The present study examines the effects of the frequency of phoneme, syllable, and word units in the Granada corpus of Spanish phonological speech errors. We computed several measures of phoneme and syllable frequency and selected the most sensitive ones, along with word (lexeme) frequency to compare the frequencies of source, target, and error units at the phoneme, syllable, and word levels. Results showed that phoneme targets have equivalent frequency to matched controls, whereas source phonemes are lower in frequency than chance (the Weak Source effect) and target phonemes (the David effect). Target, source, and error syllables and words also were of lower frequency than chance, and error words (when they occur) were lowest in frequency. Contrary to most current theories, which focus on faulty processing of the target units, present results suggest that faulty processing of the source units (phonemes, syllables, and words) is an important factor contributing to phonological speech errors. Low-frequency words and syllables have more difficulty ensuring that their phonemes, especially those of low frequency, are output only in their correct locations.
Purpose: To assess the potential benefit of impregnating Merocel (a non-absorbable nasal dressing) with a topical steroid solution, for use as a direct and slow local delivery system of steroids after sinus surgery to improve postoperative wound healing.
Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, 40 patients with bilateral chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis were subjected to functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Following the completion of the surgery, Merocel packs were inserted in the bilateral nasal cavities and infiltrated with 4 mL triamcinolone (40 mg/mL) in one nasal cavity (treatment group) and 4 mL normal saline in the other (control group). Nasal packs were removed on the third postoperative day and postoperative healing assessment was done on postoperative Weeks 1, 2, 4, and 12. The findings were noted as per Lund Kennedy (LKES) and perioperative sinus endoscopy (POSE) scores and compared on both sides.
Results: Significant (P < 0.05) improvement was noted in Lund Kennedy score for crusting and polyp at Week 12, for edema at Week 1, and nasal discharge at Weeks 1 and 12, but there was no significant improvement in scarring at any week. Overall, the difference between the treatment and control arms was statistically significant at all postoperative visits except at Week 4. Also, there was a significant improvement in POSE scores at Weeks 1, 2, and 12 but not at Week 4.
Conclusion: This study positively concludes that the nasal cavity packed with drug-soaked packs had less scarring and edema in the postoperative period and the overall wound healing was much better as compared to saline-soaked packs.
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