm, impurity connotes negative effects that spread continually across space and time.
先前的研究表明,伤害和不洁在不同程度上与个人和违法行为有关。然而,这些差异的来源仍然不清楚。在这里,我们结合语言分析和社会道德心理学来阐明杂质与伤害的核心定义特征。在研究1(a–c)中,我们发现语言使用存在系统性差异,这表明人们推断,与伤害不同,污染会完全、不可逆转地影响目标,使他们成为污染的传播者。在研究2(a–b)中,我们研究了唤起对污染的这些核心特征——完整性、不可逆性和可转移性——的直觉如何影响对杂质和危害的判断。我们发现,对目标的暗示影响是对杂质的完全和不可逆转的改变判断,但不是伤害。总体而言,我们的研究支持这样一个结论,即杂质和危害在认知和道德判断上有着本质上的区别;与伤害不同,杂质意味着负面影响在空间和时间上不断蔓延。
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引用次数: 2
On the Moral Functions of Language 论语言的道德功能
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2021-02-01 DOI: 10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.1.99
Leon Li, M. Tomasello
Previous comparisons of language and morality have taken a cognitively internalist (i.e., within-minds) perspective. We take a socially externalist (i.e., between-minds) perspective, viewing both language and morality as forms of social action. During human evolution, social cognitive adaptations for cooperation evolved, including cooperative communication (social acts to mentally coordinate with others for common goals) and social normativity (social acts to regulate cooperative social relationships). As human cooperation scaled up in complexity, cooperative communication and social normativity scaled up as well, leading to the development of culturally elaborated forms of language and morality. Language facilitates all aspects of morality and is even necessary for certain aspects. Humans use language to (1) initiate, (2) preserve, (3) revise, and (4) act on morality in ways such as forming joint commitments, teaching norms, modifying social realities, and engaging in moral reason-giving.
以前对语言和道德的比较是从认知内在主义(即在头脑中)的角度进行的。我们采取社会外部主义(即思想之间)的观点,将语言和道德视为社会行动的形式。在人类进化过程中,对合作的社会认知适应发生了变化,包括合作交流(为共同目标在心理上与他人协调的社会行为)和社会规范性(调节合作社会关系的社会行动)。随着人类合作在复杂性上的扩大,合作交流和社会规范性也在扩大,导致了语言和道德的文化形式的发展。语言促进了道德的各个方面,甚至在某些方面也是必要的。人类使用语言(1)发起、(2)维护、(3)修正和(4)以形成共同承诺、传授规范、修改社会现实和参与道德理性等方式对道德采取行动。
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引用次数: 13
Connecting the Moral Core: Examining Moral Baby Research Through an Attachment Theory Perspective 连接道德内核:从依恋理论视角审视道德婴儿研究
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2021-02-01 DOI: 10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.1.4
Audrey-Ann Deneault, Stuart I. Hammond
Infants care for and are cared for by others from early in life, a fact reflected in infants' morality and attachment. According to moral core researchers, infants are born with a moral sense that allows them to care about and evaluate the actions of third parties. In attachment theory, care manifests through infants' relationships with caregivers, which forms representations called internal working models that shape how babies think, feel, and act. Although accumulating evidence supports the existence of a moral core directed toward others, nevertheless, without a notion of care connected to infants' own lives, the core is an incomplete and underpowered construct. We show how the moral core, like attachment, could emerge in first- and second-person working models that develop through social interaction and incorporate representational forms (embodied, social, cognitive, emotional, moral), which contribute to the emergence of third-person representations and give infants' moral sense its vitality and meaning.
婴儿从小就关心别人,也被别人关心,这一事实反映在婴儿的道德和依恋上。根据道德核心研究人员的说法,婴儿天生就有一种道德感,这种道德感使他们能够关心和评估第三方的行为。在依恋理论中,照顾通过婴儿与照顾者的关系表现出来,这种关系形成了一种称为内部工作模型的表征,它塑造了婴儿的思维、感觉和行为方式。尽管越来越多的证据支持存在指向他人的道德核心,然而,如果没有与婴儿自己的生活相联系的护理概念,核心是一个不完整和动力不足的结构。我们展示了道德核心,如依恋,如何在第一人称和第二人称工作模型中出现,这些模型通过社会互动发展,并结合表征形式(具体化的、社会的、认知的、情感的、道德的),这些形式有助于第三人称表征的出现,并赋予婴儿的道德感活力和意义。
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引用次数: 4
Easy to Make, Hard to Revise: Updating Spontaneous Trait Inferences in the Presence of Trait-Inconsistent Information 易做难改:在特征不一致的信息下更新自发的特征推断
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1521/SOCO.2020.38.6.571
Irmak Olcaysoy Okten, G. Moskowitz
Previous research has shown that perceivers spontaneously form trait inferences from others' behaviors received at a single point in time. The present work examined the persistence of spontaneous trait inferences (STIs) in the presence of trait-inconsistent information about others. We hypothesized that STIs should be resistant to change over time and in the presence of new trait-inconsistent information due to perceivers forming and storing multiple STIs independently in memory. Consistently, Experiments 1a and 1b showed that initial STIs were not affected by new trait-inconsistent information. Experiments 2 and 3 revealed that STIs were persistent over 48 hours. Two experiments also tested memory reconsolidation as a possible mechanism of updating first impressions. While STIs were not substantially affected, spontaneous goal inferences (SGIs) were elevated among those with a better explicit memory of behaviors after learning trait-inconsistent information following a memory reactivation procedure. Implications of these findings on impression formation and updating processes are discussed.
先前的研究表明,感知者会从某个时间点收到的他人行为中自发形成特质推断。本研究考察了在存在关于他人的特征不一致信息的情况下,自发特征推断(STIs)的持续性。我们假设,由于感知者在记忆中独立形成和存储多个性传播感染,性传播感染应该能够抵抗随着时间的推移而发生的变化,并且在存在新的特征不一致信息的情况下。实验1a和1b一致地表明,初始STIs不受新性状不一致信息的影响。实验2和3表明,性传播感染持续时间超过48小时。两个实验还测试了记忆再巩固作为更新第一印象的可能机制。虽然性传播感染没有受到实质性影响,但在通过记忆再激活程序学习到特征不一致信息后,对行为有更好外显记忆的人中,自发目标推断(SGI)有所提高。讨论了这些发现对印象形成和更新过程的影响。
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引用次数: 2
Author Index to Volume 38, 2020 Social Cognition 2020年《社会认知》第38卷作者索引
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1521/soco.2020.38.6.627
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引用次数: 0
Has the Effect of the American Flag on Political Attitudes Declined Over Time? A Case Study of the Historical Context of American Flag Priming 美国国旗对政治态度的影响是否随着时间的推移而减弱?美国国旗启动的历史语境个案研究
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1521/SOCO.2020.38.6.489
Travis J. Carter, Gayathri Pandey, N. Bolger, Ran R. Hassin, M. Ferguson
We report findings from a meta-analysis on all published and unpublished studies from our labs (total N = 9,656) examining the priming effect of the American flag on political attitudes. Our analyses suggest that, consistent with the studies we originally published in 2011 (T. J. Carter et al., 2011b), American flag primes did create politically conservative shifts in attitudes and beliefs during the initial time period when data were collected (even excluding the published studies), but this effect has since declined over time to be roughly zero, though we believe that other interpretations, including false positives, are plausible. We discuss possible interpretations of this decline effect and the importance of considering the historical context inrelation to the priming effects of symbols whose meaning is not static over time. We also highlight the value of publicly posting data, emptying file drawers, and conducting direct as well as conceptual replications.
我们报告了对我们实验室所有已发表和未发表的研究(总N = 9,656)的荟萃分析结果,这些研究检验了美国国旗对政治态度的启动效应。我们的分析表明,与我们最初在2011年发表的研究一致(T. J. Carter et al., 2011b),在收集数据的最初时期(甚至不包括已发表的研究),美国国旗启动确实造成了态度和信仰的政治保守转变,但随着时间的推移,这种影响已经下降到大约为零,尽管我们认为其他解释,包括假阳性,是合理的。我们讨论了对这种衰退效应的可能解释,以及考虑与符号启动效应相关的历史背景的重要性,这些符号的意义随着时间的推移不是静态的。我们还强调了公开发布数据、清空文件抽屉以及进行直接复制和概念复制的价值。
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引用次数: 1
When Practice Fails to Reduce Racial Bias in the Decision to Shoot: The Case of Cognitive Load 当实践不能减少射击决策中的种族偏见:认知负荷的案例
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1521/soco.2020.38.6.555
Balbir Singh, Jordan R. Axt, Sean M. Hudson, Christopher Mellinger, Bernd Wittenbrink, Joshua Correll
Practice improves performance on a first-person shooter task (FPST), increasing accuracy and decreasing racial bias. But rather than simply promoting cognitively efficient processing, we argue that the benefits of practice on a difficult, cognitively demanding task like the FPST rely, at least in part, on resource-intensive, cognitively effortful processing. If practice-based improvements require cognitive resources, then cognitive load should compromise the value of practice by depriving trained participants of the cognitive resources on which they depend. This experiment shows that inducing cognitive load eliminates the benefits of training, leading to an increase in racial bias, as predicted.
练习可以提高第一人称射击任务(FPST)的表现,提高准确性,减少种族偏见。但是,我们认为,练习FPST这样一项难度大、认知要求高的任务的好处,至少在一定程度上取决于资源密集型、认知努力型的处理,而不是简单地促进认知高效的处理。如果基于实践的改进需要认知资源,那么认知负荷应该通过剥夺受过训练的参与者所依赖的认知资源来损害实践的价值。这项实验表明,正如预测的那样,诱导认知负荷会消除训练的好处,导致种族偏见的增加。
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引用次数: 5
When Practice Fails to Reduce Racial Bias on the Decision to Shoot: The Case of Cognitive Load. 当实践无法减少射击决策中的种族偏见时:认知负荷的案例。
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/MWYDV
Balbir Singh, Jordan R. Axt, Sean M. Hudson, Christopher Mellinger, Bernd Wittenbrink, Joshua Correll
Practice improves performance on a first-person shooter task (FPST), increasing accuracy and decreasing racial bias. But rather than simply promoting cognitively efficient processing, we argue that the benefits of practice on a difficult, cognitively demanding task like the FPST rely, at least in part, on resource-intensive, cognitively effortful processing. If practice-based improvements require cognitive resources, then cognitive load should compromise the value of practice by depriving trained participants of the cognitive resources on which they depend. This experiment shows that inducing cognitive load eliminates the benefits of training, leading to an increase in racial bias, as predicted.
练习可以提高第一人称射击任务(FPST)的表现,提高准确性,减少种族偏见。但我们认为,练习像FPST这样的困难、认知要求高的任务所带来的好处,至少在一定程度上依赖于资源密集、认知费力的处理,而不是简单地促进认知高效的处理。如果基于实践的改进需要认知资源,那么认知负荷应该通过剥夺训练参与者所依赖的认知资源而损害实践的价值。这个实验表明,诱导认知负荷消除了训练的好处,导致种族偏见的增加,正如预测的那样。
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引用次数: 2
Letters to our Future Selves? High-Powered Replication Attempts Question Effects on Future Orientation, Delinquent Decisions, and Risky Investments 给我们未来的信卖了吗?高功率复制尝试质疑对未来方向、不良决策和风险投资的影响
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1521/SOCO.2020.38.6.521
Laura Quinten, Anja Carina Murmann, Hanna A. Genau, R. Warkentin, R. Banse
Enhancing people's future orientation, in particular continuity with their future selves, has been proposed as promising to mitigate self-control–related problem behavior. In two pre-registered, direct replication studies, we tested a subtle manipulation, that is, writing a letter to one's future self, in order to reduce delinquent decisions (van Gelder et al., 2013, Study 1) and risky investments (Monroe et al., 2017, Study 1). With samples of n = 314 and n = 463, which is 2.5 times the original studies' sample sizes, the results suggested that the expected effects are either non-existent or smaller than originally reported, and/or dependent on factors not examined. Vividness of the future self was successfully manipulated in Study 2, but manipulation checks overall indicated that the letter task is not reliable to alter future orientation. We discuss ideas to integrate self-affirmation approaches and to test less subtle manipulations in samples with substantial, myopia-related self-control deficits.
增强人们的未来取向,特别是与未来自我的连续性,被认为有助于缓解与自我控制相关的问题行为。在两项预先注册的直接复制研究中,我们测试了一种微妙的操作,即给未来的自己写一封信,以减少拖欠的决定(van Gelder et al.,2013,研究1)和风险投资(Monroe et al.,2017,研究1)。对于n=314和n=463的样本,这是原始研究样本量的2.5倍,结果表明,预期影响要么不存在,要么比原始报告的要小,和/或取决于未检查的因素。研究2中成功地操纵了未来自我的生动性,但操纵检查总体上表明,字母任务不可靠,无法改变未来的方向。我们讨论了整合自我肯定方法的想法,并在具有严重近视相关自我控制缺陷的样本中测试不那么微妙的操作。
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引用次数: 0
Research With Implicit Measures: Suggestions for a New Agenda of Sub-Personal Psychology 内隐测量研究:亚个人心理学新议程的建议
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.1521/soco.2020.38.supp.s243
K. Rothermund, L. Grigutsch, Adrian Jusepeitis, Nicolas Koranyi, Franziska Meissner, Florian Müller, Merlin Urban, D. Wentura
Research with implicit measures has been criticized for an unclear meaning of the term implicit and inadequate psychometric properties, as well as problems regarding internal validity and low predictive validity of implicit measures. To these criticisms, we add an overly restrictive theoretical focus and research agenda that is limited to the narrow dichotomy between associations versus propositional beliefs. In this article, we address the last problem by introducing a new perspective of a sub-personal psychology. This broad approach expands the conceptual horizon in order to make use of the full potential that experimental paradigms can offer for assessing, explaining, predicting, and modifying human functioning and behavior. Going beyond the analysis of associations and beliefs, we highlight the use of experimental paradigms to examine and modify motivational, environmental, and episodic memory factors that influence human action.
对内隐测量的研究因内隐一词含义不清、心理测量特性不充分以及内隐测量内部有效性和预测有效性低等问题而受到批评。除了这些批评之外,我们还增加了一个过于严格的理论重点和研究议程,仅限于联想与命题信念之间的狭隘二分法。在这篇文章中,我们通过引入亚个人心理学的新视角来解决最后一个问题。这种广泛的方法扩展了概念范围,以充分利用实验范式在评估、解释、预测和改变人类功能和行为方面所能提供的潜力。超越对联想和信念的分析,我们强调使用实验范式来检查和修改影响人类行为的动机、环境和情节记忆因素。
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引用次数: 10
期刊
Social Cognition
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