Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1521/soco.2023.41.3.303
Matthew S Lebowitz, Kathryn Tabb, Paul S Appelbaum
Several recent studies have explored how people may favor different explanations for others' behavior depending on the moral or evaluative valence of the behavior in question. This research tested whether people would be less willing to believe that a person's environment played a role in causing her to exhibit antisocial (as compared to prosocial) behavior. In three experiments, participants read a description of a person engaging in either antisocial or prosocial behavior. Participants were less willing to endorse environmental causes of antisocial (versus prosocial) behavior when the environmental influence in question was witnessing others behaving similarly, either during childhood (Experiment 1) or recently (Experiment 2), or being directly encouraged by others to engage in the behavior described (Experiment 3). These results could be relevant to understanding why people resist attributing wrongdoing to causes outside of individual control in some cases.
{"title":"Asymmetric Causal Attributions to Environmental Influences for Prosocial Versus Antisocial Behavior.","authors":"Matthew S Lebowitz, Kathryn Tabb, Paul S Appelbaum","doi":"10.1521/soco.2023.41.3.303","DOIUrl":"10.1521/soco.2023.41.3.303","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Several recent studies have explored how people may favor different explanations for others' behavior depending on the moral or evaluative valence of the behavior in question. This research tested whether people would be less willing to believe that a person's environment played a role in causing her to exhibit antisocial (as compared to prosocial) behavior. In three experiments, participants read a description of a person engaging in either antisocial or prosocial behavior. Participants were less willing to endorse environmental causes of antisocial (versus prosocial) behavior when the environmental influence in question was witnessing others behaving similarly, either during childhood (Experiment 1) or recently (Experiment 2), or being directly encouraged by others to engage in the behavior described (Experiment 3). These results could be relevant to understanding why people resist attributing wrongdoing to causes outside of individual control in some cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10497225/pdf/nihms-1877359.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10242972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1521/soco.2023.41.3.209
Tabea J. Zorn, C. Unkelbach
In serial evaluations (e.g., teachers evaluating student performances; managers evaluating job applications), people typically provide more extreme judgments at the end of a series compared to the beginning. Serial positions thereby represent an unwanted contamination of the judgment process; bad performances profit and good performances suffer from early positions. Prior research suggested a motivational calibration explanation: People withhold extreme judgments at the beginning to avoid consistency violations throughout the series. However, more extreme ratings at the end might also follow from comparison-based contrast effects. Three experiments (n = 509) tested the contributions of calibration processes at early positions and contrast effects at later positions to the overall serial position effect. The results replicated the avoidance of extreme judgments at early positions and provided support for comparison-based contrast (Exp. 1-3) and calibration influences (Exp. 3). These data suggest differential interventions to reduce unwanted serial position effects.
{"title":"Do People Avoid Extreme Judgments in the Beginning? Calibration and Contrast as Explanations of Serial Position Effects in Evaluations","authors":"Tabea J. Zorn, C. Unkelbach","doi":"10.1521/soco.2023.41.3.209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2023.41.3.209","url":null,"abstract":"In serial evaluations (e.g., teachers evaluating student performances; managers evaluating job applications), people typically provide more extreme judgments at the end of a series compared to the beginning. Serial positions thereby represent an unwanted contamination of the judgment process; bad performances profit and good performances suffer from early positions. Prior research suggested a motivational calibration explanation: People withhold extreme judgments at the beginning to avoid consistency violations throughout the series. However, more extreme ratings at the end might also follow from comparison-based contrast effects. Three experiments (n = 509) tested the contributions of calibration processes at early positions and contrast effects at later positions to the overall serial position effect. The results replicated the avoidance of extreme judgments at early positions and provided support for comparison-based contrast (Exp. 1-3) and calibration influences (Exp. 3). These data suggest differential interventions to reduce unwanted serial position effects.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41414446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1521/soco.2023.41.3.274
A. Ladak, Matti Wilks, Jacy Reese Anthis
Perspective taking can have positive effects in a range of intergroup contexts. In two experiments, we tested whether these effects generalize to two yet-to-be-studied nonhuman groups: animals and intelligent artificial entities. We found no overall effects of either taking the perspective of a farmed pig or an artificial entity on moral attitudes, compared to instructions to stay objective and a neutral condition. However, in both studies, mediation analysis indicated that perspective taking positively affected moral attitudes via empathic concern and self-other overlap, supporting two mechanisms well-established in the literature. The lack of overall effects may be partly explained by positive effects of staying objective on moral attitudes that offset the positive effects of perspective taking via empathic concern and self-other overlap. These findings suggest that perspective taking functions differently in the context of nonhuman groups relative to typical intergroup contexts. We consider this an important area for future research.
{"title":"Extending Perspective Taking to Nonhuman Animals and Artificial Entities","authors":"A. Ladak, Matti Wilks, Jacy Reese Anthis","doi":"10.1521/soco.2023.41.3.274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2023.41.3.274","url":null,"abstract":"Perspective taking can have positive effects in a range of intergroup contexts. In two experiments, we tested whether these effects generalize to two yet-to-be-studied nonhuman groups: animals and intelligent artificial entities. We found no overall effects of either taking the perspective of a farmed pig or an artificial entity on moral attitudes, compared to instructions to stay objective and a neutral condition. However, in both studies, mediation analysis indicated that perspective taking positively affected moral attitudes via empathic concern and self-other overlap, supporting two mechanisms well-established in the literature. The lack of overall effects may be partly explained by positive effects of staying objective on moral attitudes that offset the positive effects of perspective taking via empathic concern and self-other overlap. These findings suggest that perspective taking functions differently in the context of nonhuman groups relative to typical intergroup contexts. We consider this an important area for future research.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43488476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1521/soco.2023.41.3.239
E. Nakkawita, Larisa Heiphetz
The motive domains of control and truth align with conceptions of God's omnipotence and omniscience, but the link between control-versus truth-dominant motives and God concepts remains unclear. A convergence account predicts a positive association between these variables; a divergence account predicts an inverse association. Furthermore, the causal direction of an association under either account is unknown. To test between these competing accounts, Study 1 investigated whether people with God concepts dominant in control versus truth report motives that are also control- (vs. truth-) dominant. To investigate causality, Study 2 manipulated God concepts and measured motive dominance; Study 3 manipulated motives and measured God concepts. Study 4 replicated Study 1 with methodological enhancements. Collectively, results supported the convergence account, indicating that God concepts influence motive predominance. By integrating motivation and religious cognition research, this work elucidates the relations between beliefs about God's attributes and personal motives.
{"title":"Motivational Priorities Reflect Beliefs About God's Attributes","authors":"E. Nakkawita, Larisa Heiphetz","doi":"10.1521/soco.2023.41.3.239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2023.41.3.239","url":null,"abstract":"The motive domains of control and truth align with conceptions of God's omnipotence and omniscience, but the link between control-versus truth-dominant motives and God concepts remains unclear. A convergence account predicts a positive association between these variables; a divergence account predicts an inverse association. Furthermore, the causal direction of an association under either account is unknown. To test between these competing accounts, Study 1 investigated whether people with God concepts dominant in control versus truth report motives that are also control- (vs. truth-) dominant. To investigate causality, Study 2 manipulated God concepts and measured motive dominance; Study 3 manipulated motives and measured God concepts. Study 4 replicated Study 1 with methodological enhancements. Collectively, results supported the convergence account, indicating that God concepts influence motive predominance. By integrating motivation and religious cognition research, this work elucidates the relations between beliefs about God's attributes and personal motives.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48038508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.1521/soco.2023.41.2.103
Emily Schwartzman, Ravin Alaei, Nicholas O. Rule
Photos provide a literal snapshot of a person in a particular context at a specific moment in time. Previous studies have found that people can accurately categorize others from single photos of their faces along various social dimensions, yet this research typically assumes that one photo of an individual representatively samples other photos of the same individual. Across four studies, we investigated this assumption by testing the consistency of perceptions of social categories (viz. sexual orientation and political affiliation) based on multiple photos of the same individuals. We found that judgments of social categories exceeded chance and significantly correlated across different photo contexts, across variability in targets’ motivations, and across time. These data supplement earlier work showing similar consistency for other types of social judgments. Thus, single face photos can consistently convey some aspects of an individual's appearance.
{"title":"Accuracy and Consistency in Social Categorization Across Context, Motivation, and Time","authors":"Emily Schwartzman, Ravin Alaei, Nicholas O. Rule","doi":"10.1521/soco.2023.41.2.103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2023.41.2.103","url":null,"abstract":"Photos provide a literal snapshot of a person in a particular context at a specific moment in time. Previous studies have found that people can accurately categorize others from single photos of their faces along various social dimensions, yet this research typically assumes that one photo of an individual representatively samples other photos of the same individual. Across four studies, we investigated this assumption by testing the consistency of perceptions of social categories (viz. sexual orientation and political affiliation) based on multiple photos of the same individuals. We found that judgments of social categories exceeded chance and significantly correlated across different photo contexts, across variability in targets’ motivations, and across time. These data supplement earlier work showing similar consistency for other types of social judgments. Thus, single face photos can consistently convey some aspects of an individual's appearance.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44504865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.1521/soco.2023.41.2.165
Béatrice Sternberg, Constantina Badea, Mark Rubin
This review considered experimental studies that used an intersectional framework in order to examine (1) how perceived relationship between the categories in a given intersection impacts the perception of its members and (2) how intersectional person perception has been studied through different cognitive processes. A systematic search in databases identified 5,393 records, and a screening processes resulted in 43 articles reporting 110 studies. The way intersectional targets were cognitively processed depended on contextual factors as well as on the perceived relationship between intersected identities (e.g., perceived [in-]congruence between identities). Less prototypical intersectional targets (e.g., Black gay men) sometimes experienced intersectional invisibility, facing both relative advantages (e.g., being less associated with certain negative stereotypes), and disadvantages (e.g., being overlooked, less recognized) compared to more prototypical members of their constituent ingroups (e.g., Black people, gay men). Future work should incorporate observed exceptions to these patterns and expand the cultural context of analysis.
{"title":"Intersectional Person Perception: A Scoping Review of Studies Investigating the Roles of Category Relationships and Cognitive Processes","authors":"Béatrice Sternberg, Constantina Badea, Mark Rubin","doi":"10.1521/soco.2023.41.2.165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2023.41.2.165","url":null,"abstract":"This review considered experimental studies that used an intersectional framework in order to examine (1) how perceived relationship between the categories in a given intersection impacts the perception of its members and (2) how intersectional person perception has been studied through different cognitive processes. A systematic search in databases identified 5,393 records, and a screening processes resulted in 43 articles reporting 110 studies. The way intersectional targets were cognitively processed depended on contextual factors as well as on the perceived relationship between intersected identities (e.g., perceived [in-]congruence between identities). Less prototypical intersectional targets (e.g., Black gay men) sometimes experienced intersectional invisibility, facing both relative advantages (e.g., being less associated with certain negative stereotypes), and disadvantages (e.g., being overlooked, less recognized) compared to more prototypical members of their constituent ingroups (e.g., Black people, gay men). Future work should incorporate observed exceptions to these patterns and expand the cultural context of analysis.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49502152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.1521/soco.2023.41.2.193
People judge repeated information as truer than new information, a “truth-by-repetition” effect. Because repetition increases processing fluency, which is assumed to elicit positive affect, participants may match their positive experience associated with repeated information with a positive (“true”) rather than negative (“false”) response. We tested this valence-matching hypothesis in a preregistered experiment by manipulating the affective congruency of the response format. Specifically, in the congruent condition, participants had to select a positive (negative) picture to respond “true” (“false”). In the incongruent condition, we reversed these associations. In line with the valence matching hypothesis, the truth-by-repetition effect was larger in the congruent than incongruent condition. However, the effect was small, and Bayesian analyses were inconclusive. In addition, the truth-by-repetition effect was significant in both response format conditions. The results suggest a possible contribution of a valence matching process to the truth-by-repetition effect, but one that does not challenge extant models.
{"title":"The Role of Valence Matching in the Truth-by-Repetition Effect","authors":"","doi":"10.1521/soco.2023.41.2.193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2023.41.2.193","url":null,"abstract":"People judge repeated information as truer than new information, a “truth-by-repetition” effect. Because repetition increases processing fluency, which is assumed to elicit positive affect, participants may match their positive experience associated with repeated information with a positive (“true”) rather than negative (“false”) response. We tested this valence-matching hypothesis in a preregistered experiment by manipulating the affective congruency of the response format. Specifically, in the congruent condition, participants had to select a positive (negative) picture to respond “true” (“false”). In the incongruent condition, we reversed these associations. In line with the valence matching hypothesis, the truth-by-repetition effect was larger in the congruent than incongruent condition. However, the effect was small, and Bayesian analyses were inconclusive. In addition, the truth-by-repetition effect was significant in both response format conditions. The results suggest a possible contribution of a valence matching process to the truth-by-repetition effect, but one that does not challenge extant models.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47231675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.1521/soco.2023.41.2.137
Ruben Laukenmann, E. Erdfelder, D. Heck, Morten Moshagen
The weapon identification task (WIT) is a sequential priming paradigm designed to assess effects of racial priming on visual discrimination between weapons (guns) and innocuous objects (tools). We compare four process models that differ in their assumptions on the nature and interplay of cognitive processes underlying prime-related weapon-bias effects in the WIT. All four models are variants of the process dissociation procedure, a widely used measurement model to disentangle effects of controlled and automatic processes. We formalized these models as response time-extended multinomial processing tree models and applied them to eight data sets. Overall, the default interventionist model (DIM) and the preemptive conflict-resolution model (PCRM) provided good model fit. Both assume fast automatic and slow controlled process routes. Additional comparisons favored the former model. In line with the DIM, we thus conclude that automatically evoked stereotype associations interfere with correct object identification from the outset of each WIT trial.
{"title":"Cognitive Processes Underlying the Weapon Identification Task: A Comparison of Models Accounting for Both Response Frequencies and Response Times","authors":"Ruben Laukenmann, E. Erdfelder, D. Heck, Morten Moshagen","doi":"10.1521/soco.2023.41.2.137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2023.41.2.137","url":null,"abstract":"The weapon identification task (WIT) is a sequential priming paradigm designed to assess effects of racial priming on visual discrimination between weapons (guns) and innocuous objects (tools). We compare four process models that differ in their assumptions on the nature and interplay of cognitive processes underlying prime-related weapon-bias effects in the WIT. All four models are variants of the process dissociation procedure, a widely used measurement model to disentangle effects of controlled and automatic processes. We formalized these models as response time-extended multinomial processing tree models and applied them to eight data sets. Overall, the default interventionist model (DIM) and the preemptive conflict-resolution model (PCRM) provided good model fit. Both assume fast automatic and slow controlled process routes. Additional comparisons favored the former model. In line with the DIM, we thus conclude that automatically evoked stereotype associations interfere with correct object identification from the outset of each WIT trial.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48934719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.1521/soco.2023.41.1.1
Kathleen Schmidt
Two studies examined whether the attributional framing of negative events affected explicit evaluations, as measured by differences in liking, and implicit evaluations, as measured by the Implicit Association Test (Greenwald et al., 1998). In Study 1, participants read negative information about a novel target ordered to elicit internal or external attributions. Participants in the internal attribution condition evaluated the target more negatively than did those in the external attribution condition on both implicit and explicit measures. Study 2 replicated these results and tested the effects of attribution on recently formed negative evaluations. Participants who evaluated targets before and after receiving additional negative information about them demonstrated implicit and explicit evaluative change consistent with the attributional framing of that information. This research provides clear evidence that attribution influences the formation and change of implicit evaluations; however, these effects were weaker than those on explicit measures of evaluation.
{"title":"Attribution Impacts Implicit (And Explicit) Evaluations","authors":"Kathleen Schmidt","doi":"10.1521/soco.2023.41.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2023.41.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Two studies examined whether the attributional framing of negative events affected explicit evaluations, as measured by differences in liking, and implicit evaluations, as measured by the Implicit Association Test (Greenwald et al., 1998). In Study 1, participants read negative information about a novel target ordered to elicit internal or external attributions. Participants in the internal attribution condition evaluated the target more negatively than did those in the external attribution condition on both implicit and explicit measures. Study 2 replicated these results and tested the effects of attribution on recently formed negative evaluations. Participants who evaluated targets before and after receiving additional negative information about them demonstrated implicit and explicit evaluative change consistent with the attributional framing of that information. This research provides clear evidence that attribution influences the formation and change of implicit evaluations; however, these effects were weaker than those on explicit measures of evaluation.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41279463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.1521/soco.2023.41.1.88
Yael Ecker, Michael Gilead, R. Imhoff
The current research examined the motivations to maintain, approach, and avoid at different distances from one's ideal state. Although keeping things as they are (maintenance) is often equated with avoiding changes, we predicted pronounced differences between these goals’ motivation gradients. We reasoned that maintenance goals are energized by positive current states, leading motivation to increase with proximity to the ideal. Avoidance, in contrast, is energized by threat, and therefore decreases with proximity to the ideal, which implicates reduced threat. Three studies (N = 599) found a robust pattern wherein the motivation gradient of maintenance is distinct from both approach and avoidance. Participants reported motivation in hypothetical scenarios in the domains of financial gain and weight loss. The motivation to maintain increased with proximity to the ideal state, while both motivations to approach and avoid decreased. Our results support a ternary goal distinction and may inspire future research in that direction.
{"title":"An Examination of the Motivations to Maintain, Approach, and Avoid by Proximity to the Ideal State","authors":"Yael Ecker, Michael Gilead, R. Imhoff","doi":"10.1521/soco.2023.41.1.88","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2023.41.1.88","url":null,"abstract":"The current research examined the motivations to maintain, approach, and avoid at different distances from one's ideal state. Although keeping things as they are (maintenance) is often equated with avoiding changes, we predicted pronounced differences between these goals’ motivation gradients. We reasoned that maintenance goals are energized by positive current states, leading motivation to increase with proximity to the ideal. Avoidance, in contrast, is energized by threat, and therefore decreases with proximity to the ideal, which implicates reduced threat. Three studies (N = 599) found a robust pattern wherein the motivation gradient of maintenance is distinct from both approach and avoidance. Participants reported motivation in hypothetical scenarios in the domains of financial gain and weight loss. The motivation to maintain increased with proximity to the ideal state, while both motivations to approach and avoid decreased. Our results support a ternary goal distinction and may inspire future research in that direction.","PeriodicalId":48050,"journal":{"name":"Social Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44738826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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