Applied Psycholinguistics最新文献_第6页

The effect of memory instructions on within- and between-language false memory 记忆指令对语言内和语言间错误记忆的影响

IF 2.1 2区文学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Applied Psycholinguistics

Pub Date : 2023-03-29 DOI: 10.1017/s0142716423000140

M. S. Beato, Pedro B. Albuquerque, Sara Cadavid, M. Suárez

We examined the effect of memory instructions on false memory using the Deese/Roediger–McDermott paradigm in second-language learners. Participants studied lists of words in L1 and L2 (e.g., note, sound, piano…) associatively related to a non-presented critical lure (e.g., MUSIC). In a later recognition test, critical lures appeared in the same or the other language of their lists (i.e., within- and between-language conditions). In Experiment 1, participants should only endorse an item when study and test languages matched (i.e., restrictive instructions); that is, they should retrieve language information. In Experiment 2, participants should endorse studied items regardless of the language (i.e., inclusive instructions). With restrictive instructions, false recognition was higher in within- than between-language conditions, whereas with inclusive instructions, this result was replicated only when words were studied in L1, but not L2. Results suggested that second-language learners show false memory in their L2 and that the effect of language shift on false recognition depended on the study language.

本研究采用Deese/ Roediger-McDermott范式研究了第二语言学习者的记忆指令对错误记忆的影响。参与者研究了L1和L2中的单词列表(例如，音符、声音、钢琴……)，这些单词与非呈现的关键诱惑(例如，音乐)有关联。在后来的识别测试中，关键诱饵出现在他们列表中的相同或其他语言中(即语言内和语言间条件)。在实验1中，被试只在学习语言和测试语言相匹配的情况下(即限制性说明)才为一个项目背书;也就是说，它们应该检索语言信息。在实验2中，无论使用何种语言，被试都要对所研究的项目进行背书(即包容性说明)。使用限制性指令时，在语言内条件下的错误识别高于语言间条件下的错误识别，而使用包容性指令时，这一结果仅在学习第一语言时重复，而不是在学习第二语言时。结果表明，第二语言学习者在二语学习中存在错误记忆，语言迁移对错误记忆的影响取决于所学习的语言。

引用次数: 3

Searching for the “native” speaker: A preregistered conceptual replication and extension of Reid, Trofimovich, and O’Brien (2019) 寻找“母语”说话者:Reid, Trofimovich和O 'Brien(2019)的预注册概念复制和扩展

IF 2.1 2区文学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Applied Psycholinguistics

Pub Date : 2023-03-16 DOI: 10.1017/S0142716423000127

Bianca Brown, Botagoz Tusmagambet, Valentino Rahming, Chun-Ying Tu, Michael B. DeSalvo, Seth Wiener

Abstract This study conceptually replicated and extended Reid, Trofimovich, and O’Brien (2019), who found that native English speakers could be biased positively (or negatively) relative to a control condition in terms of how they rate non-native English speech. Our internet-based study failed to replicate Reid et al. across a wider population sample of “native” speakers (n = 189). Listeners did not change how they rated non-native English speech after social bias orientations and performed similarly across all five measures of speech and across age and race (Asian, Black, and Caucasian). We attribute our results to differences in the methods (in-person vs. online) and/or participants. Of note, roughly one-third of our “native” participants indicated proficiency in languages other than English and residency in 12 different English-speaking countries, despite identifying as a) fluent English speakers who b) used English primarily and c) acquired English before any other language from birth. These screening items taken together qualified “native” participants in line with traditional psycholinguistics research. We conclude that the concept of “nativeness” is tied to culture-specific perspectives surrounding language use. As such, the native/non-native categorical variable simultaneously serves and limits the advancement of psycholinguistics research.

摘要这项研究在概念上复制和扩展了Reid、Trofimovich和O'Brien（2019），他们发现，母语为英语的人在如何评价非母语英语言语方面，相对于对照条件，可能会有积极（或消极）的偏见。我们基于互联网的研究未能在更广泛的“母语”人群样本中复制Reid等人（n=189）。听众并没有改变他们在社会偏见取向后对非母语英语言语的评价方式，在所有五种言语指标以及不同年龄和种族（亚洲人、黑人和高加索人）中的表现都相似。我们将我们的结果归因于方法（面对面与在线）和/或参与者的差异。值得注意的是，大约三分之一的“母语”参与者表示精通英语以外的语言，并居住在12个不同的英语国家，尽管他们认为a）英语流利，b）主要使用英语，c）从出生起就在任何其他语言之前学习英语。根据传统的心理语言学研究，这些筛选项目汇集了合格的“本土”参与者。我们得出的结论是，“本土性”的概念与围绕语言使用的特定文化视角有关。因此，母语/非母语分类变量同时服务于并限制了心理语言学研究的进展。

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引用次数: 3

Examining linguistic and experimenter biases through “non-native” versus “native” speech 通过“非母语”和“母语”语言来检验语言学和实验者的偏见

IF 2.1 2区文学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Applied Psycholinguistics

Pub Date : 2023-03-13 DOI: 10.1017/S0142716423000115

Rachel Elizabeth Weissler, Shiloh Drake, Ksenia Kampf, Carissa A. Diantoro, Kurtis Foster, Audrey Kirkpatrick, Isabel Preligera, Orion Wesson, Anna Wood, M. Baese-Berk

Abstract There is a consensus in psycholinguistic research that listening to unfamiliar speech constitutes a challenging listening situation. In this commentary, we explore the problems with the construct of non-native and ask whether using this construct in research is useful, specifically to shift the communicative burden from the language learner to the perceiver, who often occupies a position of power. We examine what factors affect perception of non-native talkers. We frame this question by addressing the observation that not all “difficult” listening conditions provide equal challenges. Given this, we ask how cognitive and social factors impact perception of unfamiliar accents and ask what our psycholinguistic measurements are capturing. We close by making recommendations for future work. We propose that the issue is less with the terminology of native versus non-native, but rather how our unexamined biases affect the methodological assumptions that we make. We propose that we can use the existing dichotomy to create research programs that focus on teaching perceivers to better understand talkers more generally. Finally, we call on perceivers and researchers alike to question the idea of speech being “native,” “non-native,” “unfamiliar,” and “accented” to better align with reality as opposed to our inherently biased views.

在心理语言学研究中有一个共识，即听陌生言语是一种具有挑战性的听力情境。在这篇评论中，我们探讨了非母语结构的问题，并询问在研究中使用这一结构是否有用，特别是将交际负担从语言学习者转移到通常占据权力地位的感知者。我们研究了影响非母语说话者感知的因素。我们通过观察并不是所有“困难”的听力条件都会带来同样的挑战来构建这个问题。鉴于此，我们想知道认知和社会因素是如何影响对不熟悉口音的感知的，以及我们的心理语言学测量所捕获的内容。最后，我们对今后的工作提出建议。我们认为，问题不在于本地与非本地的术语，而在于我们未经检验的偏见如何影响我们做出的方法论假设。我们建议，我们可以利用现有的二分法来创建研究项目，重点是教感知者更好地理解说话者。最后，我们呼吁感知者和研究人员都质疑语言是“母语”、“非母语”、“不熟悉”和“有口音”的想法，以便更好地与现实保持一致，而不是我们固有的偏见观点。

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引用次数: 3

Syntactic blocking on L2 acquisition of Mandarin Ba-construction 汉语ba构式对二语习得的句法阻碍

IF 2.1 2区文学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Applied Psycholinguistics

Pub Date : 2023-03-13 DOI: 10.1017/s0142716423000103

Xiaoming Hou

The Mandarin Ba-construction is one of the most challenging constructions for L2 learners. The present study attributes the difficulty in developing the taxonomic representation of the Ba-construction to the interference of competing constructions. I conducted a syntactic priming experiment to investigate the representational relationship between the Ba-construction and its SVO counterpart in native Mandarin speakers and L2 Mandarin learners with or without the equivalent of the Ba-construction in their L1. It was found that native speakers and L2 learners whose L1 features a structure equivalent to the Ba-construction represented the two constructions distinctly, manifesting as a resistance to priming and a robust syntactic preference for the Ba-construction in the picture description task. Conversely, L2 learners whose L1 does not possess an equivalent of the Ba-construction were sensitive to syntactic priming, which indicates a lack of taxonomic representations of the Ba-construction in relation to its SVO counterpart. Such reduced differentiation between the two target constructions suggests a blocking effect that stems from L1 interference.

普通话“ba”构式是第二语言学习者最具挑战性的构式之一。本研究将ba构式在分类表征上的困难归因于竞争构式的干扰。我进行了句法启动实验，研究了汉语母语者和第二语言学习者在有或没有汉语母语中ba -构式的情况下ba -构式及其SVO对应物之间的表征关系。研究发现，母语学习者和L2学习者的母语结构与ba -构式相似，在图片描述任务中表现出对启动的抵抗和对ba -构式的强烈句法偏好。相反，不具备ba构式的二语学习者对句法启动很敏感，这表明他们缺乏ba构式与SVO构式的分类表征。两种靶标结构之间差异的减少表明L1干扰产生了阻断效应。

引用次数: 0

Transmitting white monolingual Anglo-American norms: A concept analysis of “quality of language” in parent-child interactions 传递白人单语英美规范：亲子互动中“语言质量”的概念分析

IF 2.1 2区文学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Applied Psycholinguistics

Pub Date : 2023-03-06 DOI: 10.1017/S014271642300005X

A. Macleod, Catrine Demers

Abstract White monolingual Anglo-American values permeate language acquisition research, which extends into public health and educational policies. “Quality of language” in parent-child interactions is often called upon to explain weaknesses in the language development of children who are racialized, experiencing poverty, or bilingual. Indeed, many early intervention approaches build on this premise by aiming to improve the “quality of language” used by parents. We aimed to understand the conceptualizations of “quality of language” in studies of parent-child interaction through the critical lens of Community Cultural Wealth Theory and perspectives from development research across cultures. We completed a Systematic Concept Analysis of articles published from 2010 to 2022 and focused on parent-child interactions in the home environment. Our search identified 972 articles and 78 met the inclusion criteria, but only 45 papers provided a definition. These definitions covered eight conceptualizations but only three were previously described. We also found inequity in the use of this terminology, which focused on children who were bilingual, had disability, or experiencing poverty. Informed by a critical lens, we recommend the use of four new terms to encompass “quality of language.” We also recommend refraining from using this term as it is value-laden, poorly defined, and diminishes culturally sustaining language transmission practices.

摘要白人的单一语言英美价值观渗透到语言习得研究中，并延伸到公共卫生和教育政策中。亲子互动中的“语言质量”通常被用来解释种族化、贫困或双语儿童在语言发展方面的弱点。事实上，许多早期干预方法都建立在这一前提下，旨在提高父母使用的“语言质量”。我们旨在通过社区文化财富理论的批判性视角和跨文化发展研究的视角，理解亲子互动研究中“语言质量”的概念。我们完成了对2010年至2022年发表的文章的系统概念分析，重点关注家庭环境中的亲子互动。我们的搜索确定了972篇文章，78篇符合纳入标准，但只有45篇论文提供了定义。这些定义涵盖了八个概念，但之前只描述了三个。我们还发现，在使用这一术语时存在不公平现象，该术语侧重于双语、残疾或经历贫困的儿童。从批判性的角度来看，我们建议使用四个新术语来涵盖“语言质量”。我们还建议不要使用这个术语，因为它充满了价值，定义不清，并减少了文化上可持续的语言传播实践。

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引用次数: 1

Challenging deficit frameworks in research on heritage language bilingualism 传统语言双语研究中的缺陷框架挑战

IF 2.1 2区文学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Applied Psycholinguistics

Pub Date : 2023-02-23 DOI: 10.1017/S0142716423000048

Eve Higby, Evelyn Gámez, Claudia Holguín Mendoza

Abstract Recent years have seen an increased interest in the study of heritage language bilinguals. However, much of the research on heritage bilingualism is fraught with deficit framing. In this article, we demonstrate how many of the assumptions that underlie this growing field of research and the way that heritage speakers are positioned as research subjects reveal ideologies that center and value monolingualism and whiteness. We problematize a number of ways in which these ideologies commonly show up in the frameworks and methodologies used in psycholinguistics to study this population. We advocate for frameworks such as usage-based linguistics and multicompetence that center the multidimensional experiences of bilinguals and embrace nuance and complexity. We call on the research community to examine their research designs and theories to dismantle the systems that maintain heritage bilingualism at the margins of bilingualism research.

摘要近年来，人们对传统语言双语者的研究越来越感兴趣。然而，许多关于传统双语的研究都充满了缺陷框架。在这篇文章中，我们展示了这一日益增长的研究领域背后的许多假设，以及传统演讲者被定位为研究对象的方式，揭示了以单语和白人为中心和价值观的意识形态。我们对这些意识形态在心理语言学研究这一人群的框架和方法中常见的表现方式提出了质疑。我们提倡基于使用的语言学和多重竞争等框架，这些框架以双语者的多维体验为中心，包含细微差别和复杂性。我们呼吁研究界审查他们的研究设计和理论，以废除在双语研究边缘维持传统双语的制度。

引用次数: 2

A position paper on researching braille in the cognitive sciences: decentering the sighted norm 认知科学中研究盲文的立场论文：分散视觉规范

IF 2.1 2区文学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Applied Psycholinguistics

Pub Date : 2023-02-15 DOI: 10.1017/S0142716423000061

Robert Englebretson, M. Holbrook, S. Fischer-Baum

Abstract This article positions braille as a writing system worthy of study in its own right and on its own terms. We begin with a discussion of the role of braille in the lives of those who read and write it and a call for more attention to braille in the reading sciences. We then give an overview of the history and development of braille, focusing on its formal characteristics as a writing system, in order to acquaint sighted print readers with the basics of braille and to spark further interest among reading researchers. We then explore how print-centric assumptions and sight-centric motivations have potentially negative consequences, not only for braille users but also for the types of questions researchers think to pursue. We conclude with recommendations for conducting responsible and informed research about braille. We affirm that blindness is most equitably understood as but one of the many diverse ways humans experience the world. Researching braille literacy from an equity and diversity perspective provides positive, fruitful insights into perception and cognition, contributes to the typologically oriented work on the world’s writing systems, and contributes to equity by centering the perspectives and literacy of the people who read and write braille.

摘要本文将盲文定位为一种值得研究的书写系统。我们首先讨论盲文在读写者生活中的作用，并呼吁在阅读科学中更多地关注盲文。然后，我们概述了盲文的历史和发展，重点介绍了盲文作为一种书写系统的形式特征，以使有视力的印刷读者了解盲文的基本知识，并激发阅读研究人员的进一步兴趣。然后，我们探讨了以印刷品为中心的假设和以视觉为中心的动机如何产生潜在的负面影响，不仅对盲文用户，而且对研究人员认为要追求的问题类型。最后，我们建议对盲文进行负责任和知情的研究。我们确认，失明被最公平地理解为人类体验世界的多种多样方式之一。从公平和多样性的角度研究盲文识字率，可以对感知和认知提供积极、富有成效的见解，有助于世界书写系统的类型学研究，并通过集中阅读和书写盲文的人的观点和识字率来促进公平。

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引用次数: 1

Bilingualism with minority languages: Why searching for unicorn language users does not move us forward 少数民族语言的双语:为什么搜索独角兽语言用户不能推动我们前进

IF 2.1 2区文学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Applied Psycholinguistics

Pub Date : 2023-02-13 DOI: 10.1017/S0142716423000036

Evelina Leivada, Itxaso Rodríguez-Ordóñez, M. C. Parafita Couto, Sílvia Perpiñán

Abstract This paper addresses several problematic scientific practices in psycholinguistic research. We discuss challenges that arise when working with minority languages, such as the notion of monolingual/monocultural normality and its historical origins, the stereotype of native-speakerism, the quest for testing people who fit specific profiles, the implications of the policy that urges scholars to match bilingual groups to monolingual comparison groups, and the use of powerful theoretical narratives that may evoke problematic labels and ableist terminology. These issues invest the field of psycholinguistics with questionable practices that contribute to the marginalization of groups that do not tick the standard normative boxes. Surveying some of the most widespread scientific practices in the field of psycholinguistics, our emphasis is on how several processes and policies may embody stereotypes that contribute to the exclusion of certain groups from the scientific literature, with grievous consequences for the visibility and the representation of some minoritized languages.

摘要本文论述了心理语言学研究中几个有问题的科学实践。我们讨论了在研究少数民族语言时出现的挑战，如单语/单一文化常态的概念及其历史起源，母语者主义的刻板印象，对符合特定特征的人进行测试的探索，敦促学者将双语群体与单语比较群体相匹配的政策的含义，以及使用强大的理论叙事，可能会引发有问题的标签和能人术语。这些问题使心理语言学领域陷入了有问题的做法，这些做法导致了不符合标准规范框的群体被边缘化。通过调查心理语言学领域中一些最广泛的科学实践，我们的重点是几个过程和政策如何体现刻板印象，这些刻板印象导致某些群体被排除在科学文献之外，并对一些少数民族语言的可见性和代表性产生严重后果。

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引用次数: 4

Impairment or difference? The case of Theory of Mind abilities and pragmatic competence in the Autism Spectrum 损害还是差异?自闭症谱系的心理理论能力与语用能力的个案研究

IF 2.1 2区文学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Applied Psycholinguistics

Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0142716423000024

Eleonora Marocchini

Abstract Psycholinguistic research on pragmatics in the neurotypical population has increasingly framed pragmatic competence and related cognitive skills in terms of individual differences, co-constructed discourse, and meaning negotiation. However, research on pragmatics in the Autism Spectrum has risen from a wide and biased view of autistic communication as fundamentally compromised and autistic pragmatic abilities as impaired. Mostly due to the impactful theory of a deficit in Theory of Mind, early research on autistic communication presumed a unitary pragmatic impairment, only to find that several pragmatic abilities seem to be “preserved.” However, the interpretation of these findings usually takes an ableist turn, as most studies subsequently suggest that surface-level performance should not be interpreted as competence, but rather as a result of “compensatory” strategies. The raising number of contributions from autistic academics and participatory research enriched the field with new perspectives focusing on differences rather than impairments and drawing hypotheses on communication difficulties between neurotypes rather than within a specific neurotype. However, such contributions are hardly ever cited in the most prominent works. In conclusion, the field would benefit from a higher level of citation of autistic-led research and from an epistemological perspective shift within the mostly neurotypical academic community.

心理语言学对神经典型人群的语用学研究越来越多地从个体差异、共构语篇和意义协商等方面来界定语用能力和相关认知技能。然而，对自闭症谱系的语用学研究源于一种广泛而有偏见的观点，即自闭症交际从根本上受到损害，自闭症的语用能力受损。早期关于自闭症交流的研究假定存在单一语用障碍，主要是由于心理理论中的缺陷理论的影响，结果发现一些语用能力似乎被“保留”了。然而，对这些发现的解释通常会转向能力主义，因为大多数研究随后表明，表面水平的表现不应被解释为能力，而应被解释为“补偿”策略的结果。自闭症学者和参与性研究的贡献不断增加，丰富了这一领域，提供了新的视角，关注差异而不是损害，并提出了关于神经类型之间而不是特定神经类型之间沟通困难的假设。然而，这些贡献几乎从未在最著名的著作中被引用。总之，该领域将受益于更高水平的自闭症主导研究的引用，以及在大多数神经典型的学术界中认识论观点的转变。

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引用次数: 4

Simultaneous Treatment of Complex Incisional Hernia and Stoma Reversal. 同时治疗复杂切口疝和造口翻转术

2区文学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Applied Psycholinguistics

Pub Date : 2023-01-27 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.3389/jaws.2023.11093

Carles Olona, Ricard Sales, Aleidis Caro-Tarragó, Beatriz Espina, Raquel Casanova, Rosa Jorba

Purpose: The simultaneous repair of incisional hernias (IH) and the reconstruction of the intestinal transit may pose a challenge for many surgeons. Collaboration between units specialized in abdominal wall and colorectal surgery can favor simultaneous treatment. Methods: Descriptive study of patients undergoing simultaneous surgery of complex IH repair and intestinal transit reconstruction from the start of treatment in a joint team. All interventions were performed electively and with the collaboration of surgeons experts in abdominal wall and colorectal surgery. Results: 23 patients are included. 11 end colostomies, 1 loop colostomy, 6 end ileostomies and 5 loop ileostomies. Seven (30%) patients presented with a medial laparotomy incisional hernia, 3 (13%) with a parastomal incisional hernia, and 13 (56%) with a medial and parastomal incisional hernia. Closure of the hernial defect was achieved in 100% of cases, and reconstruction of the intestinal tract was achieved in 22 (95%). Component separation was required in 17 patients (74%), which were 11 (48%) posterior and 6 (26%) anterior. In-hospital morbidity was 9%, and only two patients presented Clavien-Dindo morbidity > III when requiring reoperation, one due to hemorrhage of the surgical bed and another due to dehiscence of the coloproctostomy. The mean follow-up was 11 months, with 20 (87%) patients having no complications. Mesh had to be removed in one patient with anastomotic dehiscence, no mesh had to be removed due to surgical site infection.

目的：同时修复切口疝（IH）和重建肠道转运可能会给许多外科医生带来挑战。腹壁外科和结肠直肠外科专业单位之间的合作有利于同时进行治疗。方法：对在一个联合团队中同时接受复杂 IH 修复手术和肠道转运重建手术的患者进行描述性研究。所有手术均在腹壁和结肠直肠外科专家的合作下择期进行。结果：共纳入 23 名患者。11例结肠末端造口术，1例环状结肠造口术，6例回肠末端造口术和5例环状回肠造口术。7名（30%）患者出现内侧开腹切口疝，3名（13%）患者出现腹膜旁切口疝，13名（56%）患者出现内侧和腹膜旁切口疝。100%的病例实现了疝缺损闭合，22 例（95%）实现了肠道重建。17例患者（74%）需要进行组件分离，其中11例（48%）在后方，6例（26%）在前方。院内发病率为9%，只有两名患者的Clavien-Dindo发病率大于III级，需要再次手术，其中一名是由于手术床出血，另一名是由于结肠直肠造口开裂。平均随访时间为 11 个月，20 名（87%）患者没有出现并发症。一名患者因吻合口开裂而不得不移除网片，没有患者因手术部位感染而不得不移除网片。

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引用次数: 0