Journal of Comparative Economics最新文献

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Gender equality in Asia and Europe during the 20th century: The role of socialism 20世纪亚洲和欧洲的性别平等：社会主义的作用

IF 2.8 2区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Journal of Comparative Economics

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2025.03.002

Sophia Jung, Jörg Baten

Whether socialism improved gender equality, or whether the double-burden effect of socialism lowered gender equality, is an unresolved debate. A novel indicator allows to address this question for 88 countries during the 1910s to 1980s period: the adjusted height gap between males and females. Both biological and economic determinants of height gaps need to be considered. The proposed measure is validated through comparisons with relative life expectancies and the Gender Development Index (GDI), demonstrating its utility for tracing gender equality trends. Regression analysis reveals a significant relationship between socialism and improved gender equality within Europe and Asia. The results are confirmed by comparing them to gender equality in education. Robustness checks using staggered Difference-in-Differences methods and instrumental variable estimation suggest a robust and consistently positive relationship between socialism and gender equality.

究竟是社会主义促进了性别平等，还是社会主义的双重负担效应降低了性别平等，这是一个悬而未决的争论。在20世纪10年代至80年代期间，有一个新的指标可以解决88个国家的这个问题：调整后的男女身高差距。需要考虑身高差距的生物和经济决定因素。通过与相对预期寿命和性别发展指数（GDI）的比较，验证了拟议措施的有效性，证明了其在追踪性别平等趋势方面的效用。回归分析显示，在欧洲和亚洲，社会主义与改善性别平等之间存在显著关系。通过与教育中的性别平等进行比较，这一结果得到了证实。稳健性检查使用交错差分法和工具变量估计表明社会主义和性别平等之间存在稳健和持续的积极关系。

引用次数: 0

Understanding trends in Chinese skill premiums, 2007–2018 了解2007-2018年中国技能溢价的趋势

IF 2.8 2区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Journal of Comparative Economics

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2025.04.001

Eric A. Hanushek , Yuan Wang , Lei Zhang

The dramatic changes in China from expansion of the education system and transformation of the economy allow us to investigate how the market rewards skills. We estimate the evolution of the labor market returns to cognitive skills and to a college degree in China between 2007 and 2018. The return to cognitive skills is virtually constant at 10 % for full-time workers with at least a high school education, whereas the college premium (relative to high school graduation) drops by >20 percentage points. Regional differences in returns highlight the importance of differential demand factors. The returns to college degrees are somewhat higher in economically more developed regions but the declining trend is most pronounced in the most developed region. The return to cognitive skills weakly increases in more developed regions and weakly decreases in less developed regions. Overall returns to cognitive skills are comparable to more-developed OECD countries.

中国教育体系的扩张和经济转型带来的巨大变化，使我们能够研究市场是如何奖励技能的。我们估计了2007年至2018年间中国劳动力市场向认知技能和大学学位的回归。对于至少受过高中教育的全职员工来说，认知技能的回报率实际上一直保持在10%，而大学教育的溢价（相对于高中毕业）则下降了20个百分点。区域回报的差异突出了不同需求因素的重要性。在经济较发达的地区，大学学位的回报略高，但在最发达的地区，这种下降趋势最为明显。认知技能的回归在较发达地区略有增加，在较不发达地区略有下降。认知技能的总体回报与更发达的经合组织国家相当。

引用次数: 0

Tit-for-tat in antidumping: How did China fight its antidumping wars with its trading partners? 在反倾销问题上针锋相对：中国是如何与贸易伙伴打反倾销战的？

IF 2.8 2区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Journal of Comparative Economics

Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2024.12.002

Wonkyung Lee , Hong Ma , Yuan Xu

Existing studies have examined the determinants of antidumping measures in different countries. Much less attention has been paid to the role of high-frequency bilateral relations in imposing temporary trade barriers. Using quarterly data on antidumping cases from 1997Q1 to 2020Q4, this paper examines the bilateral relationship between China and its major trading partners in imposing antidumping. A bivariate vector autoregressive methodology is employed and Granger causality tests are carried out. We find that antidumping investigations against China by the US significantly lead to and predict the investigations against the US by China, suggesting that the US is the first mover and China is the follower that retaliates. In contrast, in bilateral relations between China and the European Union, Korea, or Japan, there is no evidence of significant causality in either direction. Furthermore, we find that China retaliates against the US both within and across industries. While China’s retaliatory measures have shown some effectiveness in terminating outstanding US investigations, this is not always the case. However, this tit-for-tat behavior does effectively deter future investigations by the US.

现有的研究考察了不同国家反倾销措施的决定因素。频繁的双边关系在设置临时贸易壁垒方面的作用受到的关注要少得多。本文利用1997年第一季度至2020年第四季度的反倾销案件季度数据，考察了中国与其主要贸易伙伴在实施反倾销方面的双边关系。采用二元向量自回归方法，并进行格兰杰因果检验。我们发现，美国对中国的反倾销调查对中国对美国的调查具有显著的引领和预测作用，这表明美国是先发者，中国是报复的跟随者。相比之下，在中国与欧盟、韩国或日本的双边关系中，没有证据表明两者之间存在显著的因果关系。此外，我们发现中国在行业内和跨行业对美国进行报复。尽管中国的报复性措施在终止美国未决调查方面显示出一定效果，但情况并非总是如此。然而，这种以牙还牙的行为确实有效地阻止了美国未来的调查。

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引用次数: 0

Organizing regulatory structure and local air quality: Evidence from the environmental vertical management reform in China 组织监管结构与地方空气质量：来自中国环境垂直管理改革的证据

IF 2.8 2区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Journal of Comparative Economics

Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2024.12.001

Pei Li , Kaihao Liu , Yi Lu , Lu Peng

The effectiveness of environmental policies is often compromised by weak enforcement due to conflicts between local and national interests. We examine a novel institutional reform in China that centralizes the management authority of grassroots environmental bureaus to address the issue of local capture. By analyzing the staggered roll-out of this reform, we find that the Air Quality Index significantly decreased by 25.1%. We attribute this improvement to a reduction in the capture of front-line environmental regulators by local interest groups, alignment of interests between local regulators and their upper-level administrators, and increased efforts for environmental protection by local governments in a more independent and impartial regulatory environment. These results highlight the effectiveness of distributing management authority to different administrative levels, as it reshapes the incentives for local environmental regulators, strengthens enforcement efficiency, and facilitates the achievement of policy objectives.

由于地方利益与国家利益之间的冲突，环境政策的有效性往往受到执法不力的影响。我们研究了中国一项新的制度改革，即将管理权力集中到基层环境部门，以解决地方捕获问题。通过分析这一改革的交错推出，我们发现空气质量指数显著下降了25.1%。我们将这一改善归因于地方利益集团对一线环境监管机构的控制减少，地方监管机构与其上级管理者之间的利益一致，以及地方政府在更加独立和公正的监管环境中加大了环境保护力度。这些结果突出了将管理权力分配给不同行政级别的有效性，因为它重塑了对地方环境监管机构的激励，加强了执法效率，并促进了政策目标的实现。

引用次数: 0

The making of the Greek fiscal state, 1833-1939 希腊财政国家的形成(1833-1939

IF 2.8 2区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Journal of Comparative Economics

Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2025.01.001

Franciscos Koutentakis

The paper studies the historical process of fiscal state-building in 19^th and early 20^th century Greece. A new public finance dataset, compiled from primary sources, is combined with international databases in a graphical network analysis revealing dynamic interactions between economic (tax revenue, debt payments and GDP per capita) and institutional variables (army and representation). The emphasis is on two particular results closely related to the fiscal capacity literature: The first is that war preparation, captured by the size of the army, had a positive effect on tax revenue. The second is that representation, measured by legislative constraints to executive, was detrimental for tax revenue.

本文研究了19世纪和20世纪初希腊财政国家建设的历史进程。一个新的公共财政数据集，从主要来源汇编，与国际数据库结合在一个图形网络分析中，揭示了经济（税收收入、债务支付和人均GDP）和制度变量（军队和代表性）之间的动态相互作用。重点是与财政能力文献密切相关的两个特定结果：首先是军队规模捕获的战争准备对税收有积极影响。其次，以立法对行政的限制来衡量的代表权对税收不利。

引用次数: 0

The cultural origins of family firms 家族企业的文化起源

IF 2.8 2区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Journal of Comparative Economics

Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2024.12.003

Jian Xie , Song Yuan

What determines the prevalence of family firms? In this project, we investigate the role of historical family culture in the spatial distribution of family firms. Using detailed firm-level data from China, we find that there is a larger share of family firms in regions with a stronger historical family culture, as measured by genealogy density. The results are further confirmed by an instrumental variables approach and a matching approach. Examining mechanisms, we find that entrepreneurs in regions with a stronger historical family culture: (i) tend to have family members engage more in firms; (ii) are more likely to raise initial capital from family members; (iii) are more willing to pass on the firms to their children. Historical family culture predicts better firm performance partly due to a lower leverage ratio.

是什么决定了家族企业的盛行？在这个项目中，我们研究了历史家族文化在家族企业空间分布中的作用。利用来自中国的详细企业层面数据，我们发现，在家族史文化较强的地区，家族企业的比例更大。通过工具变量法和匹配法进一步证实了结果。通过对机制的考察，我们发现家族文化历史较强地区的企业家：(1)家族成员参与企业活动的程度较高；（ii）更有可能从家庭成员那里筹集初始资金；（iii）更愿意将公司传给子女。历史上的家族文化预示着更好的公司业绩，部分原因是杠杆率较低。

引用次数: 0

Foreign-assisted infrastructure and local employment: Evidence from China's aid to Africa 外国援助的基础设施与当地就业：来自中国对非洲援助的证据

IF 2.8 2区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Journal of Comparative Economics

Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2024.11.003

Jiafu An , Shiqi Guo , Haicheng Jiang

This study examines the impact of Chinese infrastructure aid on local employment across ten African countries, surveying over 500,000 individuals from 2000 to 2014. Utilizing variations in proximity to aid projects and the timing of project construction relative to local surveys reveals that Chinese aid increases local employment by two percentage points in areas near project sites compared to those awaiting project commencement, contrasting with regions without such aid. Employment rises with the onset of construction, primarily benefiting individuals with lower educational attainment, and persists post-completion, sustained by the migration and employment of skilled workers. Various infrastructure projects temporarily boost local employment, with long-term benefits particularly pronounced for projects in education, healthcare, and water and power utilities. Cross-sectoral and spatial spillover effects are also identified, with results remaining robust after accounting for additional local development factors.

本研究考察了中国基础设施援助对10个非洲国家当地就业的影响，从2000年到2014年调查了50多万人。利用与援助项目的距离和项目建设时间相对于当地调查的变化，中国的援助使项目所在地附近地区的当地就业比等待项目开工的地区增加了两个百分点，与没有这种援助的地区相比。就业随着建设的开始而增加，主要使受教育程度较低的个人受益，并在完成后继续存在，由熟练工人的移民和就业维持。各种基础设施项目暂时促进了当地就业，教育、医疗、水电等项目的长期效益尤为显著。还确定了跨部门和空间溢出效应，在考虑了其他地方发展因素后，结果仍然强劲。

引用次数: 0

Pandemic lockdowns and trust in local government in China 疫情封锁和对中国地方政府的信任

IF 2.8 2区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Journal of Comparative Economics

Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2024.11.002

Yucong Zhao , Ting Wang , Bing Ye

The COVID-19 pandemic has presented a distinctive opportunity to reassess trust in government by evaluating its performance amidst a critical crisis. This paper employs a generalized difference-in-differences method to probe the causal effects of prolonged lockdown durations on public trust in local governments in China. Drawing on panel data of 44,861 observations from the 2018 and 2020 survey waves, the findings reveal a pervasive decline in government trust caused by extended lockdown durations in China. Specifically, an additional 40 days of lockdown resulted in an average 7.77 % decrease in government trust, with the largest declines seen among individuals with lower education, those born before 1970, those with health issues, and those with rural residence registration. This erosion of trust primarily stemmed from the lockdowns’ detrimental impacts on economic production, financial security, and the conveniences of daily life.

COVID-19大流行提供了一个独特的机会，可以通过评估政府在重大危机中的表现来重新评估对政府的信任。本文采用广义差中差法探讨了封锁时间延长对中国地方政府公众信任的因果影响。根据2018年和2020年调查浪潮中44,861项观察结果的面板数据，研究结果显示，由于中国封锁时间延长，政府信任度普遍下降。具体而言，额外40天的封锁导致政府信任度平均下降7.77%，其中受教育程度较低的人、1970年以前出生的人、有健康问题的人以及有农村户口的人降幅最大。信任流失的主要原因是封锁给经济生产、金融安全和生活便利带来不利影响。

引用次数: 0

The effects of fiscal rules on budget deficit: Does democracy matter? 财政规则对预算赤字的影响：民主重要吗？

IF 2.8 2区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Journal of Comparative Economics

Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2025.01.005

Bernard Clery Nomo Beyala, Jean Pierre Fouda Owoundi

This paper aims to analyse the extent to which democracy shapes the relationship between fiscal rules and budget deficits. To attain this objective, we estimated different fiscal reaction functions for a sample of 97 countries over the period 1985–2021. Our results show that fiscal rules reduce primary budget deficits. Furthermore, the paper establishes that this effect diminishes with democracy as a marginal increase in fiscal rules strength reduces the primary budget only in weak democracies while in strong democracies they do not, indicating that fiscal rules and democracy are substitutes to attain fiscal discipline. Our results are robust to the exclusion of EU countries members, alternative methods dealing with endogeneity or time-invariant variables and the inclusion of other determinants of primary budget deficit as explanatory variables. This suggests that fiscal rules and democracy are substitutes. However, when dealing with the fiscal framework, we find that fiscal rules and democracy are substitutes only in new democracies and under high indebtedness.

本文旨在分析民主在多大程度上塑造了财政规则与预算赤字之间的关系。为了实现这一目标，我们对1985年至2021年期间97个国家的不同财政反应函数进行了估计。我们的研究结果表明，财政规则减少了初级预算赤字。此外，本文确立了这种效应随着民主而减弱，因为财政规则强度的边际增加只会在薄弱的民主国家减少基本预算，而在强大的民主国家则不会，这表明财政规则和民主是实现财政纪律的替代品。我们的结果在排除欧盟成员国、处理内生性或时不变变量的替代方法以及将初级预算赤字的其他决定因素作为解释变量的情况下是稳健的。这表明财政规则和民主是相互替代的。然而，在处理财政框架时，我们发现财政规则和民主只有在新的民主国家和高负债的情况下才是替代品。

引用次数: 0

Liberalizing reforms do not cause suicide: Causal estimation using matching, 1980–2019 自由化改革不会导致自杀：使用匹配的因果估计，1980-2019

IF 2.8 2区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Journal of Comparative Economics

Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2025.01.003

Tibor Rutar , Minea Rutar

The impact of market liberalization on the subjective well-being (SWB) of societies has been thoroughly investigated over the past two decades using indexes of economic freedom. However, one crucial related aspect of well-being at the societal level remains unexplored with aggregate measures of liberalization: rates of suicide. The critical literature on liberalization suggests market reforms are expected to boost suicide. To our knowledge, we are the first to explore the issue using the Economic Freedom of the World (EFW) measure in a quasi-experimental framework. We do so by identifying 43 countries experiencing large, sustained jumps in economic freedom. We then use matching methods to obtain the average treatment effect in the 10 years following the jump. Our main finding, which is robust to a variety of alternative specifications, including a different estimator (synthetic difference-in-differences), is that we detect virtually no statistically significant positive effect of aggregate liberalization on suicide at the conventional level. Thus, we are unable to corroborate the critics’ prediction about reforms worsening this aspect of psychological well-being. We find evidence that individual reform packages, such as sound money, instead even work protectively.

在过去的二十年里，市场自由化对社会主观幸福感（SWB）的影响已经用经济自由指数进行了深入的研究。然而，在社会层面上，一个与幸福感相关的关键方面仍未被自由化的总体措施所探索：自杀率。批评自由化的文献表明，市场改革预计会增加自杀率。据我们所知，我们是第一个在准实验框架下使用世界经济自由（EFW）指标来探索这个问题的人。为此，我们列出了43个经济自由度持续大幅提升的国家。然后，我们使用匹配方法获得跳跃后10年的平均治疗效果。我们的主要发现是，我们发现在常规水平上，总体自由化对自杀几乎没有统计上显著的积极影响，这对各种替代规范（包括不同的估计器（综合差异中的差异））都是稳健的。因此，我们无法证实批评家关于改革恶化这方面心理健康的预测。我们发现有证据表明，个别改革方案，例如健全货币，甚至起到了保护作用。

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Journal of Comparative Economics

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