Pub Date : 2025-07-17DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2025.06.002
Young-Il Albert Kim , Dongyoung Kim
This paper investigates the intergenerational effects of the Korean War exposure on risk aversion. We find that, in the first generation, the Korean War exposure made only mothers more risk-averse. However, the children of the affected mothers show significant negative intergenerational effects on risk attitudes. Parent-child attachment emerges as the key mechanism, consistent with the psychology literature. Both disassortative mating and differential fertility are ruled out as potential mechanisms, given that the treatment group neither exhibits disassortative mating nor has a different number of siblings. The adverse effects of early-life Korean War exposure on health capital may explain the poor parent–child attachment.
{"title":"Intergenerational impact of early life exposure to trauma: Maternal exposure to the Korean War and risk aversion","authors":"Young-Il Albert Kim , Dongyoung Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.06.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the intergenerational effects of the Korean War exposure on risk aversion. We find that, in the first generation, the Korean War exposure made only mothers more risk-averse. However, the children of the affected mothers show significant negative intergenerational effects on risk attitudes. Parent-child attachment emerges as the key mechanism, consistent with the psychology literature. Both disassortative mating and differential fertility are ruled out as potential mechanisms, given that the treatment group neither exhibits disassortative mating nor has a different number of siblings. The adverse effects of early-life Korean War exposure on health capital may explain the poor parent–child attachment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Economics","volume":"53 4","pages":"Pages 937-953"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145594631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-14DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2025.07.003
Bochuan Dai , George Chao Ma , Tao Shen
We examine the impact of intellectual property rights (IPR) protection on local private firm innovation. Using the implementation of local patent dispute jurisdiction in China as exogenous shocks, we show that private firm patenting activities in cities with jurisdiction are significantly higher than those in cities without local jurisdiction. Consistent with our hypotheses, the effect is more prominent for firms in cities that have different cultural disparity from their provincial capital cities and in cities with a better judicial environment. We provide additional evidence that access to capital, innovation efficiency, city development, and industry competition can influence the effect of local IPR protection in the expected way. Our paper highlights the importance of proximity and accessibility to local patent dispute jurisdiction for promoting private firm innovation in China.
{"title":"Intellectual property rights protection and firm innovation: Evidence from half million firms in China","authors":"Bochuan Dai , George Chao Ma , Tao Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.07.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.07.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We examine the impact of intellectual property rights (IPR) protection on local private firm innovation. Using the implementation of local patent dispute jurisdiction in China as exogenous shocks, we show that private firm patenting activities in cities with jurisdiction are significantly higher than those in cities without local jurisdiction. Consistent with our hypotheses, the effect is more prominent for firms in cities that have different cultural disparity from their provincial capital cities and in cities with a better judicial environment. We provide additional evidence that access to capital, innovation efficiency, city development, and industry competition can influence the effect of local IPR protection in the expected way. Our paper highlights the importance of proximity and accessibility to local patent dispute jurisdiction for promoting private firm innovation in China.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Economics","volume":"53 4","pages":"Pages 977-1000"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145594633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-05DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2025.06.001
Chen Huang , Cong Li , Feng Liu , Sijie Wei , Ruofei Xu
The COVID-19 pandemic has created unprecedented disruption along many dimensions, yet we do not fully understand how it might shape health inequalities. This paper studies the impact of COVID-19 outbreak on health inequality from the perspective of risky behaviors. We adopt the novel synthetic difference-in-differences approach based on longitudinal data in China. The uniqueness of China’s COVID-19 outbreak in 2020 helps disentangle the demand-side reasons from supply-side restrictions. Results show that people with more advantaged backgrounds reduced cigarette and alcohol consumption following the pandemic, while the disadvantaged were little affected. The disparities in risky behaviors are unlikely driven by unequal income reduction and we find null pandemic effect on mental health. However, there is suggestive evidence of heterogeneous responses in social activities and health attention. While social activities may eventually return to the pre-pandemic level, enlarged gap in attention to personal health likely persists, leading to widened health inequality.
{"title":"COVID-19 and health inequality: Evidence from risky behaviors","authors":"Chen Huang , Cong Li , Feng Liu , Sijie Wei , Ruofei Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The COVID-19 pandemic has created unprecedented disruption along many dimensions, yet we do not fully understand how it might shape health inequalities. This paper studies the impact of COVID-19 outbreak on health inequality from the perspective of risky behaviors. We adopt the novel synthetic difference-in-differences approach based on longitudinal data in China. The uniqueness of China’s COVID-19 outbreak in 2020 helps disentangle the demand-side reasons from supply-side restrictions. Results show that people with more advantaged backgrounds reduced cigarette and alcohol consumption following the pandemic, while the disadvantaged were little affected. The disparities in risky behaviors are unlikely driven by unequal income reduction and we find null pandemic effect on mental health. However, there is suggestive evidence of heterogeneous responses in social activities and health attention. While social activities may eventually return to the pre-pandemic level, enlarged gap in attention to personal health likely persists, leading to widened health inequality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Economics","volume":"53 3","pages":"Pages 856-881"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Can publicly-funded immunization programs in developing countries be cost-effective? To answer this, we run a large-scale experiment in China to estimate the cost-effectiveness of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines on elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD). Vaccinated patients – relative to the control group – experienced improvements in their COPD condition, which led to a substantial decrease in their medical expenditure (public medical insurance reimbursements and out-of-pocket expenses). Our conservative difference-in-differences estimates imply that every dollar spent making vaccination freely available reduced public medical insurance reimbursements by at least 10 to 33 dollars, and reduced total medical expenditure by 15 to 46 dollars. Comparing across beneficiaries, we find that patients aged 70 and above, those with more severe COPD symptoms, and those residing in rural areas, benefitted the most from immunization. Our results shed light on the long-run viability of public immunization programs, and for whom should immunization be prioritized.
{"title":"Is an ounce of prevention worth a pound of cure? Evidence from a large-scale vaccination experiment in China","authors":"Yuyu Chen , Eik Leong Swee , Hui Wang , Qingqing Zong","doi":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.05.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.05.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Can publicly-funded immunization programs in developing countries be cost-effective? To answer this, we run a large-scale experiment in China to estimate the cost-effectiveness of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines on elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD). Vaccinated patients – relative to the control group – experienced improvements in their COPD condition, which led to a substantial decrease in their medical expenditure (public medical insurance reimbursements and out-of-pocket expenses). Our conservative difference-in-differences estimates imply that every dollar spent making vaccination freely available reduced public medical insurance reimbursements by at least 10 to 33 dollars, and reduced total medical expenditure by 15 to 46 dollars. Comparing across beneficiaries, we find that patients aged 70 and above, those with more severe COPD symptoms, and those residing in rural areas, benefitted the most from immunization. Our results shed light on the long-run viability of public immunization programs, and for whom should immunization be prioritized.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Economics","volume":"53 3","pages":"Pages 816-833"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Venality, i.e., the sale of public positions, was widely used in the judicial sector in France between the 16th and 18th centuries. In a venal system, litigants finance the justice system by paying the judges directly. In France, moreover, the right to judge was sold by the ruler, who indirectly levied part of the legal costs. Here, instead of the state funding justice, justice funds the state. The cost to the King was a loss of control over the judiciary and biased legal decisions. We develop a model of judicial venality and build on this model to provide an analytical narrative of the rise and decline of judicial venality in Old Regime France. Historically, judicial venality enhanced legal capacity whereas the French kings faced with limited opportunities to raise taxes and to borrow. Lack of control over the judiciary, however, led to overly costly and time-consuming trials, resulting in its final demise during the 1789 Revolution.
{"title":"Judicial venality in Old Regime France: A rational choice analysis","authors":"Bertrand Crettez , Bruno Deffains , Olivier Musy , Ronan Tallec","doi":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.05.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.05.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Venality, i.e., the sale of public positions, was widely used in the judicial sector in France between the 16th and 18th centuries. In a venal system, litigants finance the justice system by paying the judges directly. In France, moreover, the right to judge was sold by the ruler, who indirectly levied part of the legal costs. Here, instead of the state funding justice, justice funds the state. The cost to the King was a loss of control over the judiciary and biased legal decisions. We develop a model of judicial venality and build on this model to provide an analytical narrative of the rise and decline of judicial venality in Old Regime France. Historically, judicial venality enhanced legal capacity whereas the French kings faced with limited opportunities to raise taxes and to borrow. Lack of control over the judiciary, however, led to overly costly and time-consuming trials, resulting in its final demise during the 1789 Revolution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Economics","volume":"53 3","pages":"Pages 704-726"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-09DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2025.04.007
J. Michelle Brock
How can professionals be motivated to do better quality work? This paper examines this question through a unique lab-in-the-field experiment on more than 100 judges in a lower middle income country, Tajikistan. I test how judges respond both to monetary bonuses and to anonymous monitoring by peers of the quality of their work. I find that the provision of bonuses leads to much lower quality than in a control group where bonuses are not given. However, offering a bonus while also making work visible to peers motivates the judges to increase both quantity and quality. Random peer monitoring of work is likely triggering concerns about self-image which mitigate the negative effect of bonuses on quality. The results have important implications in labor market settings where strict monitoring of quality is not possible.
{"title":"Professional motivation and the quantity–quality trade-off","authors":"J. Michelle Brock","doi":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.04.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.04.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>How can professionals be motivated to do better quality work? This paper examines this question through a unique lab-in-the-field experiment on more than 100 judges in a lower middle income country, Tajikistan. I test how judges respond both to monetary bonuses and to anonymous monitoring by peers of the quality of their work. I find that the provision of bonuses leads to much lower quality than in a control group where bonuses are not given. However, offering a bonus while also making work visible to peers motivates the judges to increase both quantity and quality. Random peer monitoring of work is likely triggering concerns about self-image which mitigate the negative effect of bonuses on quality. The results have important implications in labor market settings where strict monitoring of quality is not possible.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Economics","volume":"53 3","pages":"Pages 754-771"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-07DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2025.04.002
Wei Huang, Xiaoyan Lei, Chunfeng Zhang
This paper investigates the impact of retirement on carbon emissions, using China's compulsory retirement age policy as an exogenous source of variation. By applying a regression discontinuity design (RDD) to individual-level data, we identify a "green retirement" effect, where retirees reduce their carbon emissions due to income declines and changes in consumption behavior. For men, this reduction primarily stems from a decrease in consumption quantity, while for women, both a reduction in quantity and a shift toward more environmentally friendly consumption play a role. The effect is more pronounced among individuals with higher educational attainment, indicating that socioeconomic factors influence the environmental impact of retirement. These results suggest that demographic shifts could support sustainability efforts by aligning retirement policies with environmental goals.
{"title":"Green retirement: The impact of retirement on carbon emissions through consumption and income dynamics","authors":"Wei Huang, Xiaoyan Lei, Chunfeng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.04.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the impact of retirement on carbon emissions, using China's compulsory retirement age policy as an exogenous source of variation. By applying a regression discontinuity design (RDD) to individual-level data, we identify a \"green retirement\" effect, where retirees reduce their carbon emissions due to income declines and changes in consumption behavior. For men, this reduction primarily stems from a decrease in consumption quantity, while for women, both a reduction in quantity and a shift toward more environmentally friendly consumption play a role. The effect is more pronounced among individuals with higher educational attainment, indicating that socioeconomic factors influence the environmental impact of retirement. These results suggest that demographic shifts could support sustainability efforts by aligning retirement policies with environmental goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Economics","volume":"53 3","pages":"Pages 727-753"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-04DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2025.05.007
Qingfeng Cai , Dongxu Li , Hao Liu
Social minority benefits from in-group favoritism, and companies may leverage it as a non-pecuniary strategy to access political capital. We examine gendered implications of corporate responses to city-level political turnovers, specifically when the leadership shifts from male to female politician. We show that the politician turnover induces firms headquartered in that city to increase the presence of women on the board of directors, particularly in the chairman or CEO position. This result is unlikely driven by gender equality concerns or other firm characteristics. Firms selecting a female director witness significantly increased financial support from the government. This paper suggests that gender minority can be a subtle way accessing political capital, and boosting female representation can help curb the in-group favoritism.
{"title":"Gender minority: A non-pecuniary approach to political capital","authors":"Qingfeng Cai , Dongxu Li , Hao Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.05.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.05.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Social minority benefits from in-group favoritism, and companies may leverage it as a non-pecuniary strategy to access political capital. We examine gendered implications of corporate responses to city-level political turnovers, specifically when the leadership shifts from male to female politician. We show that the politician turnover induces firms headquartered in that city to increase the presence of women on the board of directors, particularly in the chairman or CEO position. This result is unlikely driven by gender equality concerns or other firm characteristics. Firms selecting a female director witness significantly increased financial support from the government. This paper suggests that gender minority can be a subtle way accessing political capital, and boosting female representation can help curb the in-group favoritism.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Economics","volume":"53 3","pages":"Pages 834-855"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-03DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2025.05.002
Dorgyles C.M. Kouakou
Using a large firm-level dataset from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys, which covers 134 countries and includes over 134,000 observations, we examine whether past informality affects the credit constraints of registered firms. Estimations, based on the entropy balancing method, indicate that registered firms that began operations informally are more likely to be credit-constrained than those that started in the formal sector. This finding is extremely robust to a variety of robustness tests, including instrumental variable, propensity score matching, alternative balancing methods that combine weighting and regression, potential omitted variables, restricted samples, alternative measures of credit constraints, different specifications such as Linear Probability, Logit, and Probit models, and clustering standard errors at the country level. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the detrimental impact of past informality lessens with firm size, firm age, and better structural factors like regulatory quality, trade openness, entrepreneurial dynamism, and public spending. Productivity, competition from the informal sector, and the quality of financial statements are key channels through which past informality increases credit constraints for registered firms.
{"title":"Can past informality impede registered firms’ access to credit?","authors":"Dorgyles C.M. Kouakou","doi":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.05.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Using a large firm-level dataset from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys, which covers 134 countries and includes over 134,000 observations, we examine whether past informality affects the credit constraints of registered firms. Estimations, based on the entropy balancing method, indicate that registered firms that began operations informally are more likely to be credit-constrained than those that started in the formal sector. This finding is extremely robust to a variety of robustness tests, including instrumental variable, propensity score matching, alternative balancing methods that combine weighting and regression, potential omitted variables, restricted samples, alternative measures of credit constraints, different specifications such as Linear Probability, Logit, and Probit models, and clustering standard errors at the country level. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the detrimental impact of past informality lessens with firm size, firm age, and better structural factors like regulatory quality, trade openness, entrepreneurial dynamism, and public spending. Productivity, competition from the informal sector, and the quality of financial statements are key channels through which past informality increases credit constraints for registered firms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Economics","volume":"53 3","pages":"Pages 786-815"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-29DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2025.05.004
Yewen Yu , Liutang Gong , Junjian Yi
Using China’s accession to World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, an epoch in the globalization process in recent decades, as a quasi-experiment, this paper studies the impact of globalization on intergenerational transmission of inequality in Chinese villages. Based on nationally representative rural household survey data, this study documents that the trade shocks brought about by China’s WTO accession has amplified economic inequality across generations in Chinese villages. The WTO accession enhanced international trade between China and the rest of the world by reducing trade barriers. The booming of the export-oriented manufacturing located in coastal and urban areas led to unprecedented rural-to-urban migration in human history. We find that migration leads to large income benefit. We also find that sons from wealthy and better-educated families in rural areas are more likely to grab the job opportunities brought about by the WTO accession and are more likely to migrate, compared with sons from less-wealthy and less-educated families. Policies are called for to address the concern that inequality would be persisting across generations along with globalization.
{"title":"Globalization raises intergenerational inequality transmission in chinese villages","authors":"Yewen Yu , Liutang Gong , Junjian Yi","doi":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.05.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.05.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Using China’s accession to World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, an epoch in the globalization process in recent decades, as a quasi-experiment, this paper studies the impact of globalization on intergenerational transmission of inequality in Chinese villages. Based on nationally representative rural household survey data, this study documents that the trade shocks brought about by China’s WTO accession has amplified economic inequality across generations in Chinese villages. The WTO accession enhanced international trade between China and the rest of the world by reducing trade barriers. The booming of the export-oriented manufacturing located in coastal and urban areas led to unprecedented rural-to-urban migration in human history. We find that migration leads to large income benefit. We also find that sons from wealthy and better-educated families in rural areas are more likely to grab the job opportunities brought about by the WTO accession and are more likely to migrate, compared with sons from less-wealthy and less-educated families. Policies are called for to address the concern that inequality would be persisting across generations along with globalization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Economics","volume":"53 3","pages":"Pages 627-642"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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