Pub Date : 2025-05-22DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2025.05.003
Alina Malkova , Klara Peter
We analyze how credit market accessibility affects the transition of informal workers to the formal sector in Russia. Formal lenders determine credit limits based on verified income and incentivize informal workers to formalize their income in order to qualify for a loan. Better credit accessibility increases the likelihood of transitioning from informal to formal work. It also decreases tax evasion and raises the share of income being declared for tax purposes. Findings are robust across different model specifications, including dynamic multinomial logit model and event study approach. Simulated interventions suggest that more bank competition and a shorter distance to banks reduce the size of the informal sector and increase the tax-declared share of income.
{"title":"The journey to formality: How credit market access shapes informal workers' choices","authors":"Alina Malkova , Klara Peter","doi":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.05.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.05.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We analyze how credit market accessibility affects the transition of informal workers to the formal sector in Russia. Formal lenders determine credit limits based on verified income and incentivize informal workers to formalize their income in order to qualify for a loan. Better credit accessibility increases the likelihood of transitioning from informal to formal work. It also decreases tax evasion and raises the share of income being declared for tax purposes. Findings are robust across different model specifications, including dynamic multinomial logit model and event study approach. Simulated interventions suggest that more bank competition and a shorter distance to banks reduce the size of the informal sector and increase the tax-declared share of income.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Economics","volume":"53 3","pages":"Pages 683-703"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-09DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2025.04.005
Zhijian Zhang , Yuli Ding , Shu Wu
How does immigration shape prosociality? This study investigates the impact of birthplace diversity on households’ private provision of financial support to different social groups in China. Linking nationally representative surveys with prefectural socio-economic data and census information, we employ a shift-share instrumental variable approach alongside fixed effects to explore this relationship. Exposure to increased birthplace diversity leads to more households providing financial assistance to friends and strangers, but not to relatives. The favorable impacts stem primarily from within-group diversity and fractionalization, rather than from between-group diversity and polarization. Economic interdependence and broader inclusiveness, as opposed to social trust or outgroup threat, likely drive these effects. The observed effect is more pronounced among households with higher educational attainment, superior economic status, and in cities receiving fewer distant immigrants. Distinguishing dimensions of diversity and their contexts is crucial for understanding immigration’s social implications.
{"title":"The impact of birthplace diversity on prosociality: Ingroups versus outgroups","authors":"Zhijian Zhang , Yuli Ding , Shu Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.04.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.04.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>How does immigration shape prosociality? This study investigates the impact of birthplace diversity on households’ private provision of financial support to different social groups in China. Linking nationally representative surveys with prefectural socio-economic data and census information, we employ a shift-share instrumental variable approach alongside fixed effects to explore this relationship. Exposure to increased birthplace diversity leads to more households providing financial assistance to friends and strangers, but not to relatives. The favorable impacts stem primarily from within-group diversity and fractionalization, rather than from between-group diversity and polarization. Economic interdependence and broader inclusiveness, as opposed to social trust or outgroup threat, likely drive these effects. The observed effect is more pronounced among households with higher educational attainment, superior economic status, and in cities receiving fewer distant immigrants. Distinguishing dimensions of diversity and their contexts is crucial for understanding immigration’s social implications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Economics","volume":"53 3","pages":"Pages 643-666"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-09DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2025.05.001
Niclas Berggren , Andreas Bergh , Therese Nilsson
Uncertainty affects people in various ways. It is frequently found to hinder investment and production in the economic sphere. In this study, we examine the empirical relationship between uncertainty and tolerance toward Muslims and Jews. Does uncertainty make people more or less tolerant? This question is particularly relevant given the prevalence of pandemics, wars, and financial crises. We investigate this relationship using the World Uncertainty Index, which measures the frequency of the word “uncertain” (and its variants) in The Economist Intelligence Unit country reports. By analyzing quarterly data from up to 56 countries between 1990 and 2020, we link country-level uncertainty to approximately 227,000 individual responses from the World Values Survey/European Values Study regarding whether respondents would like to have Jews or Muslims as neighbors. Leveraging the precise timing of survey interviews, we relate individual attitudes to prevailing uncertainty levels. Our results indicate a positive relationship between uncertainty and both tolerance indicators. Thus, for those concerned with attitudes toward minorities often subjected to prejudice, calm periods may pose greater risks to tolerance than volatile periods.
{"title":"Periods of uncertainty are linked to greater acceptance of minorities","authors":"Niclas Berggren , Andreas Bergh , Therese Nilsson","doi":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.05.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Uncertainty affects people in various ways. It is frequently found to hinder investment and production in the economic sphere. In this study, we examine the empirical relationship between uncertainty and tolerance toward Muslims and Jews. Does uncertainty make people more or less tolerant? This question is particularly relevant given the prevalence of pandemics, wars, and financial crises. We investigate this relationship using the World Uncertainty Index, which measures the frequency of the word “uncertain” (and its variants) in The Economist Intelligence Unit country reports. By analyzing quarterly data from up to 56 countries between 1990 and 2020, we link country-level uncertainty to approximately 227,000 individual responses from the World Values Survey/European Values Study regarding whether respondents would like to have Jews or Muslims as neighbors. Leveraging the precise timing of survey interviews, we relate individual attitudes to prevailing uncertainty levels. Our results indicate a positive relationship between uncertainty and both tolerance indicators. Thus, for those concerned with attitudes toward minorities often subjected to prejudice, calm periods may pose greater risks to tolerance than volatile periods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Economics","volume":"53 3","pages":"Pages 772-785"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study empirically investigates the effects on the formal–informal wage gap of the opening of an international bridge, specifically the second Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge, between Thailand and Laos in December 2006. We examine the wage gap between formal and informal workers in the border regions of Thailand using individual-level data from the Informal Employment Surveys for 2006 and 2011. We address endogeneity issues by using the instrumental variable method and introducing time-variant province fixed effects. As an instrument, we use the existence of formal workers in each family. Our findings can be summarized as follows. We find that the opening of the second bridge increased wages to a greater extent for formal workers than for informal workers; that is, it expanded the formal–informal wage gap. Such an effect is localized and can be observed up to 100 km from the bridge.
{"title":"International bridges and informal employment","authors":"Kazunobu Hayakawa , Souknilanh Keola , Sasatra Sudsawasd , Kenta Yamanouchi","doi":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.04.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.04.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study empirically investigates the effects on the formal–informal wage gap of the opening of an international bridge, specifically the second Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge, between Thailand and Laos in December 2006. We examine the wage gap between formal and informal workers in the border regions of Thailand using individual-level data from the Informal Employment Surveys for 2006 and 2011. We address endogeneity issues by using the instrumental variable method and introducing time-variant province fixed effects. As an instrument, we use the existence of formal workers in each family. Our findings can be summarized as follows. We find that the opening of the second bridge increased wages to a greater extent for formal workers than for informal workers; that is, it expanded the formal–informal wage gap. Such an effect is localized and can be observed up to 100 km from the bridge.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Economics","volume":"53 3","pages":"Pages 667-682"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-22DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2025.04.004
Matthias Busse , Nina Kupzig , Tim Vogel
Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) is a policy that aims to empower previously disadvantaged individuals and decrease racial economic inequality in South Africa. As the program puts reformation pressure on firms, it might strongly influence firm performance. This article examines how BEE affects turnover, profits, and labour productivity of firms listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE). We use an extensive dataset covering a major share of listed firms between 2004 and 2019. The analysis employs fixed-effects regressions and the system GMM approach to account for endogeneity. Subsample analyses are used to account for heterogeneity in BEE scores. Overall, we find that BEE tends to have a small positive impact on firms’ turnover, a positive but not robust impact on labour productivity, and no impact on profits. Larger JSE-listed firms drive the positive effect on turnover. We conclude that BEE had a slightly positive effect on large JSE firms in the best case but also did not harm JSE firms in the worst case. To increase the benefits of BEE, we propose that the policy should be further adapted to reduce the cost of compliance and focus on areas that enhance structural change in South African companies, like skills development.
{"title":"The impact of black economic empowerment on the performance of listed firms in South Africa","authors":"Matthias Busse , Nina Kupzig , Tim Vogel","doi":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.04.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.04.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) is a policy that aims to empower previously disadvantaged individuals and decrease racial economic inequality in South Africa. As the program puts reformation pressure on firms, it might strongly influence firm performance. This article examines how BEE affects turnover, profits, and labour productivity of firms listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE). We use an extensive dataset covering a major share of listed firms between 2004 and 2019. The analysis employs fixed-effects regressions and the system GMM approach to account for endogeneity. Subsample analyses are used to account for heterogeneity in BEE scores. Overall, we find that BEE tends to have a small positive impact on firms’ turnover, a positive but not robust impact on labour productivity, and no impact on profits. Larger JSE-listed firms drive the positive effect on turnover. We conclude that BEE had a slightly positive effect on large JSE firms in the best case but also did not harm JSE firms in the worst case. To increase the benefits of BEE, we propose that the policy should be further adapted to reduce the cost of compliance and focus on areas that enhance structural change in South African companies, like skills development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Economics","volume":"53 2","pages":"Pages 373-388"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144138577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-18DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2025.04.003
Andreas Bergh , Christian Bjørnskov , Luděk Kouba
The discussion of the growth consequences of socialism has fulminated for a century, sparked off by the Calculation Debate in the 1920s and 30s, and has concerned the performance of the Soviet Union in the 1950s and the mixed development in the 1990s after communism collapsed in Central and Eastern Europe. We aim to inform these debates by providing an empirical assessment of how socialist economies performed across the second half of the 20th century. Using both neighbour comparisons as well as more formal empirical analysis of developing countries that turned socialist after independence, we derive a set of estimates of the degree to which the introduction of a planned socialist economy affects long-run growth and development. Our results robustly point towards a decrease in annual growth rates of approximately two percentage points during the first decade after implementing socialism.
{"title":"The growth consequences of socialism","authors":"Andreas Bergh , Christian Bjørnskov , Luděk Kouba","doi":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.04.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.04.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The discussion of the growth consequences of socialism has fulminated for a century, sparked off by the Calculation Debate in the 1920s and 30s, and has concerned the performance of the Soviet Union in the 1950s and the mixed development in the 1990s after communism collapsed in Central and Eastern Europe. We aim to inform these debates by providing an empirical assessment of how socialist economies performed across the second half of the 20th century. Using both neighbour comparisons as well as more formal empirical analysis of developing countries that turned socialist after independence, we derive a set of estimates of the degree to which the introduction of a planned socialist economy affects long-run growth and development. Our results robustly point towards a decrease in annual growth rates of approximately two percentage points during the first decade after implementing socialism.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Economics","volume":"53 2","pages":"Pages 609-626"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144138899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-18DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2025.04.001
Eric A. Hanushek , Yuan Wang , Lei Zhang
The dramatic changes in China from expansion of the education system and transformation of the economy allow us to investigate how the market rewards skills. We estimate the evolution of the labor market returns to cognitive skills and to a college degree in China between 2007 and 2018. The return to cognitive skills is virtually constant at 10 % for full-time workers with at least a high school education, whereas the college premium (relative to high school graduation) drops by >20 percentage points. Regional differences in returns highlight the importance of differential demand factors. The returns to college degrees are somewhat higher in economically more developed regions but the declining trend is most pronounced in the most developed region. The return to cognitive skills weakly increases in more developed regions and weakly decreases in less developed regions. Overall returns to cognitive skills are comparable to more-developed OECD countries.
{"title":"Understanding trends in Chinese skill premiums, 2007–2018","authors":"Eric A. Hanushek , Yuan Wang , Lei Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.04.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dramatic changes in China from expansion of the education system and transformation of the economy allow us to investigate how the market rewards skills. We estimate the evolution of the labor market returns to cognitive skills and to a college degree in China between 2007 and 2018. The return to cognitive skills is virtually constant at 10 % for full-time workers with at least a high school education, whereas the college premium (relative to high school graduation) drops by >20 percentage points. Regional differences in returns highlight the importance of differential demand factors. The returns to college degrees are somewhat higher in economically more developed regions but the declining trend is most pronounced in the most developed region. The return to cognitive skills weakly increases in more developed regions and weakly decreases in less developed regions. Overall returns to cognitive skills are comparable to more-developed OECD countries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Economics","volume":"53 2","pages":"Pages 584-608"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144138898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-15DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2025.03.006
Yeonha Jung
The deep marks of American slavery extend to cultural traits. This study suggests that historical slave concentration was followed by more collectivist cultures, with this relationship becoming evident after Reconstruction. Our proposed mechanism rests on the interaction between slavery and subsequent institutional changes: historical prevalence of slavery led to a stronger implementation of post-Reconstruction policies aimed at restoring the racial hierarchy, contributing to the reinforcement of group identity and collectivism. County-level evidence supports this hypothesis. Using the share of uncommon names as a proxy for individualism-collectivism, we show that the relationship between slavery and collectivism emerged after Reconstruction. Beyond the temporal coincidence, we present a case study on anti-enticement laws to investigate the institutional mechanism of this cultural shift. The cultural legacy of slavery persists to this day, as evidenced by survey-based outcomes and measures of civic engagement.
{"title":"Slavery and collectivism in the postbellum American South","authors":"Yeonha Jung","doi":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.03.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.03.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The deep marks of American slavery extend to cultural traits. This study suggests that historical slave concentration was followed by more collectivist cultures, with this relationship becoming evident after Reconstruction. Our proposed mechanism rests on the interaction between slavery and subsequent institutional changes: historical prevalence of slavery led to a stronger implementation of post-Reconstruction policies aimed at restoring the racial hierarchy, contributing to the reinforcement of group identity and collectivism. County-level evidence supports this hypothesis. Using the share of uncommon names as a proxy for individualism-collectivism, we show that the relationship between slavery and collectivism emerged after Reconstruction. Beyond the temporal coincidence, we present a case study on anti-enticement laws to investigate the institutional mechanism of this cultural shift. The cultural legacy of slavery persists to this day, as evidenced by survey-based outcomes and measures of civic engagement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Economics","volume":"53 2","pages":"Pages 534-558"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144138896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-10DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2025.03.001
Youjin Hahn , Minji Kwak , Hyelim Son
We investigate the intergenerational transmission of parental education on children’s outcomes in Malawi. Using the variations induced by the Free Primary Education reform implemented in 1994, we find that an extra year of mothers’ and fathers’ schooling increases children’s schooling years by 0.19 and 0.16 years, respectively. Children with more educated mothers are less likely to work, while no such evidence is found for children with more educated fathers. We examine an array of potential mechanisms, including assortative mating, reduced fertility, and improvements in family resources. We find that spousal quality, fertility response, and a narrower age gap between spouses may be the underlying channels for the intergenerational transmission of education.
{"title":"Intergenerational effects of parental human capital on children: Evidence from Malawi","authors":"Youjin Hahn , Minji Kwak , Hyelim Son","doi":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.03.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We investigate the intergenerational transmission of parental education on children’s outcomes in Malawi. Using the variations induced by the Free Primary Education reform implemented in 1994, we find that an extra year of mothers’ and fathers’ schooling increases children’s schooling years by 0.19 and 0.16 years, respectively. Children with more educated mothers are less likely to work, while no such evidence is found for children with more educated fathers. We examine an array of potential mechanisms, including assortative mating, reduced fertility, and improvements in family resources. We find that spousal quality, fertility response, and a narrower age gap between spouses may be the underlying channels for the intergenerational transmission of education.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Economics","volume":"53 2","pages":"Pages 345-372"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144138576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-09DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2025.03.003
Yeonha Jung , Chungeun Yoon
The abolition of American slavery was a profound shock to the southern economy, but little is known about its effect on industrial innovation. This study hypothesizes that historical slave concentration was followed by a slowdown in industrial innovation after the Civil War, due to technical change biased toward unskilled labor. Moreover, given the shifts in labor market conditions in the postbellum South, we propose that this relationship became evident after Reconstruction. County-level evidence supports this hypothesis; counties where slavery was more prevalent in 1860 experienced a relative decline in manufacturing patents in the post-Reconstruction period. The role of technical change as a mechanism is supported in two dimensions. First, the reduction in innovation was more pronounced in low-skill industries, which were better suited to unskill-biased technical change. Second, the return to literacy in the industrial sector decreased with the historical prevalence of slavery, a finding that suggests a decline in skill demand.
{"title":"The shadow of slavery on industrial innovation: Evidence from the US South","authors":"Yeonha Jung , Chungeun Yoon","doi":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.03.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.03.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The abolition of American slavery was a profound shock to the southern economy, but little is known about its effect on industrial innovation. This study hypothesizes that historical slave concentration was followed by a slowdown in industrial innovation after the Civil War, due to technical change biased toward unskilled labor. Moreover, given the shifts in labor market conditions in the postbellum South, we propose that this relationship became evident after Reconstruction. County-level evidence supports this hypothesis; counties where slavery was more prevalent in 1860 experienced a relative decline in manufacturing patents in the post-Reconstruction period. The role of technical change as a mechanism is supported in two dimensions. First, the reduction in innovation was more pronounced in low-skill industries, which were better suited to unskill-biased technical change. Second, the return to literacy in the industrial sector decreased with the historical prevalence of slavery, a finding that suggests a decline in skill demand.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Economics","volume":"53 2","pages":"Pages 511-533"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144138895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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