Kao država koja kao svoj glavni spoljnopolitički cilj ima članstvo u EU, Republika Srbija od 2014. godine vodi pregove za članstvo u Uniji. Taj proces podrzumeva pregovore koji su podeljeni u 35 poglavlja. Jedno od dva poglavnja koje je privremeno zatvoreno je poglavlje 26 koje se odnosi na obrazovanje i kulturu. Predmet ovog rada će upravo biti obrazovanje, i to evropsko obrazovanje sa fokusom na ciljeve, standarde i instumente evropske obrazovne politike. Drugi deo rada biće posvećeno detaljnijoj analizi uslova sadržanih u poglavlju 26 koje Srbija ima da ispuni u cilju daljeg usaglašavanja sa standardima EU u oblasti obrazovanja. Poslednji deo rada prikazuje stepena usklađenosti obrazovnog sistema Republike Srbije meren indikatorima ostvarivanja napretk u ciljevima proklamovanim Stateškim okvirom Unije u oblasti obrazovanja i obuka. Autorka zaključuje da je neophodno izvršiti reviziju postojećeg učinka na svim nivoima obrazvanja i posebno raditi na unapređenu većeg stepena inkluzije i dostupnosti svih nivoa obrazovanja.
{"title":"OBRAZOVNA POLITIKA EVROPSKE UNIJE: STANDARDI I IZAZOVI REPUBLIKE SRBIJE U PROCESU USAGLAŠAVANJA","authors":"Andrijana Lazarević","doi":"10.22182/ajp.1312020.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22182/ajp.1312020.3","url":null,"abstract":"Kao država koja kao svoj glavni spoljnopolitički cilj ima članstvo u EU, Republika Srbija od 2014. godine vodi pregove za članstvo u Uniji. Taj proces podrzumeva pregovore koji su podeljeni u 35 poglavlja. Jedno od dva poglavnja koje je privremeno zatvoreno je poglavlje 26 koje se odnosi na obrazovanje i kulturu. Predmet ovog rada će upravo biti obrazovanje, i to evropsko obrazovanje sa fokusom na ciljeve, standarde i instumente evropske obrazovne politike. Drugi deo rada biće posvećeno detaljnijoj analizi uslova sadržanih u poglavlju 26 koje Srbija ima da ispuni u cilju daljeg usaglašavanja sa standardima EU u oblasti obrazovanja. Poslednji deo rada prikazuje stepena usklađenosti obrazovnog sistema Republike Srbije meren indikatorima ostvarivanja napretk u ciljevima proklamovanim Stateškim okvirom Unije u oblasti obrazovanja i obuka. Autorka zaključuje da je neophodno izvršiti reviziju postojećeg učinka na svim nivoima obrazvanja i posebno raditi na unapređenu većeg stepena inkluzije i dostupnosti svih nivoa obrazovanja.","PeriodicalId":48063,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44593226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
U radu je analizirana jedna institucija koja poslednjih decenija doživela ekspanziju širom sveta – ombudsman. Imajući na umu da se u tom periodu znatno menja odnos između lokalnih vlasti i države, kao i da lokalne vlasti u tom periodu dobijaju sve veće nadležnosti u odnosu na građane, u radu je posebna pažnja posvećanja lokalnim (to jest, municipalnim) zaštitnicima građana. Cilj ovog rada jeste da ukaže na kapaciteta zaštitnika građana koji deluju na teritoriji grada Beograda, uz poseban osvrt i komparaciju sa lokalnim ombudsmanima širom sveta (a naročito sa Španijon i Holandijom).
{"title":"INSTITUCIJA LOKALNOG OMBUDSMANA – UPOREDNA ISKUSTVA IZ SVIJETA I U GRADU BEOGRADU","authors":"Aleksandar Klaric","doi":"10.22182/ajp.1312020.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22182/ajp.1312020.5","url":null,"abstract":"U radu je analizirana jedna institucija koja poslednjih decenija doživela ekspanziju širom sveta – ombudsman. Imajući na umu da se u tom periodu znatno menja odnos između lokalnih vlasti i države, kao i da lokalne vlasti u tom periodu dobijaju sve veće nadležnosti u odnosu na građane, u radu je posebna pažnja posvećanja lokalnim (to jest, municipalnim) zaštitnicima građana. Cilj ovog rada jeste da ukaže na kapaciteta zaštitnika građana koji deluju na teritoriji grada Beograda, uz poseban osvrt i komparaciju sa lokalnim ombudsmanima širom sveta (a naročito sa Španijon i Holandijom).","PeriodicalId":48063,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43197989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
U procesu pregovora za stupanje u članstvo Evropske unije, Srbija se suočava sa brojnim izazovima i preprekama. Prema brojnim procenama, pregovori u vezi sa politikama obuhvaćenim Poglavljem 27 će biti među najzahtevnijim u celokupnom pregovaračkom procesu. Cilj ovog rada je da ispita da li su ovakve procene opravdane i šta je ono što konkretno navodi na ovakve zaključke. Za te svrhe, u radu će se prvobitno poći od izlaganja osnovnih ciljeva i načela politike životne sredine i klimatskih promena na nivou Evropske unije, kao i dostignuća EU u oblasti ekologije, kako bi se videlo u kom smeru je potrebno izvršiti unifikaciju i/ili harmonizaciju pravnog okvira i usklađivanje javnih politika Srbije sa politikom EU u ovoj oblasti. Zatim će se pristupiti pregledu stanja u Srbiji u oblasti ovih javnih politika, kao i pregledu stanja na terenu. Rad će se posvetiti i pitanjima problema i domašaja politike životne sredine i klimatskih promena u Srbiji, kao i analizi konkretnih aktivnosti koje je Srbija preduzela. Kao ključne izazove u ovoj oblasti, autor identifikuje problem implementacije i problem finansiranja, što će u radu biti argumentovano. Zaključna razmatranja biće posvećena zadacima koje EU očekuje da će Srbija realizovati u narednom periodu i analizi očekivanja u vezi sa napretkom Srbije u ovoj oblasti, koji je svakako neophodan ukoliko Srbija želi da postane članica EU u doglednoj budućnosti.
在与欧洲联盟的入盟谈判过程中，塞尔维亚面临许多挑战和障碍。根据一些评价，关于第27章所涵盖政策的谈判将是整个谈判过程中要求最高的谈判之一。这项工作的目的是审查这些评估是否合理，以及得出了哪些具体结论。为此，这项工作将主要从欧盟层面介绍环境和气候变化的基本目标和原则，以及欧盟的环境成就开始，以了解统一和/或协调法律框架的必要性，并使塞尔维亚的公共政策与欧盟在这一领域的政策保持一致。然后将在这些公共政策领域以及实地状况审查方面审查塞尔维亚的局势。这项工作还将涉及塞尔维亚的环境和气候变化问题和国内政策，以及对塞尔维亚采取的具体活动的分析。Kao ključne izazove u ovoj州，自动识别问题的实施和财务问题，štoće u radu biti argumentovano。最后的审议将专门讨论欧盟对塞尔维亚在下一时期将实现的期望，并分析对塞尔维亚在这一领域取得进展的期望，如果塞尔维亚想在未来成为欧盟成员国，这当然是必要的。
{"title":"KLJUČNI IZAZOVI REPUBLIKE SRBIJE U PROCESU PRISTUPANJA EVROPSKOJ UNIJI U OBLASTI ŽIVOTNE SREDINE I KLIMATSKIH PROMENA","authors":"Andrea Matijević","doi":"10.22182/ajp.1312020.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22182/ajp.1312020.4","url":null,"abstract":"U procesu pregovora za stupanje u članstvo Evropske unije, Srbija se suočava sa brojnim izazovima i preprekama. Prema brojnim procenama, pregovori u vezi sa politikama obuhvaćenim Poglavljem 27 će biti među najzahtevnijim u celokupnom pregovaračkom procesu. Cilj ovog rada je da ispita da li su ovakve procene opravdane i šta je ono što konkretno navodi na ovakve zaključke. Za te svrhe, u radu će se prvobitno poći od izlaganja osnovnih ciljeva i načela politike životne sredine i klimatskih promena na nivou Evropske unije, kao i dostignuća EU u oblasti ekologije, kako bi se videlo u kom smeru je potrebno izvršiti unifikaciju i/ili harmonizaciju pravnog okvira i usklađivanje javnih politika Srbije sa politikom EU u ovoj oblasti. Zatim će se pristupiti pregledu stanja u Srbiji u oblasti ovih javnih politika, kao i pregledu stanja na terenu. Rad će se posvetiti i pitanjima problema i domašaja politike životne sredine i klimatskih promena u Srbiji, kao i analizi konkretnih aktivnosti koje je Srbija preduzela. Kao ključne izazove u ovoj oblasti, autor identifikuje problem implementacije i problem finansiranja, što će u radu biti argumentovano. Zaključna razmatranja biće posvećena zadacima koje EU očekuje da će Srbija realizovati u narednom periodu i analizi očekivanja u vezi sa napretkom Srbije u ovoj oblasti, koji je svakako neophodan ukoliko Srbija želi da postane članica EU u doglednoj budućnosti.","PeriodicalId":48063,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49414578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Depression is a common illness with rising burden worldwide; which is associated with decline in social, occupational and health aspects. Despite of its consequences; little is known about risk factors potentiating it in Saudi females. Therefore, the current study aimed at exploring prevalence and risk factors of depression in Saudi females. Subjects and methods: Through a cross sectional study design, 317 Saudi females aged 18-65 years were selected randomly from the primary care clinics at King Khalid University hospital, they were screened for depression using Patient Health Questionnaires (PHQ-2), positive cases proceeded to Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and negative respondents proceeded directly to the study questionnaire. Chi-square test was used to assess the significance of categorical variables; and logistic regression was conducted to explore significant predictors of depression. Results: An overall 66.2% of the respondents had some degree of depression which ranged between minimal depression in 4 women (1.3%) and moderately severe depression in 51 women (16.1%). The bivariate analysis showed that the factors significantly associated with depressive symptoms were marital status, education level, occupation, major familial changes and financial status p<0.05. While regression analysis revealed that marital status (widowed, separated, widowed) and being jobless are significant predictors for depression in females. Conclusion and recommendations: Depressive symptoms are common among studied Saudi females; significant risk factors included being widowed, divorced and separated; illiterates and those who can just read and write, and jobless women. It is recommended that women should be routinely screened for depression in the primary clinics for early detection and management.
{"title":"RISK FACTORS OF DEPRESSION AMONG SAUDI FEMALES","authors":"Maha Alsulaimani","doi":"10.47672/AJP.573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47672/AJP.573","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Depression is a common illness with rising burden worldwide; which is associated with decline in social, occupational and health aspects. Despite of its consequences; little is known about risk factors potentiating it in Saudi females. Therefore, the current study aimed at exploring prevalence and risk factors of depression in Saudi females. Subjects and methods: Through a cross sectional study design, 317 Saudi females aged 18-65 years were selected randomly from the primary care clinics at King Khalid University hospital, they were screened for depression using Patient Health Questionnaires (PHQ-2), positive cases proceeded to Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and negative respondents proceeded directly to the study questionnaire. Chi-square test was used to assess the significance of categorical variables; and logistic regression was conducted to explore significant predictors of depression. Results: An overall 66.2% of the respondents had some degree of depression which ranged between minimal depression in 4 women (1.3%) and moderately severe depression in 51 women (16.1%). The bivariate analysis showed that the factors significantly associated with depressive symptoms were marital status, education level, occupation, major familial changes and financial status p<0.05. While regression analysis revealed that marital status (widowed, separated, widowed) and being jobless are significant predictors for depression in females. Conclusion and recommendations: Depressive symptoms are common among studied Saudi females; significant risk factors included being widowed, divorced and separated; illiterates and those who can just read and write, and jobless women. It is recommended that women should be routinely screened for depression in the primary clinics for early detection and management.","PeriodicalId":48063,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47246398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. M. Shekwolo, Newton Rebecca Temitope, Sunday Gbande Aondoaver, Fenan Victor Nanlir
Purpose: The study examined public perception of kidnapping activities and posttraumatic stress disorder in Chikun LGA of Kaduna State- Nigeria.Methodology: Survey research design was adopted with convenient sampling technique. Two hundred and thirty- two (232) participated in the study both male and female. Posttraumatic Stress Scale (PSS -1) and the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PQH-9) were used to collect data, PTSD Symptoms Scale (PSS -1). The data were further analyzed using inferential statistics for the test of Hypotheses. Chi-Square, One-Way ANOVA and Independent Sample-t-test were used. Hypothesis one tested the significant relationship between kidnapping and posttraumatic stress disorder in Chikun LGA of Kaduna State.Findings: Further analysis revealed a no significant difference in the perceived association of news of kidnapping and PTSD in Chikun LGA of Kaduna State, X2(4) = 1.719, P > 0.05. In other words, the hypothesis was not accepted in this study. Hypothesis two tested a significant difference in age and posttraumatic stress disorders in Chikun LGA. The results revealed that, there is no statistically significant difference; F(3, 228) = 0.619, P > 0.05. Therefore, the hypothesis was not accepted in the study.Recommendation: Even though residents are aware of such activities of kidnapping, the level of PTSD experienced by them has been relatively mild. Family and community ties and togetherness should be strengthened since it promotes resilience which in turn act as a buffer or immunity against developing PTSD.
目的:研究调查了尼日利亚卡杜纳州奇昆地区公众对绑架活动和创伤后应激障碍的看法。方法:采用调查研究设计，采用方便抽样技术。232名男性和女性参与了这项研究。采用创伤后应激量表(PSS -1)、患者健康问卷9 (PQH-9)、创伤后应激障碍症状量表(PSS -1)收集数据。使用推论统计进一步分析数据以检验假设。采用卡方、单因素方差分析和独立样本t检验。假设一检验了卡杜纳州奇昆地区绑架与创伤后应激障碍之间的显著关系。结果:进一步分析发现，在卡杜纳州Chikun LGA地区，绑架新闻与创伤后应激障碍的关联感知差异无统计学意义，X2(4) = 1.719, P < 0.05。换句话说，该假设在本研究中不被接受。假设二检验了赤昆LGA的年龄和创伤后应激障碍的显著差异。结果显示，无统计学差异;F(3,228) = 0.619, p < 0.05。因此，该假设在本研究中未被接受。建议:即使居民知道这种绑架活动，他们所经历的创伤后应激障碍的程度相对较轻。家庭和社区的联系和团聚应该加强，因为它可以促进恢复力，而恢复力反过来又可以缓冲或免疫患上创伤后应激障碍。
{"title":"PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF KIDNAPPING ACTIVITIES AND POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER IN CHIKUN LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KADUNA STATE- NIGERIA","authors":"D. M. Shekwolo, Newton Rebecca Temitope, Sunday Gbande Aondoaver, Fenan Victor Nanlir","doi":"10.47672/AJP.563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47672/AJP.563","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The study examined public perception of kidnapping activities and posttraumatic stress disorder in Chikun LGA of Kaduna State- Nigeria.Methodology: Survey research design was adopted with convenient sampling technique. Two hundred and thirty- two (232) participated in the study both male and female. Posttraumatic Stress Scale (PSS -1) and the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PQH-9) were used to collect data, PTSD Symptoms Scale (PSS -1). The data were further analyzed using inferential statistics for the test of Hypotheses. Chi-Square, One-Way ANOVA and Independent Sample-t-test were used. Hypothesis one tested the significant relationship between kidnapping and posttraumatic stress disorder in Chikun LGA of Kaduna State.Findings: Further analysis revealed a no significant difference in the perceived association of news of kidnapping and PTSD in Chikun LGA of Kaduna State, X2(4) = 1.719, P > 0.05. In other words, the hypothesis was not accepted in this study. Hypothesis two tested a significant difference in age and posttraumatic stress disorders in Chikun LGA. The results revealed that, there is no statistically significant difference; F(3, 228) = 0.619, P > 0.05. Therefore, the hypothesis was not accepted in the study.Recommendation: Even though residents are aware of such activities of kidnapping, the level of PTSD experienced by them has been relatively mild. Family and community ties and togetherness should be strengthened since it promotes resilience which in turn act as a buffer or immunity against developing PTSD.","PeriodicalId":48063,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48180209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Higher-order thinking, known as higher order thinking skills (HOTS), is a notion of education improvement based on Bloom's taxonomy. The belief is that some types of learning involve more cognitive processing than others, but also have more generalized profits. The present study aims at investigating the relationship between translation competence along with its components and higher – order thinking skills of novice translators. To this end, 37 students of translation studies studying at 5 th semester were selected. The rationale behind this was that the students of fifth semester don’t have any solid understanding and experience of translation so they are considered as novice translator. Having collected the data from two questionnaires of Translation Competence Acquisition Questionnaire and Higher – order Thinking Skills, a correlational analysis was conducted. The results show that not only does Translation Competence have statistically significant relationship with higher – order thinking skills in general, but also their components and sub-competences reveal strong and meaningful relationship.
{"title":"On the Relationship between Translation Competence and Higher-order Thinking Skills of Novice Translators","authors":"H. Ghaemi, Seyedhamed Sadoughvanini","doi":"10.30958/ajp.7-4-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajp.7-4-3","url":null,"abstract":"Higher-order thinking, known as higher order thinking skills (HOTS), is a notion of education improvement based on Bloom's taxonomy. The belief is that some types of learning involve more cognitive processing than others, but also have more generalized profits. The present study aims at investigating the relationship between translation competence along with its components and higher – order thinking skills of novice translators. To this end, 37 students of translation studies studying at 5 th semester were selected. The rationale behind this was that the students of fifth semester don’t have any solid understanding and experience of translation so they are considered as novice translator. Having collected the data from two questionnaires of Translation Competence Acquisition Questionnaire and Higher – order Thinking Skills, a correlational analysis was conducted. The results show that not only does Translation Competence have statistically significant relationship with higher – order thinking skills in general, but also their components and sub-competences reveal strong and meaningful relationship.","PeriodicalId":48063,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48079722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current study is a descriptive analytical account of how authors in EFL context adhere to or contravene Swales’ (1990) moves structure in their writing of Introductions in academic writing. The specific academic genres under analysis were 115 research articles which were purposively chosen from five university of Dar es Salaam academic journals. The analysis adopted Swale’s CARs (Create A Research Space) moves, namely; establishing a territory, establishing a niche and occupying a niche. Document review was the sole data gathering tool. Findings indicated that generally the majority of authors maintained fidelity to Swale’s chronology of moves structure, notably in the fields of linguistics and engineering sciences. However, about a quarter of the authors started their Research Article Introductions (RAIs) with establishing a niche before claiming centrality and occupying a niche. It has been concluded that variations in academic disciplines are not a factor for authorial variations in their styles of moves structure.
{"title":"Analysis of Writing Styles of Research Article Introductions in EFL Academic Context: A Case of University of Dar Es Salaam Journal Authors","authors":"E. A. Msuya","doi":"10.30958/ajp.7-4-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajp.7-4-2","url":null,"abstract":"The current study is a descriptive analytical account of how authors in EFL context adhere to or contravene Swales’ (1990) moves structure in their writing of Introductions in academic writing. The specific academic genres under analysis were 115 research articles which were purposively chosen from five university of Dar es Salaam academic journals. The analysis adopted Swale’s CARs (Create A Research Space) moves, namely; establishing a territory, establishing a niche and occupying a niche. Document review was the sole data gathering tool. Findings indicated that generally the majority of authors maintained fidelity to Swale’s chronology of moves structure, notably in the fields of linguistics and engineering sciences. However, about a quarter of the authors started their Research Article Introductions (RAIs) with establishing a niche before claiming centrality and occupying a niche. It has been concluded that variations in academic disciplines are not a factor for authorial variations in their styles of moves structure.","PeriodicalId":48063,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43597881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
linguistic concept). We should not omit Categories that are used to organize human knowledge in a structural system of concepts. The given category is then defined by a respective Prototype (created with regard to connotation) that serves as a starting point for organizing other linguistic data with a relation to the prototype. The content and structure of these categories differ from speaker to speaker, resp. language to language, however it is important to state that no information remains isolated and all inputs are categorized and interconnected. Cognitive Grammar (see Danaher 2007) was developed in 1970s by an American linguist Ronald Langacker as a reaction to the theory of generative grammar by Noam Chomsky that prefers a formal-logic point of view. Langacker claims that this approach excludes the notion of Usage and Figurative Use of Language that are essential for understanding the linguistic structure. Apart from that, he also refuses the generative principle of a language being an autonomous formal system. Grammar is, in his opinion, a non-formal, Symbolic system that consists of concepts and he puts more emphasis on analysing the role of language 4 The following works are considered pivotal in the field of cognitive linguistics: Metaphors we live by by George Lakoff & Mark Johnson (1980) and Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things by George Lakoff (1987). 5 See Janda 2004. Athens Journal of Philology December 2020 295 in the cognitive process than on discovering “deep” grammatical structures or language universals. Langacker assumes that there is no principal difference between syntax and lexical inventory because grammar consists of a set of symbolic units (morphemes, words and grammatical constructions). These units result from everyday Language Use and practice as a product of two cognitive processes – Abstraction and Schematization, which is a type of abstraction that produces a language unit that is much less detailed (specific) than its realization, i.e. actual expressions, namely a schema (for representation see Figure 1). Figure 1. Schemes from Ronald Langacker (2008, 69 & 153) We could summarize that in cognitive grammar, the critical cognitive process is the process of metaphorization based on human experience and language use. Grammar is claimed to be symbolic, as Noriko Matsumoto puts it in her study: Cognitive grammar assumes cognitive semantics and builds a model of grammar which is consistent with the assumptions and findings of research in cognitive semantics. In addition to this, the two guiding principles of cognitive grammar are (i) the symbolic thesis, and (ii) the usage-based thesis. (Matsumoto 2017, 118) Cognitive Semantics works with the concept of schemes that are regarded as a basis of human cognition. These are mental structures that are extracted from repetitive interaction with the environment. In this sense, humans are able to deduce one structure that is common for more than one physical experience of motion, b
{"title":"Usage of the Methods of Cognitive Linguistics/Grammar in Teaching Czech for Foreigners (with Focus on Verbal Aspect)","authors":"Markéta Dosoudilová, Božena Bednaříková","doi":"10.30958/ajp.7-4-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajp.7-4-4","url":null,"abstract":"linguistic concept). We should not omit Categories that are used to organize human knowledge in a structural system of concepts. The given category is then defined by a respective Prototype (created with regard to connotation) that serves as a starting point for organizing other linguistic data with a relation to the prototype. The content and structure of these categories differ from speaker to speaker, resp. language to language, however it is important to state that no information remains isolated and all inputs are categorized and interconnected. Cognitive Grammar (see Danaher 2007) was developed in 1970s by an American linguist Ronald Langacker as a reaction to the theory of generative grammar by Noam Chomsky that prefers a formal-logic point of view. Langacker claims that this approach excludes the notion of Usage and Figurative Use of Language that are essential for understanding the linguistic structure. Apart from that, he also refuses the generative principle of a language being an autonomous formal system. Grammar is, in his opinion, a non-formal, Symbolic system that consists of concepts and he puts more emphasis on analysing the role of language 4 The following works are considered pivotal in the field of cognitive linguistics: Metaphors we live by by George Lakoff & Mark Johnson (1980) and Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things by George Lakoff (1987). 5 See Janda 2004. Athens Journal of Philology December 2020 295 in the cognitive process than on discovering “deep” grammatical structures or language universals. Langacker assumes that there is no principal difference between syntax and lexical inventory because grammar consists of a set of symbolic units (morphemes, words and grammatical constructions). These units result from everyday Language Use and practice as a product of two cognitive processes – Abstraction and Schematization, which is a type of abstraction that produces a language unit that is much less detailed (specific) than its realization, i.e. actual expressions, namely a schema (for representation see Figure 1). Figure 1. Schemes from Ronald Langacker (2008, 69 & 153) We could summarize that in cognitive grammar, the critical cognitive process is the process of metaphorization based on human experience and language use. Grammar is claimed to be symbolic, as Noriko Matsumoto puts it in her study: Cognitive grammar assumes cognitive semantics and builds a model of grammar which is consistent with the assumptions and findings of research in cognitive semantics. In addition to this, the two guiding principles of cognitive grammar are (i) the symbolic thesis, and (ii) the usage-based thesis. (Matsumoto 2017, 118) Cognitive Semantics works with the concept of schemes that are regarded as a basis of human cognition. These are mental structures that are extracted from repetitive interaction with the environment. In this sense, humans are able to deduce one structure that is common for more than one physical experience of motion, b","PeriodicalId":48063,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46750592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: This study examined the influence of parenting style on academic achievement of students in university of Port Harcourt. The purpose of the study was to determine how authoritative and authoritarian parenting style, broken home and family size influence the academic achievement of students in university of Port Harcourt.Methodology: The study employed a descriptive survey design. The target population under study was all the 45,000-55,000 students in university of Port Harcourt. A purposive sampling technique was used to select a sample of 200 students from the larger population which was proportionally distributed in 20 departments in the University of Port Harcourt with 10 respondents from each departments. This study used questionnaire for data collection instrument and data was analyzed using mean and standard deviation to answer research questions while the hypothesis was analyzed using T-test to establish the influence of parenting style on academic achievement of students in university of port Harcourt . The data was presented in tabular form.Findings: The researcher found that the students who performed best experienced authoritative parenting style and therefore, it was the best method of parenting style in relation to academic achievement.Recommendation: The researcher recommended that parents should consider their children’s opinion and allow them air their views while making some critical decisions in issues, particularly the ones above 18 years.
{"title":"INFLUENCE OF PARENTING STYLE ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF STUDENTS IN UNIVERSITY OF PORT HARCOURT","authors":"E. David, G. Orluwene","doi":"10.47672/AJP.556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47672/AJP.556","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: This study examined the influence of parenting style on academic achievement of students in university of Port Harcourt. The purpose of the study was to determine how authoritative and authoritarian parenting style, broken home and family size influence the academic achievement of students in university of Port Harcourt.Methodology: The study employed a descriptive survey design. The target population under study was all the 45,000-55,000 students in university of Port Harcourt. A purposive sampling technique was used to select a sample of 200 students from the larger population which was proportionally distributed in 20 departments in the University of Port Harcourt with 10 respondents from each departments. This study used questionnaire for data collection instrument and data was analyzed using mean and standard deviation to answer research questions while the hypothesis was analyzed using T-test to establish the influence of parenting style on academic achievement of students in university of port Harcourt . The data was presented in tabular form.Findings: The researcher found that the students who performed best experienced authoritative parenting style and therefore, it was the best method of parenting style in relation to academic achievement.Recommendation: The researcher recommended that parents should consider their children’s opinion and allow them air their views while making some critical decisions in issues, particularly the ones above 18 years.","PeriodicalId":48063,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41967353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Quondam in the Treatises of Tacitus","authors":"T. Zadok","doi":"10.30958/ajp.7-3-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajp.7-3-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48063,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48207303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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