Opuntia cactus, or prickly pear, is a good source of bioactive compounds, especially betalains that have high antioxidant activity and play an important role in human health. However, despite their nutritional and functional benefits, these compounds are highly sensitive to environmental conditions, leading to reduced stability and bioactivity during processing and digestion.
To overcome the stability challenges, double emulsions (W1/O/W2) have emerged as an innovative encapsulation and delivery system for bioactive compounds. This review explores the structural characteristics of double emulsions, their encapsulation mechanisms, and models describing release kinetics under digestive conditions. Factors influencing emulsion stability—including emulsifier type, droplet size, phase ratio, and processing conditions—are critically discussed. Studies demonstrate that double emulsions can significantly enhance the stability, bioaccessibility, and controlled release of sensitive compounds such as betalains, while maintaining desirable sensory and functional properties. Their successful incorporation into various food matrices, including beverages, dairy, and bakery products, has resulted in improved nutritional profiles, antioxidant retention, and extended shelf life. Additionally, industrial scalability and formulation challenges are examined, emphasizing the importance of optimizing processing parameters and ensuring consumer acceptability.
Double emulsions provide a novel approach to improve the stability and delivery of bioactive ingredients in functional foods. Future research and development should focus on optimizing their design and functionality, enabling widespread application across the food industry and healthier food products.
Lung injury is a frequent adverse effect of chronic thinner exposure. The purpose of this research was to assess whether or not chamomile tea may protect against thinner-induced lung damage and its potential mechanisms. Thirty adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into five equal groups; the first three were control, vehicle, and chamomile tea (400 mg/kg bw), while the last two groups were inhaled thinner at a dosage of 4500 ppm, four hours/day, six days/week, with or without chamomile tea, daily for eight weeks. Lung tissues were taken for biochemical and immunohistochemical investigations at the end of intervention period.
Thinner exposure resulted in significant increases in inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6), inflammatory mediators (COX2,NF-κβ), adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1), lipid peroxidation product 4-HNE, and nitric oxide bioavailability, accompanied by depletion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, GSH content, GPX activity, and total antioxidant capacity within lung tissue. Thinner exposure also resulted in cell cycle arrest, appeared at the S and G2/M phases, decline in the anti-apoptotic BCL2 and increases in Bax, cytochrome-c, Bax/Bcl2 ratio, expression of P53 and caspase-3, and the proportions of annexin V/PI positive cells, indicating heightened apoptosis. Nevertheless, a higher reduction in lung inflammation, oxidative damage, and apoptosis were prominently observed following administration of chamomile tea to the thinner group.
Findings could verify the safety and efficacy of chamomile tea as a natural medication for thinner toxicity and related pulmonary damage.
One potential strategy for cancer treatment is to prevent neovascularization. A well-targeted approach blocks VEGFR2, inhibiting the growth of new tumor vasculature. In this study, we report the identification of potential VEGFR2 inhibitors from phytochemicals previously extracted from Sonneratia alba, a mangrove species native to the Philippines, using molecular docking simulations followed by drug-likeness and ADME/Tox prediction.
Thirty-two phytochemicals identified from various parts of S. alba were virtually docked onto the VEGFR2 binding site. Luteolin, ⍺-amyrin cinnamate, and ꞵ-amyrin cinnamate exhibited docking scores comparable to the drug control Axitinib. The drug-likeness property prediction revealed luteolin as the sole phytochemical predicted to have high bioavailability. In silico ADMET prediction demonstrated that luteolin has higher human intestinal absorption, is firmly bound to plasma protein, and poses no toxicity risks. Furthermore, luteolin also exhibited high permeability across the gastrointestinal tract but no passive permeability across the blood–brain barrier.
Through in silico techniques, luteolin was identified as the only compound from S. alba with adequate and significant potential of developing into a VEGF inhibitor drug, as exemplified by its good bioavailability, higher gastrointestinal absorption, strong binding affinity to plasma protein, and good permeability through the gastrointestinal tract. The findings of this investigation may help validate the in vitro and in vivo anticancer properties of luteolin, as described in several peer-reviewed articles.
Plants have long been recognized as a rich source for medicinal agents, albeit many plant species have yet to be investigated. The genus Chlorophytum comprises over 215 species of perennial, rhizomatous herbs. The chemical composition and bioactivities of Chlorophytum krookianum remain uncharacterized in the existing scholar literature. This work investigates the phytochemistry and anticancer potential of C. krookianum.
Phytochemical investigation of the unexplored C. krookianum aerial parts afforded the isolation and identification of eight compounds: β-sitosterol (1), stigmasterol (2), β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), hydroxytyrosol (4), isovitexin (5), vicenin 2 (6), (25S)-gitonin (7), and vitexin-2″-O-rhamnoside (8). Dichloromethane and n-hexane fractions of C. krookianum aerial parts exhibited anticancer activity against breast (MDA-MB-231) and tongue (HNO-97) carcinoma cell lines. GC–MS analysis of the n-hexane fraction afforded the tentative identification of 41 metabolites with methyl palmitate, methyl 2,4-dimethyltetradecanoate, 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone, lanosterol, and 13-docosenamide as major compounds.
C. krookianum aerial parts, particularly the dichloromethane and n-hexane fractions, could be a potential source for anticancer activity as significant percentage inhibitions are obtained.
Nanotechnology presents a sustainable paradigm for modern agriculture, utilizing nanoscale materials to combat plant diseases, enhance crop growth, and minimize environmental impact. Among the various synthesis methods, fungi-based nanoparticles (NPs) have garnered significant attention due to their cost-effectiveness, eco-friendliness, and versatility compared to conventional physicochemical approaches.
Fungi possess unique metabolic pathways that facilitate the biosynthesis of NPs with distinct physicochemical properties, making them highly applicable to agriculture. These fungi-derived NPs exhibit strong and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against major phytopathogens, including Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. This review comprehensively details the biological mechanisms and agricultural applications of these NPs. Furthermore, it explores the integration of machine learning (ML) to advance the field, demonstrating how ML models optimize synthesis parameters, predict NP stability, and enhance antimicrobial efficacy, thereby paving the way for scalable and standardized production. An advanced bibliometric analysis (2000–2024) underscores the rapid expansion of this research domain, with India emerging as a leading contributor, reflecting a global shift toward sustainable nanotechnology for plant disease management.
By synthesizing insights from fungal nanobiotechnology, AI-driven optimization, and global research trends, this review provides a forward-looking perspective on developing and implementing advanced, eco-friendly strategies for sustainable agriculture.
Rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis involves multifaceted genetic and environmental interactions, with hereditary components contributing 50 to 60% of disease susceptibility. Among non-HLA genetic determinants, polymorphisms in Interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R)-associated kinase (IRAK1) and Chemokine receptor type 6 (CCR6) genes potentiate vulnerability to autoimmune diseases. So, this research aims at examining the potential role of the single nucleotide variant of IRAK1 and CCR6 genes in RA vulnerability and clarifying their association with disease-related variables. 58 RA cases and 40 healthy controls were recruited. We performed genotyping for IRAK1 rs1059703 via restriction fragment length polymorphism polymerase chain reaction (RFLP-PCR) and CCR6 rs3093024 using amplification-refractory mutation system PCR (ARMS-PCR) methodology.
Statistical analysis demonstrated significant associations for IRAK1 CT + TT vs CC genotypes (P = 0.012) and T allele frequency (P = 0.001) differed substantially between RA patients and healthy controls. Conversely, CCR6 genotype/allele distributions showed no significant intergroup variations. Clinical parameters, including age, disease duration, sex, subcutaneous nodules, interstitial lung disease, Sjogrenʼs syndrome, joint deformity and rheumatoid factor (RF), demonstrated no significant association with either IRAK1 or CCR6 genotypes with exception of a significant link between CCR6 genotypes and anti-CCP positivity (P = 0.049).
The presence of the polymorphic genotypes and T allele of IRAK1 gene is associated with increased susceptibility of RA. Variation in CCR6 genotype was not associated with RA. However, the polymorphic variant of CCR6 was associated with positive anti-CCP. Assessing the relationship between RA pathogenesis and additional SNPs in these genes is advised.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a rapidly growing global health burden. Beyond vascular and metabolic complications, it is increasingly recognized as a major contributor to cognitive impairment and dementia. Cognitive dysfunction in T2DM often goes undetected until advanced stages, limiting effective intervention. Early detection strategies are therefore urgently needed. This study investigated the diagnostic potential of neuroinflammatory, metabolic/insulin signaling, and neuroprotective biomarkers in identifying cognitive impairment among T2DM patients.
In a tertiary care hospital, 200 participants were enrolled in a case–control study (100 participants in each group). Cognitive performance was assessed by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). The concentrations of HMGB1, IL-1β, TLR4, IL-6, ADAM-10, mTOR, PI3K, Akt, TNF-α, and Klotho in the serum were measured by ELISA. Analysis of correlation and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were performed.
MoCA assessments were lower for patients with T2DM than for controls. Elevated serum concentrations of HMGB1, IL-1β, TLR4, IL-6, ADAM-10, TNF-α, mTOR, and PI3K with lower Akt and Klotho concentrations were observed in the T2DM patients. These biomarkers negatively correlated with MoCA scores (p < 0.001), indicating their potential role in cognitive impairment. ROC analysis identified ADAM-10 (AUC = 0.817), IL-1β (AUC = 0.792), and Klotho (AUC = 0.799) as prominent biomarkers of impairment in cognition.
This study demonstrates that dysregulation of neuroinflammatory and metabolic pathways is strongly associated with cognitive decline in T2DM. Given the rising global prevalence of diabetes and dementia, incorporating serum biomarkers such as ADAM-10, IL-1β, and Klotho into clinical screening may enable earlier identification, risk stratification, and timely intervention in diabetes-associated cognitive impairment.
Panaeolus foenisecii (Pers.) R. Maire, commonly known as the brown hay or lawnmower’s mushroom, is a small saprotrophic species common in temperate regions of Europe and North America, colonizing nutrient-rich lawns, meadows, and parklands. Although it belongs to a genus that includes psychoactive mushrooms, recent studies classify it as non-hallucinogenic. Morphologically, it is characterized by a hygrophanous brown cap, mottled dark gills, and ellipsoid warty spores, making it a distinctive yet often overlooked member of urban and rural grassland ecosystems.
As a litter-decomposing fungus, Panaeolus foenisecii contributes to nutrient recycling and soil fertility and may act as a bioindicator sensitive to soil pH, composition, and moisture. Chemical analyses have identified serotonin and 5-hydroxytryptophan among its metabolites, compounds associated with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Their concentrations vary with environmental factors such as temperature, rainfall, and soil mineral content, indicating ecophysiological plasticity. Toxicological data show only mild and transient gastrointestinal symptoms after accidental ingestion in humans or animals, suggesting minimal health risk. Despite lacking culinary or recreational use, the occurrence of bioactive indole derivatives underscores its potential ecological and pharmacological relevance.
Panaeolus foenisecii illustrates the ecological and biochemical diversity within the Panaeolus genus and highlights the need for further investigation of non-hallucinogenic species. Its metabolic profile and environmental sensitivity make it a valuable model for studying fungal adaptation and the ecological significance of indole-based metabolites.
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