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The psychology of criminal authority: Introducing the Legitimacy of Secret Power Scale. 刑事权威心理学:论秘密权力尺度的合法性。
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2025-04-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-08 DOI: 10.1177/13684302241290935
Giovanni A Travaglino, Alberto Mirisola, Chanki Moon, Pascal Burgmer, Hirotaka Imada, Isabella Giammusso, Silvana D'Ottone, Kengo Nawata, Miki Ozeki, Dominic Abrams

The state's monopoly on sovereignty can be challenged by criminal systems capable of gaining legitimacy within communities. Understanding the psychological basis of such legitimacy requires broadening traditional conceptualizations of authority to consider how it operates without legal backing and outside formal channels. This research introduces the Legitimacy of Secret Power (L-SP) Scale, a tool measuring individuals' appraisal of illegal groups' power. We validated L-SP through three studies (N total = 3,173). Findings demonstrate a reliable, 20-item mono-factorial structure. Study 3 tested L-SP's measurement invariance in the UK, Italy, Japan, and the US. Across studies, L-SP correlated with support for illegality, ideologies of masculine honor, and social dominance. It was inversely related to the perceived national threat of criminal groups, democratic attitudes, and police legitimacy. Notably, L-SP predicted individuals' willingness to report criminal groups independently of their fear of these groups or perceptions of police legitimacy. Theoretical implications and future directions are discussed.

国家对主权的垄断可能受到能够在社区内获得合法性的刑事制度的挑战。理解这种合法性的心理基础需要拓宽权威的传统概念,以考虑它如何在没有法律支持和正式渠道之外运作。本研究引入了一种测量个人对非法团体权力评价的工具——秘密权力合法性(L-SP)量表。我们通过3项研究(N总计= 3173)验证了L-SP。结果显示了一个可靠的20项单因子结构。研究3在英国、意大利、日本和美国测试了L-SP的测量不变性。在所有研究中,L-SP与支持非法行为、男性荣誉意识形态和社会支配相关。它与犯罪集团的国家威胁、民主态度和警察合法性呈负相关。值得注意的是,L-SP预测个人举报犯罪集团的意愿独立于他们对这些集团的恐惧或对警察合法性的看法。讨论了理论意义和未来发展方向。
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引用次数: 0
Narrow prototypes of Asian subgroups in the United States: Implications for the Stop Asian Hate movement. 美国亚裔亚群体的狭窄原型:对停止亚洲仇恨运动的影响。
IF 4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2025-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-16 DOI: 10.1177/13684302241305368
Samantha R Pejic, Jason C Deska

The Stop Asian Hate movement is a collective for several anti-Asian-violence rallies and organizations in the United States (US). Research indicates that when asked to think about who is Asian, Americans' prototype primarily comprises East Asian individuals (e.g., people from China, Japan, Korea) at the exclusion of people from other regions of Asia (e.g., South Asia). The current work extends this prototypicality research to examine implications for social justice movements. We focused on the Stop Asian Hate movement, which was designed to raise awareness and protest racial discrimination directed towards Asian Americans, particularly in light of COVID-19. Three studies tested whether people's prototypes regarding who is Asian influenced who they believe is represented by the Stop Asian Hate movement, as well as potential implications of this bias. Compared to South Asians, people judged East Asians as more represented by the Stop Asian Hate movement (Study 1). When described as being the victim of a hate crime, participants perceived East Asian targets to be more credible, more traumatized, and their reporting of the crime on the SAAPI website was deemed more appropriate, compared to South Asian targets (Studies 2-3), effects that were mediated by judgments of prototypicality (Study 3).

“停止亚洲仇恨运动”是美国几个反亚洲暴力集会和组织的集体。研究表明,当被要求思考谁是亚洲人时,美国人的原型主要包括东亚人(如来自中国、日本、韩国的人),而不包括来自亚洲其他地区(如南亚)的人。目前的工作扩展了这种原型研究,以检查对社会正义运动的影响。我们重点关注了“停止仇恨亚洲人”运动,该运动旨在提高人们对亚裔美国人的认识,并抗议针对亚裔美国人的种族歧视,特别是在2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)爆发的背景下。三项研究测试了人们关于谁是亚洲人的原型是否影响了他们认为“停止憎恨亚洲人”运动所代表的人,以及这种偏见的潜在含义。与南亚人相比,人们认为东亚人更能代表“停止亚洲仇恨运动”(研究1)。当被描述为仇恨犯罪的受害者时,参与者认为东亚目标更可信,更有创伤,与南亚目标相比,他们在SAAPI网站上的犯罪报告被认为更合适(研究2-3),这种影响是由原型判断介导的(研究3)。
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引用次数: 0
Two Paths to Violence: Individual versus Group Emotions during Conflict Escalation in the Occupied Palestinian Territories 通向暴力的两条道路:巴勒斯坦被占领土冲突升级过程中的个人情绪与群体情绪
IF 4.4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1177/13684302241277377
Oliver Fink, Siwar Hasan Aslih, Eran Halperin
Experiencing repression creates intense emotions and raises dilemmas about handling political action to achieve social change. Past studies suggest that mainly group-based emotions are associated with support for violent collective action while the exact influence of individual emotions remains unclear. This research compares the association of individual- versus group-based emotions with violent collective action while examining conflict context as the moderating factor. We propose to distinguish two context aspects—collective versus personal threat—determining the relative impact of individual versus group emotions on support for violence. We conducted two quantitative field studies in the Occupied Palestinian Territories during different types of conflict experience, defined by either prevalent personally experienced threat versus elevated collectively experienced threat (Study 1), or both (Study 2). Results indicate that for mainly collectively experienced threat, group (but not individual) emotions predicted violent collective action, while for personally experienced threat, individual (but not group) emotions predicted violent engagement.
经历压迫会产生强烈的情绪,并引发处理政治行动以实现社会变革的两难选择。过去的研究表明,主要基于群体的情绪与支持暴力集体行动有关,而个人情绪的确切影响仍不清楚。本研究比较了个人情绪和群体情绪与暴力集体行动的关联,同时将冲突背景作为调节因素进行研究。我们建议区分两个背景方面--集体威胁和个人威胁--决定个人情绪和群体情绪对暴力支持的相对影响。我们在巴勒斯坦被占领土的不同冲突经历中进行了两项定量实地研究,冲突经历的定义是个人经历的威胁普遍存在,而集体经历的威胁增加(研究 1),或两者兼而有之(研究 2)。结果表明,对于主要是集体经历的威胁,群体(而非个人)情绪预示着暴力集体行动,而对于个人经历的威胁,个人(而非群体)情绪预示着暴力参与。
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引用次数: 0
Judgments toward displays of national (dis)loyalty in members of nations other than one’s own: Universalistic and parochial perspectives 对非本民族成员表现出的民族(不)忠诚的判断:普遍性和狭隘性视角
IF 4.4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1177/13684302241277384
Adi Amit, Yair Ben-David, Eitan Venzhik
National loyalty is viewed as a moral value and a crucial manifestation of national identification. Yet few studies have investigated how people judge (dis)loyalty among members of other (i.e., outgroup) nations. Investigating such judgments helps tease apart two ways of viewing loyalty—through a parochial or universalistic lens. We investigate symbolic expressions of (dis)loyalty within the context of US–China tensions (Study 1, N = 603 and N = 111), and concrete acts of (dis)loyalty within the context of Israel–Iran tensions (Study 2, N = 300; Study 3, N = 217). We expose differential judgments toward members of one’s own nation versus other nations, reflecting a parochial view of loyalty, which is strengthened by conservation values. At the same time, we show that loyalty is valued even in members of adversary nations, expressing a universalistic view of loyalty, especially when the interests of the ingroup are not involved.
国家忠诚被视为一种道德价值和国家认同的重要表现。然而,很少有研究调查人们如何判断其他(即外群体)国家成员的(不)忠诚度。调查这种判断有助于区分两种看待忠诚的方式--通过狭隘或普遍的视角。我们调查了在中美关系紧张的背景下(不)忠诚的象征性表达(研究 1,N = 603 和 N = 111),以及在以色列和伊朗关系紧张的背景下(不)忠诚的具体行为(研究 2,N = 300;研究 3,N = 217)。我们揭示了对本民族成员和其他民族成员的不同判断,反映了一种狭隘的忠诚观,而这种忠诚观又因保护价值观而得到加强。同时,我们还表明,即使是敌对国家的成员也会重视忠诚,这表达了一种普遍的忠诚观,尤其是在不涉及内群体利益的情况下。
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引用次数: 0
Corrigendum to “Tackling loneliness together: A three-tier social identity framework for social prescribing” 共同应对孤独:社会处方的三层社会认同框架"
IF 4.4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-09-14 DOI: 10.1177/13684302241284453
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引用次数: 0
“Ins and outs”: Ethnic identity, the need to belong, and responses to inclusion and exclusion in inclusive common ingroups "内部和外部":种族认同、归属需求以及对包容性共同群体中的包容和排斥的反应
IF 4.4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-09-14 DOI: 10.1177/13684302241267982
Islam Borinca, Rita Guerra, Fitim Uka
An often overlooked aspect of intergroup relations is how people react to inclusion in a beneficial superordinate category. To examine this issue, we conducted four studies ( N = 1,686) in Kosovo about the European Union (EU), using adult (Studies 1, 3, 4) and adolescent (Study 2) samples. We employed experimental designs (Studies 1, 3, 4) and a two-wave longitudinal design (Study 2). In Studies 1–3, we assessed ethnic identification before exposing participants to one of three experimental conditions: inclusion in the superordinate category, exclusion, or a control. Results showed that individuals with low ethnic identification perceived less discrimination (i.e., less unfair treatment), greater metahumanization (i.e., being seen as equal), and less collective victimhood (i.e., lower feelings of being unjustly targeted) in the inclusion condition compared to exclusion or control conditions, whereas those with high ethnic identification exhibited the opposite reactions regardless of condition. In Study 4, we assessed the need to belong to the EU and ethnic identification before exposing participants to similar conditions. Results showed that individuals with a high need to belong to the EU perceived less discrimination, greater metahumanization, and lower collective victimhood in the inclusion condition compared to other conditions, regardless of ethnic identification. This pattern also held for those with a low need to belong to the EU and low ethnic identification. However, it did not appear for those with a low need to belong to the EU and high ethnic identification, whose reactions to inclusion differed from those of participants in other conditions. These effects were mediated by collective victimhood.
群体间关系中经常被忽视的一个方面是,人们对被纳入有利的上位类别有何反应。为了研究这个问题,我们在科索沃进行了四项关于欧盟(EU)的研究(样本数 = 1,686),研究对象分别为成年人(研究 1、3、4)和青少年(研究 2)。我们采用了实验设计(研究 1、3、4)和两波纵向设计(研究 2)。在第 1-3 项研究中,我们在将参与者置于三种实验条件之一之前对其进行了种族认同评估:纳入上级类别、排除或对照。结果显示,与排斥或对照条件相比,种族认同度低的个体在融入条件下感受到的歧视较少(即不公平待遇较少),元人性化程度较高(即被视为平等),集体受害感较低(即被不公正地针对的感觉较低),而种族认同度高的个体无论在哪种条件下都表现出相反的反应。在研究 4 中,我们先评估了受试者对欧盟的归属感和种族认同感,然后再将他们置于类似的条件下。结果显示,与其他条件相比,无论种族认同如何,对欧盟归属感需求较高的个体在包容条件下感受到的歧视较少,元人性化程度较高,集体受害程度较低。这种模式也适用于那些对欧盟归属感需求较低和种族认同感较低的人。然而,对欧盟归属感需求较低和种族认同感较高的人却没有出现这种情况,他们对融入的反应与其他条件下的参与者不同。这些影响是由集体受害意识所调节的。
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引用次数: 0
Divergent views of party positions: How ideology and own issue position shape party perception through convergence and divergence processes 对政党立场的不同看法:意识形态和自身问题立场如何通过趋同和发散过程塑造政党认知
IF 4.4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-09-14 DOI: 10.1177/13684302241264420
Yaacov Schul, Yoav Ganzach
The current research explores how respondents’ ideology influences their perception of political parties’ stances on various issues. Additionally, we examine how three distinct indicators of ideological strength—congruence between ideology and party affiliation, level of education, and engagement in political activities—affect these perceptions. Our empirical analyses rely on data from the 1968–2012 Cumulative American National Election Study dataset, which captures respondents’ views on the stances of US political parties regarding ten key issues. We find that, after controlling for respondents’ own issue positions, (i) perceptions of the positions held by the opponent party are strongly influenced by respondents’ ideologies, and (ii) this influence is more pronounced among individuals with stronger ideological convictions, as indicated by the three aforementioned indicators. Conversely, when examining perceptions of one’s favored party, ideology demonstrates a weak and inconsistent effect across the three markers of ideological strength. We discuss theoretical frameworks that may elucidate these findings, their implications for understanding political polarization, and we acknowledge limitations related to the dataset’s characteristics.
目前的研究探讨了受访者的意识形态如何影响他们对政党在各种问题上的立场的看法。此外,我们还考察了意识形态强度的三个不同指标--意识形态与政党归属的一致性、教育水平和政治活动参与度--如何影响这些看法。我们的实证分析依赖于 1968-2012 年美国全国选举累积研究数据集的数据,该数据集记录了受访者对美国各政党在十个关键问题上的立场的看法。我们发现,在控制了受访者自身的问题立场后,(i) 受访者的意识形态会强烈影响对对方政党立场的看法,(ii) 这种影响在意识形态信念较强的个人中更为明显,如上述三个指标所示。相反,在考察对所支持政党的看法时,意识形态在意识形态强度的三个指标中表现出微弱且不一致的影响。我们讨论了可以阐明这些发现的理论框架及其对理解政治极化的影响,并承认了与数据集特征相关的局限性。
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引用次数: 0
Development and Validation of the Individual Teamwork Behaviors Questionnaire 个人团队合作行为问卷的开发与验证
IF 4.4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-08-31 DOI: 10.1177/13684302241267986
John W. Michel, Dave Luvison
Although there has been significant research investigating the processes that facilitate how individuals work collectively as a team, there has been little attention to the specific behaviors that individual team members need to exhibit to support teamwork. Despite two such measures currently existing in the literature, both suffer from a few important limitations, which makes it difficult to ensure individual team members are contributing to the team and targeted for the most appropriate developmental efforts. Through a series of studies, we inductively develop the dimensions for such a measure, establish its convergent and discriminant validity against an established peer-evaluated measure, and then show how it fits in the nomological network of established teamwork measures. The resulting measure supports the strengths of a multi-source, peer-rated scale by capturing observable behaviors that can more clearly be evaluated by fellow group members and which are applicable to various organizational environments.
尽管已有大量研究调查了促进个人作为团队集体工作的过程,但很少有人关注团队成员个人需要表现出哪些具体行为来支持团队工作。尽管目前在文献中有两种这样的测量方法,但这两种方法都存在一些重要的局限性,因此很难确保团队成员个人对团队做出贡献,并成为最合适的发展目标。通过一系列的研究,我们归纳出了这种测量方法的各个维度,对照已有的同行评价测量方法确定了其收敛性和鉴别性,然后展示了它如何与已有的团队合作测量方法的名义网络相匹配。最终得出的测量结果支持了多来源、同伴评价量表的优点,因为它捕捉到了可观察到的行为,而这些行为可以更清楚地由其他小组成员进行评价,并且适用于各种组织环境。
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引用次数: 0
Fraternizing with the enemy: Intragroup effects of extended contact 与敌友爱:长期接触的群体内部影响
IF 4.4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-08-31 DOI: 10.1177/13684302241271016
Jonah Koetke, Karina Schumann, John M. Levine
Extended contact (i.e., knowledge that an ingroup member has a close relationship with an outgroup member) often improves relations between groups. In the current research, we argue that such contact can also undermine relations within groups. Specifically, we propose a “fraternizing with the enemy” effect in which the fraternizer is viewed negatively by other ingroup members. In five preregistered experiments ( N = 2,035), we tested this effect in the context of political conflict using both real-world (Study 1) and fictitious (Studies 2–5) ingroup and outgroup members. Our results indicated that the fraternizer (vs. nonfraternizer) was viewed as less ideologically aligned with the ingroup, which in turn led to perceptions of this person as ambiguous and disloyal to the ingroup, and thereby elicited negative attitudes toward the fraternizer. We also found that, besides producing these negative effects, fraternizing with the enemy also produced the positive intergroup effects typically elicited by extended contact. We discuss the potential implications of our results for the effectiveness of extended contact in bridging political divides.
扩展接触(即知道内群成员与外群成员关系密切)通常会改善群体之间的关系。在当前的研究中,我们认为这种接触也会破坏群体内部的关系。具体来说,我们提出了一种 "与敌交好 "效应,即其他内群体成员会对交好者产生负面看法。在五个预先登记的实验中(N = 2,035),我们利用真实世界(研究 1)和虚构(研究 2-5)的内群和外群成员,在政治冲突的背景下测试了这种效应。我们的结果表明,博爱者(相对于不博爱者)被认为在意识形态上与内群体不那么一致,这反过来又导致人们认为此人对内群体模棱两可、不忠实,从而引发对博爱者的负面态度。我们还发现,除了产生这些负面影响外,与敌方交好还产生了通常由扩大接触引起的积极的群体间影响。我们讨论了我们的研究结果对扩展接触在弥合政治分歧方面的有效性的潜在影响。
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引用次数: 0
Social identity complexity decreases exclusion of immigrants by reducing the glorification dimension of national identification 社会身份的复杂性减少了民族认同的美化层面,从而减少了对移民的排斥
IF 4.4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-08-15 DOI: 10.1177/13684302241267972
Maciej Sekerdej, Maryna Kołeczek, Mirjana Rupar, Katarzyna Jamróz-Dolińska
The aim of this research was to investigate interrelationships among social identity complexity, national glorification, and exclusion of immigrants, conceptualized as relational exclusivity. The concept of relational exclusivity reflects the conditions newcomers are expected to meet in order to be welcomed and allowed to settle in the host country. The findings across four studies (three correlational and one experimental; total N = 2,002) consistently indicated that complex identity is negatively, whereas glorification is positively, associated with relational exclusivity. Furthermore, in all studies, we consistently demonstrated that the relationship between social identity complexity and relational exclusivity is mediated by reduced glorification. Consequently, the findings suggest that social identity complexity has the capacity to reduce national glorification and, subsequently, indirectly reduce the exclusion of immigrants.
本研究的目的是调查社会身份的复杂性、民族美化和对移民的排斥(概念化为关系排他性)之间的相互关系。关系排他性的概念反映了新移民为在东道国受到欢迎并获准定居而需要满足的条件。四项研究(三项相关研究和一项实验研究;总人数 = 2,002 人)的结果一致表明,复杂身份与关系排他性呈负相关,而美化身份与关系排他性呈正相关。此外,在所有研究中,我们都一致证明,社会身份复杂性与关系排他性之间的关系是由美化程度降低所促成的。因此,研究结果表明,社会身份复杂性能够减少民族美化,从而间接减少对移民的排斥。
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引用次数: 0
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Group Processes & Intergroup Relations
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