Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences最新文献

This study employs response surface methodology (RSM) to model and analyze the effects of abrasive waterjet (AWJ) and CO₂ laser cutting on the surface roughness of ARMOX 500 T armor-grade steel (7.6 mm thick). A comprehensive investigation was conducted to evaluate the influence of key AWJ process parameters, including cutting speed, water jet pressure, stand-off distance, and abrasive flow rate. Similarly, for CO₂ laser cutting, the effects of laser power, assist gas pressure, focus plane location, and cutting speed were examined. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and process capability statistical techniques were utilized to assess the significance and reliability of the results. The findings indicate that CO₂ laser cutting achieves a lower surface roughness compared to AWJ, suggesting its superior capability for applications requiring high-quality surface finishes. These insights contribute to optimizing cutting processes for high-strength steel components, enhancing efficiency and precision in industrial applications.

Background

Bafilomycins (Baf) are plecomacrolide antibiotics characterized by a 16-membered macrocyclic lactone containing two sets of conjugated dienes linked by a 1,3-dimethyl propan-2-ol (C₃) spacer to an unusually folded tetrahydropyran ring. Bafs are known for their vacuolar H⁺-adenosine triphosphatase (V-ATPase) inhibitory activity with potential therapeutic applications as antivirals (against, e.g., Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, Zika virus, rhinovirus), anti-tumor agents (against, e.g., osteosarcoma, various cancer cell lines), and antiparasitic (against e.g. nematodes) among others.

Main body

Since the discovery of the first Bafs in 1983, numerous Baf derivatives with varying biological activities have been isolated from Actinomycetales organisms, primarily Streptomyces and Kitasatospora. Variations in the Baf structure, particularly in the macrocyclic lactone and tetrahydropyran rings, have led to different Baf derivatives with various levels of biological activities and targets.

Short conclusion

This paper reviews the naturally derived Bafs from actinomycetes from 1983 to 2024, their structural diversity, and their biological activities. It also highlights the reported differences in Baf bioactivities with changes in structure. Furthermore, this paper classified Bafs based on structural variations relative to Baf A1, specifically: (1) substitution and (2) dehydration of residues; (3) addition of cyclic rings; and (4) tetrahydropyran ring opening. This paper hopes to shed light on underexplored Baf derivatives with more diverse and potent bioactivities.

Graphical abstract

The paper offers an extensive mathematical study and simulation of a nonlinear corneal model pertinent to eye surgery, designed to tackle the intricacies of corneal behavior under diverse surgical situations. We utilize the Dickson polynomial series as a fundamental tool and use the benefits of the Dickson operational matrices collocation approach to establish a resilient solution framework. This method not only streamlines the computational procedure but also improves the precision of outcomes. Utilizing Dickson polynomials in our corneal nonlinear model represents a substantial advancement compared to conventional computational methods. Their unique properties provide a robust framework for accurately capturing the complex behaviors of the cornea during surgery. This results in enhanced computational efficiency, improved accuracy, and faster convergence rates compared to conventional techniques. The convergence analysis shown here illustrates the efficacy of our approach while verifying its speedy convergence to the accurate solution. Additionally, we present a comparative analysis with relevant computational techniques, demonstrating that our suggested approach delivers enhanced accuracy and efficiency. The results highlight the promise of the Dickson polynomial series in enhancing computational models in ophthalmology, facilitating future study and applications in eye surgical contexts.

Background

Pancreatic cancer is the deadliest form of cancer with a low survival rate due to its late diagnosis. Hence, early detection and swift intervention are very crucial for its management. However, the current diagnostic markers lack sufficient precision, and the effectiveness of treatment options remains imprecise, emphasizing the need for more advanced approaches.

Main body

Artificial intelligence (AI) technology enables rapid detection of high-risk groups for pancreatic cancer using various techniques such as medical imaging, pathological examination, biomarkers, and other methods, facilitating early detection of pancreatic cancer. Simultaneously, AI algorithms may also be used to forecast the duration of survival, the likelihood of recurrence, the cancer metastasis, and the response to treatment, all of which can impact the prognosis. Moreover, AI is applied in handling cancer cases in oncology departments, pancreatic cancer in particular, and creating computer-assisted diagnostic systems.

Conclusion

The end-to-end application of AI in pancreatic cancer management calls for multidisciplinary collaboration among doctors, laboratory scientists, data analysts, and engineers. Despite its limitations, its powerful computational capabilities will soon be crucial for combating pancreatic cancer and other health conditions.

Background

Chicken infectious anemia is a young chicken’s infection caused by a single-strand DNA gyrovirus and marked by aplastic anemia, lymphoid organs atrophy, and immunosuppression, causing severe financial losses to the poultry production. The prevalence of chicken anemia virus (CAV) in 25% of Egyptian governorates (Dakahlia, Gharbia, Monufia, Ismailia, Sinai, Damietta, Al sharqiya) from 2021 to 2023 was investigated. The protective efficacy of maternally derived antibodies was assessed in one-day-old chicks against three CAV vaccines via different exposure routes (intramuscular, drinking water, or contact) to mimic field strains.

Results

Out of 98 flocks examined from 2021 to 2023, 32.65% tested positive for chicken anemia. The infection rate was 25.92% in broiler and 40.91% in unvaccinated breeder flocks. VP1 and VP3 genes sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of four chicken anemia isolates revealed that three strains (EGY-1, EGY-9, and EGY-10) closely resemble most Egyptian field strains and vaccinal strains. In contrast, one strain (EGY-5) showed lineage with some Asian and Egyptian strains. VP1 and VP3 genes amino acid substitutions, including M70I in (EGY-5, EGY-9, and EGY-10) and N78T in (EGY-1 and EGY-10), have been recorded, marking the first recorded alterations in these genes compared to vaccinal strains and other Egyptian isolates. In an experiment simulating the effects of field strains, three vaccinal strains (Cux-1, Del-Ros, and 26P4) were administered either intramuscularly or via drinking water to 120 one-day-old commercial chicks with maternally derived antibodies (4882 mean antibody titers). However, these vaccines did not provide complete protection against infection with chicken anemia vaccine viruses, resulting in histopathological alterations, body weights, and chicken viability.

Conclusion

This research enhances the understanding of chicken anemia molecular characterization in Egypt and its implications for future genetic evolution studies. Further studies are necessary to determine the maternal antibody levels required for complete protection against CAV.

Background

Microorganism bioflocculants are the large molecules released by microbes during growth and lysis. Bioflocculants are used in remediation wastewater and are thought to be more environmentally friendly. In the present study, 16 bacteria were isolated from hydrocarbons contaminated soil, sludge, and wastewater from different locations (Washing and lubrication stations of Zubair, Qurna, and Jazira, Beach of Shatt Al -Arab, and Al-Shuaiba Refinery) in Basrah city, south of Iraq. The isolates were identified by 16S rDNA gene sequencing analysis. All isolated bacteria were subjected to a flocculants production test using a mineral salt medium. Bioflocculant activity was determined using kaolin clay and enhanced by addition cation (CaCl₂).

Result

The results showed that bacterial isolates were under 10 genera (Alishewanella, Stutzerimonas, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Pantoe, Acinetobacter, Escherichia, Exiguobacterium, Franconibacter, Lysinibacillus), and nine isolates were recorded as new strains. Besides, the Phylogenetic tree was constructed to evaluate their close relationship and evolution between them. Alishewanella sp. was the most diverse and dominant genus among sixteen isolated bacteria. The isolates Shewanella chilikensis, Exiguobacterium profundum, and Alishewanella jeotgali were the most effective producing bioflocculant, where the flocculation activity recorded at 92.40%, 92.25%, and 91.65%, respectively. The ion Ca²⁺ removes most large molecules and reduces solution absorption from 1.918 (kaolin clay) to 1.258.

Conclusion

The contaminated environments harbor a diverse bioflocculant producing bacteria. The capacity of bacterial genera to produce bioflocculants varies, requiring the selection of optimal bacteria for bioflocculant production and their application in water treatment as effective alternatives to synthetic flocculants. The considerable flocculation activity seen suggests a potential for industrial applications. Moreover, more research on the process parameters is required to determine the possibility of large-scale production and to identify a compound responsible for flocculation activity.

Background

The dynamics of glucose-insulin regulation are inherently complex, influenced by delayed responses, feedback mechanisms, and long-term memory effects. Traditional integer-order models often fail to capture these nuances, leading to the adoption of fractional-order models using Caputo derivatives. This study applies the Laplace residual power series method (LRPSM) to explore the glucose-insulin regulatory system’s stability, oscillatory behaviors, and chaotic transitions.

Results

Morphologically, the fractional-order glucose-insulin regulatory system revealed transitions between stability, oscillations, and chaos. Key system behaviors were characterized using Lyapunov exponents, bifurcation diagrams, and phase portraits. Numerical simulations validated the effectiveness of LRPSM in capturing essential dynamics, including sensitivity to parameters such as insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake rates. The chaotic behaviors observed emphasize the system’s sensitivity to initial conditions and fractional order.

Conclusion

This study highlights the utility of LRPSM in modeling fractional-order biological systems, offering significant advancements in understanding diabetes pathophysiology. The findings pave the way for designing glycemic control strategies and exploring optimized interventions for diabetes management. Future research could integrate additional physiological parameters and explore real-time applications to enhance glycemic control.

Background

There is no doubt that one of the most considerable researcher dilemmas is cancer. Radiofrequency-photodynamic therapy (RFPDT) offers novel approaches to cancer treatment by combining radiofrequency-dynamic therapy and photodynamic therapy with sensitizers. While novel sensitizers for RFPDT have been synthesized successfully, their effective application is still limited. Their limited ability to transfer sensitizer's deeper intratumorally, low tumor-targeting selectivity, and failing tumor microenvironment all restrict their anti-tumor activity. The goal of the current work was to examine the most recent advancement in activated cancer treatment using radiofrequency assisted drug delivery of conjugated activated carbon nanoparticles of broccoli, cabbage, and kale (BCK-ACNP) to treat colorectal cancer (CRCA) using both in vivo and in vitro RFPDT.

Materials and methods

The current study included human CRCA cells (SW-620) and Swiss albino induce CRCA mice [treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) only] were used in the in vitro and in vivo study. The study treatment protocol started only after CRCA induction, and involved daily administration of BCK-ACNP as RFPDT sensitizer whether or not to be exposed to laser (IRL) or radiofrequency (RF) or a combination of them for 3 min for a period of 2 weeks.

Results

Demonstrated that ACNP is a useful BCK delivery mechanism that targets CRCA cells directly. Furthermore, BCK-ACNP is a promising RFPS that, when used in conjunction with RFPDT, can be very effective in in vitro treating CRCA-SW-620 (in a dose-dependent manner cell viability declined, an increase in the population of cells during the S and G2/M phases indicates that the cell cycle was arrested, and an increase in the Pre-G cell population, autophagic cell death, as well as early and late apoptosis and necrosis, indicate that cell death was induced) and DMH/DSS-CRCA-induced mice in vivo (induced antiproliferative genes, p53, Bax, TNFalpha, caspase 3,9, repressed antiangiogenic and antiapoptotic genes, VEGF and Bcl2 respectively), successfully slowing the growth of tumors and even killing cancer cells, as well as lowering oxidative stress (MDA), improving the functions of the kidneys (urea, creatinine), liver (ALT, AST), and antioxidants (GPx, GR, GST, GSH, CAT, SOD, TAC). RFPDT, the photochemical or radiofrequency BCK activation mechanism, and the antioxidant capacity of non-activated BCK can all be linked to this process.

Conclusion

Based on the findings, BCK-ACNP shows a great promise as a cutting-edge, efficient selective delivery system for localized RFPDT-activated colorectal cancer treatment.

Background

The interdisciplinary nature of mechatronics has spurred huge progress in medicine to facilitate the creation of robotic surgery, wearable health monitoring, and bio-inspired robots. All these technologies enhance the precision of surgery, boost diagnostic capability, and enable real-time patient monitoring. For example, robotic-assisted surgeries have recorded a 50% cut in complications and a 40% reduction in healing times, while wearable health technology has enhanced early anomaly detection by 80%, saving emergency hospitalisation.

Main body

This review critically examines the evolution and interdisciplinary applications of mechatronics in medicine focusing on problems including financial burdens, confidentiality of data, and compliance with regulation. Emphasis is placed heavily on the regulatory approval processes required by organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) that typically delay the use of life-saving equipment by 3–5 years. In addition, the expensive price of robotic surgery systems (~$2 million per unit) and extensive training (20–40 procedures to be proficient) are inhibiting factors. New trends such as bio-inspired robots and nanomedicine are also considered here, which have exhibited fantastic potential in minimally invasive therapy, and nanorobot-based cancer therapies have exhibited tumour growth inhibition by 50% while limiting systemic side effects.

Conclusions

To propel the ethical and sustainable adoption of mechatronics in healthcare, this review proposed the development of interdisciplinary partnerships among engineers, clinicians, and policymakers, simplifies regulatory clearance processes, and designs low-cost, scalable products. Through these avenues, mechatronics can proceed to revolutionise healthcare, enhancing patient outcomes and expanding the accessibility of cutting-edge medical technology.

Background

In rural smallholder poultry production systems, synthetic anthelmintic drugs are considered expensive and in some instances ineffective because of anthelmintic resistance. We report on the phytochemical properties and efficacy of crude extracts of Carica papaya L. and Capsicum annuum L. against helminth infections of chickens. The experiments that compared the extract action to piperazine and levamisole were carried out in Soroti District, Eastern Uganda.

Method

An experiment was set to evaluate efficacy of crude extracts of C. papaya and C. annuum against natural poultry helminths infections. Commercially available formulations of levamisole and piperazine were used to make a comparative efficacy study. Faecal egg count reduction (FECR) tests were used to measure efficacy of the treatments.

Results

On gas chromatograph mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of CPLa showed, vitamin C (42%), sterols (13%) and Triterpenoids (6%). CPLe contained lipids (45.04%), pyranones (20.3%), diterpenoids (4.9%), triterpenoids (3.5%), phenolics (3.1%), glycosides (2.2%) and steroids (1.4%). GC–MS analysis of CAFa gave lipids (45.04%), alkanes (27.7%) and alkaloids (8.2%). CAFe showed lipids (50.16%), alkaloids (22.73%), glycosides (3.61%) and pyranones (3.55%). In the in vitro assays, 0.08 g/ml of each of the extracts caused motility inhibition of more than 50% of adult A. galli after 5 h. The ranking of the in vivo average FECR was levamisole hydrochloride > CPLa > CAFa > CAFe > CPLe > piperazine citrate with the percentage reductions of 98.67 ± 2.309, 97.67 ± 2.517, 79.67 ± 1.528, 76.33 ± 1.528, 54.00 ± 2.00, 35.67 ± 2.082, respectively.

Conclusion

The GC–MS analysis of the analysed plants shows presence of terpenoids, phenolics and alkaloids which are known for anthelmintic action. All the extracts caused higher FECR than piperazine. The presence of vitamin C in CPLa made it the best extract. Combinations of anthelmintics with vitamin C are recommended and toxicological studies of extracts.