This study explored the correlation between child care and household financial resilience, considering differences across the family life cycle.
Background
Existing research has examined the effects of child care on household consumption and financial decision-making. Yet, little is known about how child care influences household financial resilience across various stages of the family life cycle.
Method
A fixed effect model was employed to analyze data from the 2013–2019 China Household Finance Survey (n = 4,081), a comprehensive data set covering households’ demographic characteristics and financial conditions. Additionally, a finite mixture model for endogenous clustering was used.
Results
Overall and across most stages of the family life cycle, child care was found to weaken household financial resilience. However, no association was detected when all children reached a certain age. Education, financial literacy, and social capital can alleviate the negative impact of child care for particular households in the growth stage.
Conclusion
Findings indicate that child care weakens household financial resilience, though this effect is not persistent across the entire family life cycle and can be mitigated.
Implications
Public policy that encourages intergenerational support and strengthens household endogenous dynamics can be beneficial in alleviating childcare burdens.
{"title":"Does child care weaken household financial resilience? Evidence from China under the life cycle perspective","authors":"Yuanyuan Li, Yunqi Cao, Xiaojie Gu","doi":"10.1111/fare.70082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.70082","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study explored the correlation between child care and household financial resilience, considering differences across the family life cycle.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Existing research has examined the effects of child care on household consumption and financial decision-making. Yet, little is known about how child care influences household financial resilience across various stages of the family life cycle.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A fixed effect model was employed to analyze data from the 2013–2019 China Household Finance Survey (<i>n</i> = 4,081), a comprehensive data set covering households’ demographic characteristics and financial conditions. Additionally, a finite mixture model for endogenous clustering was used.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Overall and across most stages of the family life cycle, child care was found to weaken household financial resilience. However, no association was detected when all children reached a certain age. Education, financial literacy, and social capital can alleviate the negative impact of child care for particular households in the growth stage.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Findings indicate that child care weakens household financial resilience, though this effect is not persistent across the entire family life cycle and can be mitigated.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Public policy that encourages intergenerational support and strengthens household endogenous dynamics can be beneficial in alleviating childcare burdens.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48206,"journal":{"name":"Family Relations","volume":"75 1","pages":"555-573"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145964176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This scoping review aims to explore e-health interventions for parents of preterm infants, focusing on their sociopsychological well-being.
Background
Preterm birth impacts infant development, parents and families' psychological well-being, often causing increased anxiety, depression, and guilt. E-health interventions, using digital technologies for health care communication and support, have shown potential in chronic care, but evidence in neonatal settings remains limited.
Methods
This scoping review maps studies on e-health interventions for parents of preterm infants, focusing on psychological support. Peer-reviewed articles in English were sourced from PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, and others, yielding 19 studies from a total extraction of 318.
Results
These studies examined various e-health interventions, such as videoconferencing in the neonatal intensive care unit and web-based education, mainly assessing parental satisfaction, anxiety reduction, and perceived care quality. Most studies were from North America and Europe, focusing largely on mothers, highlighting a research gap on fathers and other caregivers. Parents generally welcomed e-health tools, yet the overall impact on well-being is uncertain due to limited qualitative research and lack of attention to diverse family structures.
Conclusions
e-health interventions for preterm parents care show promising results but require personalization and training to ensure effectiveness across diverse parental experiences with technology.
Implications
Further research should promote inclusive and accessible e-health interventions by addressing diverse family and parent needs and reducing barriers related to the digital divide—that is, disparities in access to technology, internet connectivity, and digital literacy.
本综述旨在探讨早产儿父母的电子健康干预措施，重点关注他们的社会心理健康。早产会影响婴儿的发育、父母和家庭的心理健康，通常会导致焦虑、抑郁和内疚的增加。利用数字技术进行卫生保健沟通和支持的电子卫生干预措施在慢性病护理方面显示出潜力，但在新生儿环境中的证据仍然有限。方法对早产儿父母电子健康干预的研究范围进行综述，重点关注心理支持。同行评议的英文文章来自PubMed、Web of Science、MEDLINE等，从318篇论文中提取出19篇。结果这些研究考察了各种电子卫生干预措施，如新生儿重症监护病房的视频会议和基于网络的教育，主要评估了父母满意度、焦虑减少和感知护理质量。大多数研究来自北美和欧洲，主要关注母亲，突出了对父亲和其他照顾者的研究差距。家长普遍欢迎电子保健工具，但由于定性研究有限和缺乏对多样化家庭结构的关注，对福祉的总体影响尚不确定。结论：早产儿父母护理的电子卫生干预显示出良好的效果，但需要个性化和培训，以确保不同父母的技术经验的有效性。进一步的研究应通过解决家庭和父母的不同需求并减少与数字鸿沟有关的障碍，即在获取技术、互联网连接和数字素养方面的差距，促进包容性和可及性的电子卫生干预措施。
{"title":"A scoping review of e-health interventions for the well-being of preterm parents: Current evidence and future directions","authors":"Federico Paleardi, Giacomo Lauritano, Alessandra Decataldo, Maria Francesca Figlino, Brunella Fiore, Giulia Ciuffo, Chiara Ionio","doi":"10.1111/fare.70095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.70095","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This scoping review aims to explore e-health interventions for parents of preterm infants, focusing on their sociopsychological well-being.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Preterm birth impacts infant development, parents and families' psychological well-being, often causing increased anxiety, depression, and guilt. E-health interventions, using digital technologies for health care communication and support, have shown potential in chronic care, but evidence in neonatal settings remains limited.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This scoping review maps studies on e-health interventions for parents of preterm infants, focusing on psychological support. Peer-reviewed articles in English were sourced from PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, and others, yielding 19 studies from a total extraction of 318.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These studies examined various e-health interventions, such as videoconferencing in the neonatal intensive care unit and web-based education, mainly assessing parental satisfaction, anxiety reduction, and perceived care quality. Most studies were from North America and Europe, focusing largely on mothers, highlighting a research gap on fathers and other caregivers. Parents generally welcomed e-health tools, yet the overall impact on well-being is uncertain due to limited qualitative research and lack of attention to diverse family structures.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>e-health interventions for preterm parents care show promising results but require personalization and training to ensure effectiveness across diverse parental experiences with technology.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Further research should promote inclusive and accessible e-health interventions by addressing diverse family and parent needs and reducing barriers related to the digital divide—that is, disparities in access to technology, internet connectivity, and digital literacy.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48206,"journal":{"name":"Family Relations","volume":"75 1","pages":"417-442"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145964178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examined the relationship between maternal autonomy and children's school enrollment in India and assessed how caste-based social stratification moderates this association.
Background
Maternal autonomy, encompassing financial control, decision-making power, and mobility are key determinants of child development. In India, gender and caste-based inequalities constrain women's autonomy, potentially limiting its benefits for children's education.
Method
Using data from 340,006 mother–child pairs in the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), maternal autonomy was modeled as a latent construct from nine indicators across three domains. Probit regression models estimated its association with school enrollment, with interaction terms assessing caste-based moderation.
Results
Maternal autonomy positively influences school enrollment, with financial autonomy showing the strongest effect. However, the benefits are significantly lower for children from marginalized caste groups (Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes). No gender-based variation was observed.
Conclusion
Maternal autonomy enhances school enrollment, but its effectiveness is moderated by caste-based disparities.
Implications
Policies should integrate gender empowerment with caste-sensitive reforms to ensure equitable access to resources, mobility, and decision-making opportunities for disadvantaged women.
{"title":"Maternal autonomy, caste system, and children's school enrollment in India","authors":"Poulami Chatterjee, Saikat Ghosh, Lahari Chakraborty","doi":"10.1111/fare.70065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.70065","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study examined the relationship between maternal autonomy and children's school enrollment in India and assessed how caste-based social stratification moderates this association.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Maternal autonomy, encompassing financial control, decision-making power, and mobility are key determinants of child development. In India, gender and caste-based inequalities constrain women's autonomy, potentially limiting its benefits for children's education.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Using data from 340,006 mother–child pairs in the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), maternal autonomy was modeled as a latent construct from nine indicators across three domains. Probit regression models estimated its association with school enrollment, with interaction terms assessing caste-based moderation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Maternal autonomy positively influences school enrollment, with financial autonomy showing the strongest effect. However, the benefits are significantly lower for children from marginalized caste groups (Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes). No gender-based variation was observed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Maternal autonomy enhances school enrollment, but its effectiveness is moderated by caste-based disparities.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Policies should integrate gender empowerment with caste-sensitive reforms to ensure equitable access to resources, mobility, and decision-making opportunities for disadvantaged women.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48206,"journal":{"name":"Family Relations","volume":"75 1","pages":"619-642"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/fare.70065","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145964260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kelly Dean Schwartz, Michelle Redekop, Hanna Duffy, Daranne Harris, Andrea Stelnicki, Megan McElheran
Objective
This study explored the unique stressors and strengths within public safety personnel (PSP) families, focusing on the impact of operational stress and potentially psychologically traumatic events on family dynamics for those living with and working in emergency first responder (EFR) professions (i.e., police, fire, paramedic).
Background
EFR families encounter unique challenges due to the high-stress nature of police, fire, and paramedic work, affecting family relationships and overall functioning. Understanding these dynamics is important for developing effective support mechanisms. Previous research highlights the need for targeted interventions for PSP families, but qualitative data on the specific experiences of EFR families and coping strategies remain limited.
Method
This qualitative study conducted six semistructured online focus groups with 27 participants, including EFR members and their spouses. Participants were recruited through convenience sampling. Data were thematically analyzed to identify key patterns and themes in family dynamics and coping strategies.
Results
Four key themes emerged: the tension between connection and disconnection, balancing family and work, influence of EFR and non-EFR social circles, and spillover of trauma and stress into the home. EFR families use adaptive strategies including intentional communication and flexible family roles to maintain stability.
Conclusion
These findings underscore the need for additional supports to enhance family functioning and address both individual and collective needs within EFR families.
Implications
Preventive programs and accessible mental health treatments are essential for supporting EFR families. Targeted interventions should focus on fostering resilience and stability through enhanced communication and flexible family roles.
{"title":"Perceptions of the impact of operational stress in emergency first responder families: A qualitative analysis","authors":"Kelly Dean Schwartz, Michelle Redekop, Hanna Duffy, Daranne Harris, Andrea Stelnicki, Megan McElheran","doi":"10.1111/fare.70103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.70103","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study explored the unique stressors and strengths within public safety personnel (PSP) families, focusing on the impact of operational stress and potentially psychologically traumatic events on family dynamics for those living with and working in emergency first responder (EFR) professions (i.e., police, fire, paramedic).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>EFR families encounter unique challenges due to the high-stress nature of police, fire, and paramedic work, affecting family relationships and overall functioning. Understanding these dynamics is important for developing effective support mechanisms. Previous research highlights the need for targeted interventions for PSP families, but qualitative data on the specific experiences of EFR families and coping strategies remain limited.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This qualitative study conducted six semistructured online focus groups with 27 participants, including EFR members and their spouses. Participants were recruited through convenience sampling. Data were thematically analyzed to identify key patterns and themes in family dynamics and coping strategies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Four key themes emerged: the tension between connection and disconnection, balancing family and work, influence of EFR and non-EFR social circles, and spillover of trauma and stress into the home. EFR families use adaptive strategies including intentional communication and flexible family roles to maintain stability.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These findings underscore the need for additional supports to enhance family functioning and address both individual and collective needs within EFR families.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Preventive programs and accessible mental health treatments are essential for supporting EFR families. Targeted interventions should focus on fostering resilience and stability through enhanced communication and flexible family roles.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48206,"journal":{"name":"Family Relations","volume":"75 1","pages":"499-516"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/fare.70103","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145983948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examined how a two-day family therapy intensive (FTI) within an outdoor behavioral healthcare (OBH) program influenced caregivers' perceptions of relational functioning.
Background
Mental health among emerging adults (EAs) continues to decline despite increased resources, potentially due to an overemphasis on individuallyoriented treatments. Integrating family therapy within nature-based environments may enhance relational functioning and support EAs' development.
Method
A mixed-methods study with 131 caregivers (representing 113 EAs) used a modified relational functioning assessment administered pre- and post-FTI, along with qualitative analysis of open-ended survey responses.
Results
Caregivers reported significant improvements in family problem-solving, organization, and emotional climate. Qualitative responses highlighted themes of increased interdependence, improved communication, and meaningful connections facilitated by experiential, nature-based activities.
Conclusion
Nature-based family therapy significantly improved caregiver perceptions of family dynamics, countering cultural myths of independence by promoting interdependence between caregivers and EAs.
Implications
Clinicians should prioritize family therapy in EA treatment, emphasizing nature-based settings to foster adult-to-adult relationships. Policymakers are encouraged to adopt family-centered, ecologically-integrated mental health models.
{"title":"The myth of independence: A nature-based family therapy intensive with emerging adults","authors":"John Souza Jr., Mark G. Downey","doi":"10.1111/fare.70101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.70101","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study examined how a two-day family therapy intensive (FTI) within an outdoor behavioral healthcare (OBH) program influenced caregivers' perceptions of relational functioning.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Mental health among emerging adults (EAs) continues to decline despite increased resources, potentially due to an overemphasis on individuallyoriented treatments. Integrating family therapy within nature-based environments may enhance relational functioning and support EAs' development.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A mixed-methods study with 131 caregivers (representing 113 EAs) used a modified relational functioning assessment administered pre- and post-FTI, along with qualitative analysis of open-ended survey responses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Caregivers reported significant improvements in family problem-solving, organization, and emotional climate. Qualitative responses highlighted themes of increased interdependence, improved communication, and meaningful connections facilitated by experiential, nature-based activities.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Nature-based family therapy significantly improved caregiver perceptions of family dynamics, countering cultural myths of independence by promoting interdependence between caregivers and EAs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Clinicians should prioritize family therapy in EA treatment, emphasizing nature-based settings to foster adult-to-adult relationships. Policymakers are encouraged to adopt family-centered, ecologically-integrated mental health models.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48206,"journal":{"name":"Family Relations","volume":"75 1","pages":"597-618"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145964344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study explored the relationship between deviation from common age at first marriage and divorce risk.
Background
The relationship between age at first marriage and divorce risk has long been of interest in family studies. Analyses based on absolute age may overlook the influence of social norms.
Method
Utilizing longitudinal data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) collected from 2010 to 2020, encompassing a total sample of 36,407 individuals, the sample was divided into five cohorts based on the year of birth. Median age at first marriage was calculated for each birth cohort using the China Population Census (2020) and used to represent common marriage age and classify individuals' early and late age at first marriage. Survival analysis methods were employed to examine the relationship between divorce risk and deviation from common age.
Results
Individuals who married at the common marriage age exhibited the longest marital duration. Those who married much earlier or much later had relatively shorter durations (Time Ratio [TR] 0.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.48, 0.80]; TR 0.84, CI [0.72, 0.98]). A robustness check further suggested that for each 1-year deviation from the cohort median age at first marriage, marital duration was reduced by 2% (TR 0.98, CI [0.97, 0.999]).
Conclusion
The greater the deviation of an individual's age at first marriage from the common age at first marriage of the birth cohort, the higher their risk of divorce. The deviation offers stronger explanatory power for divorce risk than absolute age at marriage.
{"title":"Age at first marriage and divorce risk: Analysis based on social clock theory","authors":"Ting Yang, Tingshao Zhu, Tianli Liu","doi":"10.1111/fare.70096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.70096","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study explored the relationship between deviation from common age at first marriage and divorce risk.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The relationship between age at first marriage and divorce risk has long been of interest in family studies. Analyses based on absolute age may overlook the influence of social norms.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Utilizing longitudinal data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) collected from 2010 to 2020, encompassing a total sample of 36,407 individuals, the sample was divided into five cohorts based on the year of birth. Median age at first marriage was calculated for each birth cohort using the China Population Census (2020) and used to represent common marriage age and classify individuals' early and late age at first marriage. Survival analysis methods were employed to examine the relationship between divorce risk and deviation from common age.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Individuals who married at the common marriage age exhibited the longest marital duration. Those who married much earlier or much later had relatively shorter durations (Time Ratio [TR] 0.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.48, 0.80]; TR 0.84, CI [0.72, 0.98]). A robustness check further suggested that for each 1-year deviation from the cohort median age at first marriage, marital duration was reduced by 2% (TR 0.98, CI [0.97, 0.999]).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The greater the deviation of an individual's age at first marriage from the common age at first marriage of the birth cohort, the higher their risk of divorce. The deviation offers stronger explanatory power for divorce risk than absolute age at marriage.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48206,"journal":{"name":"Family Relations","volume":"75 1","pages":"120-138"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145958124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines whether the proverb “long illness, no filial children” still holds in contemporary China by assessing the effects of caregiving duration and intensity on offsprings' caregiving performance for disabled older adults.
Background
China's aging population and rising disability rates impose heavy caregiving burdens on families. Although filial piety strongly influences children's caregiving responsibilities, whether prolonged care truly erodes caregiving performance remains unclear.
Method
Drawing on 2011–2018 panel data from the China Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (N = 2,047), this study focuses on older adults needing assistance with at least one activity of daily living and receiving care primarily from an adult child. Random-effects models examine how caregiving duration and intensity relate to offsprings' caregiving performance.
Results
High-intensity caregiving significantly diminishes offsprings' reported caregiving performance, whereas caregiving duration alone shows no significant effect. Subgroup analyses (gender, urban/rural residence, financial situation) confirm that heavier caregiving intensity predict lower caregiving performance across diverse contexts.
Implications
Policies that alleviate high-intensity caregiving—such as financial assistance, respite services, and community-based support—may improve care for disabled older adults and better sustain filial caregiving commitments.
Conclusion
These findings indicate that intensity rather than duration largely explains declines in caregiving performance, offering partial support for the proverb under modern conditions.
{"title":"“Long illness, no filial children?” Offsprings' care for older adults with disabilities in China","authors":"Xuehao Huang","doi":"10.1111/fare.70112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.70112","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study examines whether the proverb “long illness, no filial children” still holds in contemporary China by assessing the effects of caregiving duration and intensity on offsprings' caregiving performance for disabled older adults.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>China's aging population and rising disability rates impose heavy caregiving burdens on families. Although filial piety strongly influences children's caregiving responsibilities, whether prolonged care truly erodes caregiving performance remains unclear.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Drawing on 2011–2018 panel data from the China Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (<i>N</i> = 2,047), this study focuses on older adults needing assistance with at least one activity of daily living and receiving care primarily from an adult child. Random-effects models examine how caregiving duration and intensity relate to offsprings' caregiving performance.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>High-intensity caregiving significantly diminishes offsprings' reported caregiving performance, whereas caregiving duration alone shows no significant effect. Subgroup analyses (gender, urban/rural residence, financial situation) confirm that heavier caregiving intensity predict lower caregiving performance across diverse contexts.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Policies that alleviate high-intensity caregiving—such as financial assistance, respite services, and community-based support—may improve care for disabled older adults and better sustain filial caregiving commitments.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These findings indicate that intensity rather than duration largely explains declines in caregiving performance, offering partial support for the proverb under modern conditions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48206,"journal":{"name":"Family Relations","volume":"75 1","pages":"213-228"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145987254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigated how Danish fathers experience and respond to the 2022 parental leave reform, which introduced 11 weeks of nontransferable leave per parent. Although the policy aims to promote gender equality in early caregiving, little is known about how fathers navigate these entitlements in their everyday lives.
Background
Parental leave policies influence family dynamics and caregiving norms, yet men's uptake remains shaped by broader structural and cultural conditions. Using a relational and situated lens, the study explores how paternity leave is used, or forgone, and with what implications.
Method
A sequential qualitative design combined an exploratory focus group (N = 5) and survey (N = 61) in 2023 with three follow-up focus groups (N = 16) in 2025. Reflexive thematic analysis was applied to qualitative data, and survey responses were used to contextualize and support interpretation across the sample.
Results
Fathers described leave as meaningful and identity shaping but often constrained by financial pressure, workplace norms, and lack of institutional recognition. Full salary compensation and collective agreements emerged as key enablers. Survey results confirmed that economic insecurity, limited support, and gendered assumptions contributed to lower uptake. Many fathers sought informal peer support in the absence of father-specific services.
Conclusion and Implications
Legal entitlements alone do not guarantee equal participation. Fathers were most engaged when leave was practically accessible, institutionally supported, and socially validated. Realizing the promise of reform requires more than policy; it demands systemic alignment across institutions, workplaces, and cultural narratives.
{"title":"Fatherhood in transition: How extended parental leave shapes the quality of life for Danish fathers","authors":"Maja Thøt Krüger, Christina Louise Lindhardt","doi":"10.1111/fare.70094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.70094","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study investigated how Danish fathers experience and respond to the 2022 parental leave reform, which introduced 11 weeks of nontransferable leave per parent. Although the policy aims to promote gender equality in early caregiving, little is known about how fathers navigate these entitlements in their everyday lives.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Parental leave policies influence family dynamics and caregiving norms, yet men's uptake remains shaped by broader structural and cultural conditions. Using a relational and situated lens, the study explores how paternity leave is used, or forgone, and with what implications.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A sequential qualitative design combined an exploratory focus group (<i>N</i> = 5) and survey (<i>N</i> = 61) in 2023 with three follow-up focus groups (<i>N</i> = 16) in 2025. Reflexive thematic analysis was applied to qualitative data, and survey responses were used to contextualize and support interpretation across the sample.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fathers described leave as meaningful and identity shaping but often constrained by financial pressure, workplace norms, and lack of institutional recognition. Full salary compensation and collective agreements emerged as key enablers. Survey results confirmed that economic insecurity, limited support, and gendered assumptions contributed to lower uptake. Many fathers sought informal peer support in the absence of father-specific services.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion and Implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Legal entitlements alone do not guarantee equal participation. Fathers were most engaged when leave was practically accessible, institutionally supported, and socially validated. Realizing the promise of reform requires more than policy; it demands systemic alignment across institutions, workplaces, and cultural narratives.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48206,"journal":{"name":"Family Relations","volume":"75 1","pages":"730-744"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/fare.70094","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145983876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matthew R. Sanders, Carys Chainey, Jan M. Nicholson, Sophie S. Havighurst, Alina Morawska, Daryl J. Higgins, Sharon Dawe, Mark R. Dadds, Warren Cann, Trevor G. Mazzucchelli, Ben Mathews, David J. Hawes, John W. Toumbourou, Chris Hatherly
Objective
The purpose of this article was to present a model for effective research alliances that facilitate collective action to advance scientific fields. The Parenting and Family Research Alliance (PAFRA) was used as an exemplar to illustrate its application.
Background
Fields of research must continuously evolve to address ever-changing challenges. Despite the need for collaboration toward such evolution, parenting and family intervention researchers often operate within individualistic environments. Research alliances offer a solution by fostering collective action that surpasses individual capabilities.
Method
This article proposed a model for effective research alliances, encompassing inputs, mechanisms, processes, impacts, and outcomes.
Results
Inputs included the organizational bases for collective action, which are supported by mechanisms of collaboration. Processes were the specific activities undertaken toward immediate and intermediate impacts, which are aligned with broader, aspirational outcomes. The PAFRA served as a case exemplar of implementing this model toward furthering the field of evidence-based parenting support.
Conclusion
The proposed model demonstrates how structured collaboration can overcome individualistic research constraints, fostering innovation and translation. Future research should examine how different alliance structures influence sustainability and impact across diverse scientific fields.
Implications
Alliances like PAFRA can bring together previously disconnected actors to drive meaningful advancements in science, policy, and practice, enabling unified responses to the ever-evolving landscape of complex challenges.
{"title":"Catalyzing collective action in evidence-based parenting support: A model for effective research alliances","authors":"Matthew R. Sanders, Carys Chainey, Jan M. Nicholson, Sophie S. Havighurst, Alina Morawska, Daryl J. Higgins, Sharon Dawe, Mark R. Dadds, Warren Cann, Trevor G. Mazzucchelli, Ben Mathews, David J. Hawes, John W. Toumbourou, Chris Hatherly","doi":"10.1111/fare.70078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.70078","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The purpose of this article was to present a model for effective research alliances that facilitate collective action to advance scientific fields. The Parenting and Family Research Alliance (PAFRA) was used as an exemplar to illustrate its application.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fields of research must continuously evolve to address ever-changing challenges. Despite the need for collaboration toward such evolution, parenting and family intervention researchers often operate within individualistic environments. Research alliances offer a solution by fostering collective action that surpasses individual capabilities.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This article proposed a model for effective research alliances, encompassing inputs, mechanisms, processes, impacts, and outcomes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Inputs included the organizational bases for collective action, which are supported by mechanisms of collaboration. Processes were the specific activities undertaken toward immediate and intermediate impacts, which are aligned with broader, aspirational outcomes. The PAFRA served as a case exemplar of implementing this model toward furthering the field of evidence-based parenting support.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The proposed model demonstrates how structured collaboration can overcome individualistic research constraints, fostering innovation and translation. Future research should examine how different alliance structures influence sustainability and impact across diverse scientific fields.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Alliances like PAFRA can bring together previously disconnected actors to drive meaningful advancements in science, policy, and practice, enabling unified responses to the ever-evolving landscape of complex challenges.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48206,"journal":{"name":"Family Relations","volume":"75 1","pages":"365-384"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/fare.70078","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145964414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lúcia Fortio, Alda Portugal, Cícero R. Pereira, Telma M. Marques, Ana C. Polido, Isabel Gomes, Isabel Narciso
Objective
The goal was to deepen the understanding of parental reflexivity by examining the relationship between its components and their association with parental motivation to engage in interventions, while analyzing professionals' expectations and perceptions of families' progress, in socioeconomically disadvantaged contexts.
Background
Although it plays a crucial role in change processes, parental reflexivity—the ability of parents to critically self-evaluate—is an understudied concept, particularly among at-risk families. This highlights the relevance of expanding research in this area.
Method
Data were collected from 65 caregivers referred to child protective services and 43 professionals. Quantitative measures assessed parental reflective functioning, attributions, motivation for change, and practitioners' expectations of family progress. Pearson correlations, hierarchical multiple regression, and mediation analyses were performed to identify predictors of the variables of interest.
Results
Positive associations were found between dysfunctional parental attributions, motivation for change, and prementalizing. Prementalizing was indirectly associated with parental motivation to change child behavior through dysfunctional child-responsible attributions.
Conclusion
Greater awareness of parental cognitions may increase motivation to modify both parental and child behavior, underlining the role of reflexivity in promoting change.
Implications
Addressing parental reflexivity in interventions targeting families may mitigate the risks associated with socioeconomic disadvantage by increasing parental availability to interventions that can promote more positive parent–child relationships.
{"title":"Breaking the cycle of socioeconomic disadvantage: Parental reflexivity and motivation for change","authors":"Lúcia Fortio, Alda Portugal, Cícero R. Pereira, Telma M. Marques, Ana C. Polido, Isabel Gomes, Isabel Narciso","doi":"10.1111/fare.70074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.70074","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The goal was to deepen the understanding of parental reflexivity by examining the relationship between its components and their association with parental motivation to engage in interventions, while analyzing professionals' expectations and perceptions of families' progress, in socioeconomically disadvantaged contexts.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Although it plays a crucial role in change processes, parental reflexivity—the ability of parents to critically self-evaluate—is an understudied concept, particularly among at-risk families. This highlights the relevance of expanding research in this area.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Data were collected from 65 caregivers referred to child protective services and 43 professionals. Quantitative measures assessed parental reflective functioning, attributions, motivation for change, and practitioners' expectations of family progress. Pearson correlations, hierarchical multiple regression, and mediation analyses were performed to identify predictors of the variables of interest.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Positive associations were found between dysfunctional parental attributions, motivation for change, and prementalizing. Prementalizing was indirectly associated with parental motivation to change child behavior through dysfunctional child-responsible attributions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Greater awareness of parental cognitions may increase motivation to modify both parental and child behavior, underlining the role of reflexivity in promoting change.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Addressing parental reflexivity in interventions targeting families may mitigate the risks associated with socioeconomic disadvantage by increasing parental availability to interventions that can promote more positive parent–child relationships.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48206,"journal":{"name":"Family Relations","volume":"75 1","pages":"535-554"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/fare.70074","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145964411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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