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An Examination of the Motivations to Maintain, Approach, and Avoid by Proximity to the Ideal State 通过接近理想状态来保持、接近和避免的动机考察
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1521/soco.2023.41.1.88
Yael Ecker, Michael Gilead, R. Imhoff
The current research examined the motivations to maintain, approach, and avoid at different distances from one's ideal state. Although keeping things as they are (maintenance) is often equated with avoiding changes, we predicted pronounced differences between these goals’ motivation gradients. We reasoned that maintenance goals are energized by positive current states, leading motivation to increase with proximity to the ideal. Avoidance, in contrast, is energized by threat, and therefore decreases with proximity to the ideal, which implicates reduced threat. Three studies (N = 599) found a robust pattern wherein the motivation gradient of maintenance is distinct from both approach and avoidance. Participants reported motivation in hypothetical scenarios in the domains of financial gain and weight loss. The motivation to maintain increased with proximity to the ideal state, while both motivations to approach and avoid decreased. Our results support a ternary goal distinction and may inspire future research in that direction.
目前的研究考察了保持、接近和避免与理想状态保持不同距离的动机。尽管保持现状(维护)通常等同于避免改变,但我们预测这些目标的动机梯度之间存在明显差异。我们认为,维护目标是由积极的当前状态激发的,导致动机随着接近理想而增加。相反,逃避则是受到威胁的激励,因此随着理想的接近而减少,这意味着威胁的减少。三项研究(N = 599)发现了一种稳健的模式,其中维持的动机梯度与接近和回避都不同。参与者报告了在经济增长和减肥领域的假设情景中的动机。保持的动机随着理想状态的接近而增加,而接近和避免的动机都减少。我们的结果支持三元目标区分,并可能启发未来的研究方向。
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引用次数: 0
Left and Right in Space and Politics 空间与政治中的左与右
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1521/soco.2023.41.1.41
Tina Glaser, Jens H. Hellmann, Naemi Pilz, G. Bohner
The terms left and right can refer to spatial or political orientations. We hypothesized that a match (vs. mismatch) of spatial position and political orientation would lead to more positive political judgments. In three experiments, German participants (total N = 517) evaluated statements from the political left-wing and right-wing spectrums as well as German political parties presented either on the left or on the right side of their screens. When statements were presented on the left, politically left statements as well as left-wing parties were evaluated more favorably than when these statements were presented on the right. Conversely, politically right statements and right-wing parties were evaluated more favorably when the statements were presented on the right versus left side of the screen. Cultural conservatism, need for cognitive closure, and openness to experience were assessed but did not mediate these effects. We discuss theoretical and practical implications of the results.
术语“左”和“右”可以指空间或政治取向。我们假设,空间位置和政治取向的匹配(与不匹配)将导致更积极的政治判断。在三个实验中,德国参与者(总数N=517)评估了来自左翼和右翼政治派别以及德国政党在屏幕左侧或右侧的陈述。当左翼发表声明时,政治左翼的声明以及左翼政党比右翼发表这些声明时得到了更有利的评价。相反,当政治右翼言论和右翼政党的言论出现在屏幕的右侧与左侧时,他们的评价会更高。对文化保守主义、认知封闭的必要性和对经验的开放性进行了评估,但没有调节这些影响。我们讨论了结果的理论和实践意义。
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引用次数: 0
Anchoring in a Social Context: How the Possibility of Being Misinformed by Others Impacts One's Judgment 社会背景下的锚定:被他人误导的可能性如何影响一个人的判断
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1521/soco.2023.41.1.67
Joana F. Reis, Mário B Ferreira, André Mata, Amanda Seruti, L. Garcia-Marques
Building on research about naïve theories of biases, we propose that people are more likely to engage in critical thinking when assessing others’ reasoning. Hence, anchoring effects should be reduced when anchor values are presented as others’ estimates and people perceive others as less knowledgeable (i.e., more prone to biases) than themselves. Three experiments tested this hypothesis by presenting the same anchors as other participants’ answers or without a specified source. This source manipulation was combined with explicit forewarnings about the anchoring effect, which have been shown to trigger debiasing efforts. In support of our hypothesis, results showed that anchors provided by a social source effectively reduced the anchoring effect and did so in a more reliable way than forewarnings. Furthermore, the response-time analysis in two of the experiments suggests that such attenuation was the result of deliberate adjustment.
基于对天真偏见理论的研究,我们提出,人们在评估他人的推理时更有可能进行批判性思维。因此,当锚定值被表示为他人的估计,并且人们认为他人的知识不如自己(即更容易产生偏见)时,锚定效应应该减少。三个实验通过提供与其他参与者答案相同的锚或没有特定来源来检验这一假设。这种源操作与锚定效应的明确预警相结合,已被证明可以触发去偏工作。为了支持我们的假设,研究结果表明,社交来源提供的锚定有效地降低了锚定效应,并且比预警更可靠。此外,其中两个实验的响应时间分析表明,这种衰减是故意调整的结果。
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引用次数: 2
Editorial: From Our New Editor 社论:来自我们的新编辑
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1063/1.1751570
Keith B. Maddox
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引用次数: 1
They Had It Coming: The Relationship Between Perpetrator-Blame and Victim-Blame 他们罪有应得:加害者责备和受害者责备之间的关系
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1521/soco.2022.40.6.503
Rebecca L. Dyer, David A Pizarro, D. Ariely
Though the study of blame is far from new, little to no research has systematically investigated how perpetrator-blame and victim-blame influence one another. The current series of studies used correlational (Study 1), experimental (Studies 2 and 3), and mediational (Studies 3A and 3B) designs to address this issue. Results indicated that when it comes to perpetrators and victims, blame is zero-sum. Across a diverse set of crimes of varying severity, the more that a victim is seen as playing a causal role in a crime, the less blame is assigned to the perpetrator. In addition, when victim-culpability is experimentally manipulated, having a more causally responsible victim actually mitigates blame for the perpetrator, and this discounting of perpetrator-blame occurs because the victim is seen as more deserving of what happened. Results are discussed in terms of real-world implications.
尽管对责任的研究远不是什么新鲜事,但很少甚至没有研究系统地调查犯罪者的责任和受害者的责任是如何相互影响的。目前的一系列研究使用了相关(研究1)、实验(研究2和3)和中介(研究3A和3B)设计来解决这个问题。结果表明,对于犯罪者和受害者,指责是零和的。在一系列不同严重程度的犯罪中,受害者越被视为在犯罪中起因果作用,对犯罪者的指责就越少。此外,当受害者的罪责被实验性地操纵时,有一个更负因果责任的受害者实际上减轻了对犯罪者的指责,而这种对犯罪者指责的淡化是因为受害者被认为更应该受到所发生的事情的惩罚。根据现实世界的影响对结果进行了讨论。
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引用次数: 1
Author Index to Volume 40, 2022 Social Cognition 作者索引卷40,2022社会认知
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1521/soco.2022.40.6.600
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引用次数: 0
Exploring the Representational Structure of Trait Knowledge Using Perceived Similarity Judgments 利用感知相似性判断探索特质知识的表征结构
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1521/soco.2022.40.6.549
Minjae Kim, L. Young, Stefano Anzellotti
A large body of past work has sought to identify the underlying dimensions that capture our trait knowledge of other people. However, the importance of particular traits in determining our overall impressions of others is not well understood, and different traits may be fundamental for impressions of famous versus unfamiliar people. For instance, we may focus on competence when evaluating a famous person, but on trustworthiness when evaluating a stranger. To examine the structure of overall impressions of famous people and of unfamiliar people, we probed the contributions of 13 different trait judgments to perceived similarity judgments. We found that different sets of traits best predicted perceived similarity between famous people versus between unfamiliar people; however, the relationship between each trait and perceived similarity generalized to some extent from famous people to unfamiliar people, suggesting a degree of overlap in the structure of overall impressions.
过去的大量工作都试图找出捕捉我们对他人特质知识的潜在维度。然而,某些特征在决定我们对他人的整体印象中的重要性还没有得到很好的理解,不同的特征可能是对名人和陌生人印象的基本因素。例如,在评价一个名人时,我们可能会关注能力,但在评价一个陌生人时,我们会关注可信度。为了研究名人和不熟悉的人的整体印象结构,我们探讨了13种不同的特征判断对感知相似性判断的贡献。我们发现不同的特征集合最能预测名人和不熟悉的人之间的感知相似性;然而,从名人到不熟悉的人,每个特征和感知相似性之间的关系在一定程度上是普遍的,这表明在总体印象的结构上有一定程度的重叠。
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引用次数: 0
Debunking Misinformation About a Causal Link Between Vaccines and Autism: Two Preregistered Tests of Dual-Process Versus Single-Process Predictions (With Conflicting Results) 揭穿关于疫苗和自闭症之间因果关系的错误信息:双过程与单过程预测的两个预注册测试(结果相互矛盾)
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1521/soco.2022.40.6.580
Bertram Gawronski, Skylar M. Brannon, Nyx L. Ng
Dual-process and single-process theories lead to conflicting predictions about whether debunking messages negating a state of affairs should change responses on implicit measures in a manner intended by the message. Two preregistered studies (N1 = 550; N2 = 880) tested these predictions using official health information from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention debunking the idea that vaccines would cause autism. Consistent with predictions derived from dual-process learning theories, Experiment 1 found that debunking-via-negation increased responses linking vaccines to autism on implicit measures, although it effectively reduced self-reported judgments linking vaccines to autism on explicit measures. Using the same measures and materials, Experiment 2 found that debunking-via-negation effectively reduced responses linking vaccines to autism on both implicit and explicit measures, consistent with predictions derived from single-process propositional theories. Potential reasons for the conflicting outcomes are discussed, including their implications for the debate between dual-process and single-process theories.
双进程和单进程理论导致了相互矛盾的预测,即揭穿消息否定事件状态是否应该以消息所希望的方式改变对隐含措施的响应。两项预注册研究(N1 = 550;利用来自美国疾病控制与预防中心的官方健康信息来验证这些预测,揭穿了疫苗会导致自闭症的观点。与双过程学习理论的预测一致,实验1发现,通过否定揭穿增加了内隐测量将疫苗与自闭症联系起来的反应,尽管它有效地减少了在显式测量中将疫苗与自闭症联系起来的自我报告判断。使用相同的测量方法和材料,实验2发现,通过否定揭穿有效地减少了将疫苗与自闭症联系起来的反应,无论是内隐测量还是外显测量,这与单过程命题理论的预测一致。讨论了冲突结果的潜在原因,包括它们对双过程和单过程理论之间争论的影响。
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引用次数: 2
Discrimination Without Intoxication: The Role of Controlled Processes in the Promotion of Racial Bias After Viewing Alcohol-Related Cues 没有醉酒的歧视:控制过程在观看酒精相关线索后促进种族偏见的作用
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1521/soco.2022.40.5.459
Zachary W. Petzel, Jeffrey G Noel, B. Casad
Viewing alcohol-related cues (e.g., advertisements) is known to promote expressions of racial bias and aggression through the temporary promotion of reflexive or impulsive responding. However, this increased automaticity may be inhibited by thoughtful control of behavior. We examined the role of controlled processes in the suppression of racial bias following alcohol cue exposure across two experiments. Experiment 1 (N = 125) indicated reduced control of behavior promoted greater expressions of racial bias after viewing alcohol-related cues. Experiment 2 (N = 71) replicated these effects, suggesting individuals with lower neural indices of control, indexed by reduced amplitudes of the error-related negativity (ERN), similarly express greater racial bias after viewing alcohol-related cues. These findings replicate previous work suggesting alcohol-related cues promote impulsivity and application of negative racial stereotypes. Yet, whether this automaticity manifests into behavioral expressions of racial bias depends on the availability to engage self-control to inhibit these socially undesirable responses.
众所周知,观看与酒精有关的线索(如广告)会通过暂时促进反射或冲动反应而促进种族偏见和侵略的表达。然而,这种增加的自动性可能会被深思熟虑的行为控制所抑制。我们通过两个实验检验了酒精线索暴露后控制过程在种族偏见抑制中的作用。实验1 (N = 125)表明,在观看与酒精有关的线索后,行为控制能力的降低促进了种族偏见的更大表达。实验2 (N = 71)重复了这些效应,表明控制神经指数较低的个体,在看到与酒精有关的线索后,同样表现出更大的种族偏见。这些发现重复了先前的研究,即与酒精有关的线索会促进冲动和消极种族刻板印象的应用。然而,这种自动性是否表现为种族偏见的行为表现,取决于是否有能力通过自我控制来抑制这些不受社会欢迎的反应。
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引用次数: 0
Too Much Information! The Interplay of Argument Quality and Subjective Difficulty in Attitude Judgment 信息太多!论点质量与态度判断主观难度的相互作用
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1521/soco.2022.40.5.485
Thanaphat Thongpaibool, J. Halberstadt
Paradoxically, people sometimes express weaker attitudes after generating more supporting arguments, a phenomenon usually attributed to subjective difficulty of generating them. We propose, however, that generating too many arguments compromises their evidentiary quality, which additionally explains attitude change. In Studies 1 and 2, Mechanical Turk participants generated 12 arguments supporting social issues. The results showed that, as more arguments were generated, the time of generating them increased, but the self-perceived argument quality declined. Although both correlated with attitudes, and each other, only argument quality uniquely predicted attitudes. Study 3 applied these insights to the “ease of retrieval paradigm,” showing that attitude change associated with generating 12 (versus 3) arguments was mediated by argument quality and its relationship with difficulty, although a main effect of argument number was not observed. The results show how reasoning involves an interplay of cognitive and metacognitive dynamics that produce self-generated attitude change in counterintuitive ways.
矛盾的是,人们有时会在提出更多支持论点后表现出较弱的态度,这一现象通常归因于提出这些论点的主观困难。然而,我们认为,产生太多的论点损害了他们的证据质量,这也解释了态度的变化。在研究1和2中,土耳其机器人参与者提出了12个支持社会问题的论点。结果表明,随着争论的产生,争论的产生时间增加,但自我感知的争论质量下降。虽然两者都与态度相关,而且彼此相关,但只有论点质量能唯一地预测态度。研究3将这些见解应用于“检索容易度范式”,表明与生成12(相对于3)个论点相关的态度变化是由论点质量及其与难度的关系介导的,尽管没有观察到论点数量的主要影响。研究结果表明,推理涉及认知和元认知动态的相互作用,从而以反直觉的方式产生自我产生的态度变化。
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引用次数: 0
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Social Cognition
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