Social Cognition最新文献

英文中文

Research With Implicit Measures: Suggestions for a New Agenda of Sub-Personal Psychology 内隐测量研究：亚个人心理学新议程的建议

IF 1.9 4区心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Social Cognition

Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.1521/soco.2020.38.supp.s243

K. Rothermund, L. Grigutsch, Adrian Jusepeitis, Nicolas Koranyi, Franziska Meissner, Florian Müller, Merlin Urban, D. Wentura

Research with implicit measures has been criticized for an unclear meaning of the term implicit and inadequate psychometric properties, as well as problems regarding internal validity and low predictive validity of implicit measures. To these criticisms, we add an overly restrictive theoretical focus and research agenda that is limited to the narrow dichotomy between associations versus propositional beliefs. In this article, we address the last problem by introducing a new perspective of a sub-personal psychology. This broad approach expands the conceptual horizon in order to make use of the full potential that experimental paradigms can offer for assessing, explaining, predicting, and modifying human functioning and behavior. Going beyond the analysis of associations and beliefs, we highlight the use of experimental paradigms to examine and modify motivational, environmental, and episodic memory factors that influence human action.

对内隐测量的研究因内隐一词含义不清、心理测量特性不充分以及内隐测量内部有效性和预测有效性低等问题而受到批评。除了这些批评之外，我们还增加了一个过于严格的理论重点和研究议程，仅限于联想与命题信念之间的狭隘二分法。在这篇文章中，我们通过引入亚个人心理学的新视角来解决最后一个问题。这种广泛的方法扩展了概念范围，以充分利用实验范式在评估、解释、预测和改变人类功能和行为方面所能提供的潜力。超越对联想和信念的分析，我们强调使用实验范式来检查和修改影响人类行为的动机、环境和情节记忆因素。

引用次数: 10

How Multinomial Processing Trees Have Advanced, and Can Continue to Advance, Research Using Implicit Measures 多项处理树如何使用隐式测量来推进和继续推进研究

IF 1.9 4区心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Social Cognition

Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.1521/soco.2020.38.supp.s165

Jimmy Calanchini

Implicit measures were developed to provide relatively pure estimates of attitudes and stereotypes, free from the influence of processes that constrain true and accurate reporting. However, implicit measures are not pure estimates of attitudes or stereotypes but, instead, reflect the joint contribution of multiple processes. The fact that responses on implicit measures reflect multiple cognitive processes complicates both their interpretation and application. In this article, I highlight contributions made to research using implicit measures by multinomial processing trees (MPTs), an analytic method that quantifies the joint contributions of multiple cognitive processes to observed responses. I provide examples of how MPTs have helped resolve mysteries that have arisen over the years, examples of findings that were initially taken at facevalue but were later re-interpreted by MPTs, and look to the future for ways in which MPTs seem poised to further advance research using implicit measures.

制定隐性措施是为了提供对态度和陈规定型观念的相对纯粹的估计，不受限制真实准确报告的过程的影响。然而，隐含的衡量标准并不是对态度或陈规定型观念的纯粹估计，而是反映了多个过程的共同贡献。对内隐测量的反应反映了多种认知过程，这一事实使其解释和应用变得复杂。在这篇文章中，我强调了多项处理树（MPTs）对使用内隐测量进行研究的贡献，这是一种量化多个认知过程对观察到的反应的联合贡献的分析方法。我提供了MPTs如何帮助解决多年来出现的谜团的例子，这些发现最初是表面上的，但后来被MPTs重新解释的例子，并展望未来，MPTs似乎准备利用隐性措施进一步推进研究。

引用次数: 6

Applied Racial/Ethnic Healthcare Disparities Research Using Implicit Measures. 利用内隐测量法开展种族/族裔医疗差异应用研究。

IF 1.2 4区心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Social Cognition

Pub Date : 2020-11-01 Epub Date: 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1521/soco.2020.38.supp.s68

Nao Hagiwara, John F Dovidio, Jeff Stone, Louis A Penner

Many healthcare disparities studies use the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to assess bias. Despite ongoing controversy around the IAT, its use has enabled researchers to reliably document an association between provider implicit prejudice and provider-to-patient communication (provider communication behaviors and patient reactions to them). Success in documenting such associations is likely due to the outcomes studied, study settings, and data structure unique to racial/ethnic healthcare disparities research. In contrast, there has been little evidence supporting the role of providers' implicit bias in treatment recommendations. Researchers are encouraged to use multiple implicit measures to further investigate how, why, and under what circumstances providers' implicit bias predicts provider-to-patient communication and treatment recommendations. Such efforts will contribute to the advancement of both basic social psychology/social cognition research and applied health disparities research: a better understanding of implicit social cognition and a more comprehensive identification of the sources of widespread racial/ethnic healthcare disparities, respectively.

许多医疗差异研究都使用内隐关联测试（IAT）来评估偏见。尽管 IAT 一直存在争议，但它的使用使研究人员能够可靠地记录医疗服务提供者的隐性偏见与医疗服务提供者与患者沟通（医疗服务提供者的沟通行为和患者对这些行为的反应）之间的关联。之所以能成功记录这种关联，很可能是因为研究结果、研究环境以及种族/民族医疗差异研究特有的数据结构。相比之下，很少有证据支持医疗服务提供者的隐性偏见在治疗建议中的作用。我们鼓励研究人员使用多种内隐测量方法，进一步研究医疗服务提供者的内隐偏见如何、为何以及在何种情况下会预测医疗服务提供者与患者之间的沟通和治疗建议。这些努力将有助于社会心理学/社会认知基础研究和健康差异应用研究的发展：分别更好地理解内隐社会认知和更全面地识别广泛存在的种族/民族医疗差异的来源。

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引用次数: 0

The Challenge of Diagnostic Inferences From Implicit Measures: The Case of Non-Evaluative Influences in the Evaluative Priming Paradigm 来自内隐测量的诊断推断的挑战:评估启动范式中非评估影响的案例

IF 1.9 4区心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Social Cognition

Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.1521/soco.2020.38.supp.s208

C. Unkelbach, K. Fiedler

Implicit measures are diagnostic tools to assess attitudes and evaluations that people cannot or may not want to report. Diagnostic inferences from such tools are subject to asymmetries. We argue that (causal) conditional probabilities p(AM+|A+) of implicitly measured attitudes AM+ given the causal influence of existing attitudes A+ is typically higher than the reverse (diagnostic) conditional probability p(A+|AM+), due to non-evaluative influences on implicit measures. We substantiate this argument with evidence for non-evaluative influences on evaluative priming—specifically, similarity effects reflecting the higher similarity of positive than negative prime-target pairs; integrativity effects based on primes and targets’ potential to form meaningful semantic compounds; and congruity proportion effects that originate in individuals’ decisional strategies. We also cursorily discuss non-evaluative influences in the Implicit Association Test (IAT). These influences not only have implications for the evaluative priming paradigm in particular, but also highlight the intricacies of diagnostic inferences from implicit measures in general.

隐性测量是评估人们不能或不愿报告的态度和评价的诊断工具。从这些工具得出的诊断推断是不对称的。我们认为，鉴于现有态度A+的因果影响，内隐测量态度AM+的(因果)条件概率p(AM+|A+)通常高于反向(诊断)条件概率p(A+|AM+)，这是由于对内隐测量的非评估性影响。我们用非评价性影响对评价性启动的证据来证实这一论点，具体来说，相似性效应反映了正启动-目标对比负启动-目标对更高的相似性;基于启动词和目标词形成有意义语义复合词潜力的整合效应以及源于个体决策策略的一致性比例效应。我们还粗略地讨论了内隐联想测验(IAT)中的非评价性影响。这些影响不仅对评估启动范式有影响，而且还突出了一般隐性测量的诊断推断的复杂性。

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引用次数: 1

Reflecting on 25 Years of Research Using Implicit Measures: Recommendations for Their Future Use 反思25年来使用内隐测量的研究：对其未来使用的建议

IF 1.9 4区心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Social Cognition

Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.1521/soco.2020.38.supp.s223

Pieter Van Dessel, Jamie Cummins, Sean Hughes, Sarah Kasran, Femke Cathelyn, T. Moran

For more than 25 years, implicit measures have shaped research, theorizing, and intervention in psychological science. During this period, the development and deployment of implicit measures have been predicated on a number of theoretical, methodological, and applied assumptions. Yet these assumptions are frequently violated and rarely met. As a result, the merit of research using implicit measures has increasingly been cast into doubt. In this article, we argue that future implicit measures research could benefit from adherence to four guidelines based on a functional approach wherein performance on implicit measures is described and analyzed as behavior emitted under specific conditions and captured in a specific measurement context. We unpack this approach and highlight recent work illustrating both its theoretical and practical value.

在超过25年的时间里，内隐测量影响了心理科学的研究、理论化和干预。在此期间，隐式措施的发展和部署是基于许多理论、方法和应用假设。然而，这些假设经常被违反，而且很少得到满足。因此，使用隐式测量方法进行研究的价值日益受到质疑。在本文中，我们认为未来的隐式测量研究可以受益于基于功能方法的四项指导方针，其中隐式测量的表现被描述和分析为在特定条件下发出的行为，并在特定的测量环境中被捕获。我们对这种方法进行了分析，并重点介绍了最近的工作，说明了它的理论和实践价值。

引用次数: 19

Age Invariance in Implicit Bias: Alternative Perspectives and Their Implications for the Development of Implicit Cognition 内隐偏见的年龄不变性:不同的观点及其对内隐认知发展的影响

IF 1.9 4区心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Social Cognition

Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.1521/soco.2020.38.supp.s135

Juliane Degner, Jimmy Calanchini

Current theories of social cognition assume that implicit bias is influenced by early socialization experiences. To the extent that implicit biases reflect traces of past experiences, they should form slowly over time and grow with repeated experience. However, most research examining implicit bias in children indicates that levels of bias do not vary across age groups (i.e., age invariance). This article reviews the dominant theoretical interpretation of age invariance in implicit bias and considers alternative interpretations for these findings in light of several methodological and theoretical limitations. Specifically, the available evidence cannot distinguish between the effects of cohort versus development, category versus exemplar, attitude activation versus application, ingroup versus outgroup evaluation, or attitude-versus control-oriented processes. When considered from a developmental perspective, these issues suggest plausible alternative interpretations of age invariance, with important implications for understanding the mechanisms underlying the formation of implicit cognition and theories of implicit cognition.

目前的社会认知理论认为，内隐偏见受到早期社会化经历的影响。在某种程度上，隐性偏见反映了过去经历的痕迹，它们应该随着时间的推移慢慢形成，并随着重复的经历而增长。然而，大多数研究儿童内隐偏见的研究表明，不同年龄组的偏见水平并不不同（即年龄不变性）。本文回顾了内隐偏见中年龄不变性的主要理论解释，并考虑了一些方法和理论局限性对这些发现的替代解释。具体而言，现有证据无法区分队列与发展、类别与范例、态度激活与应用、组内与组外评估或态度与控制导向过程的影响。从发展的角度来看，这些问题提出了对年龄不变性的合理替代解释，对理解内隐认知形成的机制和内隐认知理论具有重要意义。

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引用次数: 4

Accurate by Being Noisy: A Formal Network Model of Implicit Measures of Attitudes 通过噪声来精确:态度隐式测量的正式网络模型

IF 1.9 4区心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Social Cognition

Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.1521/soco.2020.38.supp.s26

J. Dalege, H.L.J. van der Maas

In this article, we model implicit attitude measures using our network theory of attitudes. The model rests on the assumption that implicit measures limit attitudinal entropy reduction, because implicit measures represent a measurement outcome that is the result of evaluating the attitude object in a quick and effortless manner. Implicit measures therefore assess attitudes in high entropy states (i.e., inconsistent and unstable states). In a simulation, we illustrate the implications of our network theory for implicit measures. The results of this simulation show a paradoxical result: Implicit measures can provide a more accurate assessment of conflicting evaluative reactions to an attitude object (e.g., evaluative reactions not in line with the dominant evaluative reactions) than explicit measures, because they assess these properties in a noisier and less reliable manner. We conclude that our network theory of attitudes increases the connection between substantive theorizing on attitudes and psychometric properties of implicit measures.

在本文中，我们使用我们的态度网络理论对内隐态度测量进行建模。该模型基于一个假设，即隐式测量限制了态度熵的减少，因为隐式测量代表了一种测量结果，即以一种快速而轻松的方式评估态度对象的结果。隐式测量因此评估态度在高熵状态(即，不一致和不稳定的状态)。在模拟中，我们说明了我们的网络理论对隐式测量的影响。这个模拟的结果显示了一个矛盾的结果:与显式测量相比，隐式测量可以更准确地评估对态度对象的冲突评价反应(例如，评价反应与主导评价反应不一致)，因为它们以嘈杂和不可靠的方式评估这些属性。我们的结论是，我们的态度网络理论增加了态度的实质性理论化与内隐测量的心理测量特性之间的联系。

引用次数: 7

Twenty-Five Years of Research Using Implicit Measures 使用内隐测量法的25年研究

IF 1.9 4区心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Social Cognition

Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.1521/soco.2020.38.supp.s1

Bertram Gawronski, J. Houwer, J. Sherman

The year 2020 marks the 25th anniversary of two seminal publications that have set the foundation for an exponentially growing body of research using implicit measures: Fazio, Jackson, Dunton, and Williams's (1995) work using evaluative priming to measure racial attitudes, and Greenwald and Banaji's (1995) review of implicit social cognition research that served as the basis for the development of the Implicit Association Test (IAT). The current article provides an overview of (1) two conceptual roots that continue to shape interpretations of implicit measures; (2) conflicting interpretations of the term implicit; (3) different kinds of dissociations between implicit and explicit measures; (4) theoretical developments inspired by these dissociations; and (5) research that used implicit measures to address domain-specific and applied questions. We conclude with a discussion of challenges and open questions that remain to be addressed, offering guidance for the next generation of research using implicit measures.

2020年是两篇开创性出版物发表25周年，它们为使用内隐测量的研究体系的指数增长奠定了基础:Fazio, Jackson, Dunton和Williams(1995)使用评估启动来测量种族态度的工作，以及Greenwald和Banaji(1995)对内隐社会认知研究的回顾，该研究为内隐联想测试(IAT)的发展奠定了基础。本文概述了(1)两个概念根源，它们继续形成对隐式测量的解释;(二)对“隐含”一词的相互矛盾的解释;(3)内隐措施与外显措施之间存在不同类型的分离;(4)由这些分离所激发的理论发展;(5)使用隐式度量来解决特定领域和应用问题的研究。最后，我们讨论了仍有待解决的挑战和开放问题，为下一代使用隐式测量的研究提供指导。

引用次数: 35

Moving Beyond the Relative Assessment of Implicit Biases: Navigating the Complexities of Absolute Measurement 超越内隐偏见的相对评估：驾驭绝对测量的复杂性

IF 1.9 4区心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Social Cognition

Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.1521/soco.2020.38.supp.s187

Brian A O'Shea, R. Wiers

A relative assessment of implicit biases is limited because it produces a combined summary evaluation of two attitudinal beliefs while concealing the biases driving this evaluation. Similar limitations occur for relative explicit measures. Here, we will discuss the benefits and weaknesses of using relative versus absolute (individual/separate) assessments of implicit and explicit attitudes. The Implicit Association Test (IAT) will be the focal implicit measure discussed, and we will present a new perspective challenging the evidence that the IAT can only be utilized to measure relative, not absolute, implicit attitudes. Modeling techniques (i.e., Quad models) that can determine the separate biases behind the relative summary evaluation will also be considered. Accurately utilizing absolute implicit bias scores will enable academia and industry to answer more complex research questions. For implicit social cognition to maintain and expand its usefulness, we encourage researchers to further test and refine the measurement of absolute implicit biases.

对隐性偏见的相对评估是有限的，因为它产生了对两种态度信念的综合总结评估，同时掩盖了驱动这种评估的偏见。相对明确的措施也有类似的限制。在这里，我们将讨论对内隐和外显态度使用相对和绝对（个人/单独）评估的好处和缺点。内隐联想测试（IAT）将是讨论的重点内隐测量，我们将提出一个新的视角，挑战IAT只能用于测量相对而非绝对的内隐态度的证据。还将考虑能够确定相对汇总评估背后的单独偏差的建模技术（即四元模型）。准确利用绝对内隐偏差分数将使学术界和工业界能够回答更复杂的研究问题。为了保持和扩大内隐社会认知的有用性，我们鼓励研究人员进一步测试和完善绝对内隐偏见的测量方法。

引用次数: 3

Lions, and Tigers, and Implicit Measures, Oh My! Implicit Assessment and the Valence vs. Threat Distinction 狮子、老虎和含蓄的度量，哦，我的天!内隐评估与效价与威胁的区分

IF 1.9 4区心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Social Cognition

Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.1521/soco.2020.38.supp.s154

David S. March, M. Olson, L. Gaertner

Physically threatening objects are negative, but negative objects are not necessarily threatening. Moreover, responses elicited by threats to physical harm are distinct from those elicited by other negatively (and positively) valenced stimuli. We discuss the importance of the threat versus valence distinction for implicit measurement both in terms of the activated evaluation and the design of the measure employed to assess that evaluation. We suggest that accounting for the distinct evaluations of threat and valence better enable implicit measures to provide understanding and prediction of subsequent judgement, emotion, and behavior. Implicit Assessment and the Valence vs. Threat Distinction 3 We recently argued that the mind uniquely evaluates threatening stimuli relative to other negatively (and positively) valenced stimuli (March, Gaertner, & Olson, 2018a, b). Based on this evaluative difference, we suggest that the distinction between physical threat (the potential to cause injury or death) and valence (the evaluative continuum from negative to positive) is important in the interpretation of indirect measures as they relate to human evaluative responses, and that existing measures differ in their propensity to uncover threat responses versus evaluative responses.

物理上具有威胁性的物体是消极的，但消极的物体不一定具有威胁性。此外，身体伤害威胁引起的反应不同于其他消极(和积极)刺激引起的反应。我们讨论了威胁与效价的区别对于内隐测量的重要性，包括激活的评估和用于评估评估的测量的设计。我们认为，考虑到威胁和效价的不同评估，可以更好地使内隐测量提供对后续判断、情绪和行为的理解和预测。我们最近认为，相对于其他负效(和正效)刺激，大脑对威胁性刺激的评估是独特的(March, Gaertner， & Olson, 2018a, b)。基于这种评估差异，我们认为，物理威胁(造成伤害或死亡的可能性)和效价(从消极到积极的评价连续体)之间的区别在解释间接测量时很重要，因为它们与人类的评价反应有关，现有的测量方法在揭示威胁反应和评价反应的倾向上有所不同。

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