International Journal of Intercultural Relations最新文献_第6页

Scholarship and ethical complexity: Intercultural value negotiations in international student mobility 学术与伦理复杂性：国际学生流动中的跨文化价值谈判

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

International Journal of Intercultural Relations

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2025.102315

Yun Yu

This article critically examines the ethical dilemmas and intercultural value navigations within the landscape of international student mobility (ISM), focusing on the scholarship-related experiences of international students in China. The study proposes and draws on the synthesized analytical framework: Multidimensional Actor-Value (MAV) Framework, and explores how international students perceive, negotiate, and respond to the ethical issues arising from value conflicts with the norms embedded in Chinese scholarship policies and practices. Based on the data analysis on the semi-structured in-depth interviews with 36 international students from over 20 countries in China, the findings reveal significant disparities in how students from Global South and Global North countries experience conditional scholarship offers, recognise their scholarship advantages over domestic students, and perceive the scholarship policies. The study points out to the complex of ‘education equality paradox’, and argues that, students’ negotiations and perceptions of fairness, legitimacy, and opportunity are shaped or reshaped by structural forces and power dynamics, their sociocultural backgrounds, and the degree of internationalisation in their home countries. This research calls for more culturally responsive, ethically reflexive, and socially sustainable scholarship policies that better align national and institutional objectives with the diverse academic and moral values of international students.

本文批判性地考察了国际学生流动（ISM）背景下的伦理困境和跨文化价值导航，重点关注中国国际学生的奖学金相关经历。本研究提出并借鉴了多维行为者-价值（MAV）框架这一综合分析框架，并探讨了国际学生如何感知、协商和应对因与中国奖学金政策和实践中嵌入的规范的价值冲突而产生的伦理问题。基于对来自中国20多个国家的36名国际学生进行的半结构化深度访谈的数据分析，研究结果显示，全球南方和全球北方国家的学生在体验有条件奖学金、认识到自己相对于国内学生的奖学金优势以及理解奖学金政策方面存在显著差异。该研究指出了“教育平等悖论”的复杂性，并认为，学生的谈判和对公平、合法性和机会的看法是由结构性力量和权力动态、他们的社会文化背景以及他们本国的国际化程度所塑造或重塑的。这项研究呼吁制定更具文化响应性、道德反思性和社会可持续性的奖学金政策，更好地将国家和机构的目标与国际学生多样化的学术和道德价值观结合起来。

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引用次数: 0

Major life events and acculturation trajectories of refugees: The example of divorced Syrian refugees in Germany 难民的重大生活事件和文化适应轨迹：以德国离异的叙利亚难民为例

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

International Journal of Intercultural Relations

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2025.102300

Ahmad Al Ajlan

This study examines how divorce, as a major life event, influences the acculturation trajectories of Syrian refugee men and women in Germany. Using qualitative interviews with 34 participants, it explores the impact of divorce on three key dimensions of acculturation: social identification, religious identity, and attitudes toward host country family laws. Thematic analysis reveals notable gendered variations in acculturation strategies: men predominantly adopt separation or marginalization strategies, perceiving German family law as undermining their authority, while women pursue integration or assimilation, viewing legal frameworks as avenues for empowerment. This study extends John Berry’s acculturation model by introducing major life events as a critical, yet previously underexplored, dimension in shaping acculturation strategies. It emphasizes that personal transitions, such as divorce, can significantly influence acculturation processes, either accelerating or hindering adaptation. By linking divorce with broader acculturation dynamics, the study contributes to a more nuanced understanding of how personal and sociocultural factors interact in the migration experience. The findings underscore the need for targeted interventions, including legal literacy programs and culturally sensitive counselling, to support refugees navigating post-divorce transitions within the host society. This research calls for further exploration of how life events interact with cultural contexts to influence the acculturation of refugee populations.

本研究考察了离婚作为一项重大生活事件如何影响德国叙利亚难民男女的文化适应轨迹。通过对34名参与者的定性访谈，它探讨了离婚对文化适应的三个关键维度的影响：社会认同、宗教认同和对东道国家庭法的态度。专题分析揭示了文化适应策略的显著性别差异：男性主要采取分离或边缘化策略，认为德国家庭法削弱了他们的权威，而女性则追求融合或同化，将法律框架视为赋予权力的途径。本研究扩展了John Berry的文化适应模型，将重大生活事件作为塑造文化适应策略的关键维度，但之前未被充分探索。它强调个人转变，如离婚，可以显著影响文化适应过程，加速或阻碍适应。通过将离婚与更广泛的文化适应动态联系起来，该研究有助于更细致地了解个人和社会文化因素如何在移民经历中相互作用。调查结果强调需要有针对性的干预措施，包括法律扫盲计划和文化敏感咨询，以支持难民在离婚后在东道国社会中的过渡。这项研究需要进一步探索生活事件如何与文化背景相互作用，从而影响难民人口的文化适应。

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引用次数: 0

Factors predicting multicultural acceptance among multicultural adolescents in South Korea: A latent growth model and growth mixture model approach 韩国多元文化青少年对多元文化接受的预测因素：潜在成长模型和成长混合模型方法

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

International Journal of Intercultural Relations

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2025.102275

Jin-ho An , Haelim Lee , Haejeong Jeong

Despite the increase in international marriages in South Korea, adolescents from multicultural families often face social exclusion, leading to psychological challenges. Yet, research on how they perceive multicultural acceptance and what factors predict their attitudes over developmental stages is limited. Therefore, this study aims to address individual changes and trajectories of group changes in multicultural acceptance. The Multicultural Adolescents Panel Study (Waves 4–6) by the National Youth Policy Institute in South Korea (N = 1193, 7–9th Grade) was utilized. Adolescents were identified as those with a Korean father and a foreign-national immigrant mother. Descriptive statistics, the Latent Growth Model (LGM), and Growth Mixture Modeling (GMM) were performed to assess distinct profiles of multicultural acceptance. Logistic regression was used to examine predictive factors related to multicultural acceptance. The LGM results showed a trend of increasing multicultural acceptance with individual differences. The GMM results indicated the best fit with three profiles of multicultural acceptance: Increasing (29.3 %), Maintaining (65.4 %), and Decreasing (5.4 %). The logistic regression results showed that adolescents in the Decreasing class who reported higher life satisfaction and better school adjustment were more likely to transition to the Increasing class. Higher self-esteem, better school adjustment, and maternal self-esteem were associated with an increased likelihood of moving to the Increasing class in the Maintaining class. Interventions targeting these predictive factors are needed to increase multicultural acceptance among multicultural adolescents. Human services professionals may employ these findings to implement family functioning and school-based mental health programs promoting multicultural acceptance and boosting self-esteem.

尽管韩国的跨国婚姻有所增加，但来自多元文化家庭的青少年往往面临社会排斥，导致心理挑战。然而，关于他们如何看待多元文化接受以及哪些因素预测他们在发展阶段的态度的研究是有限的。因此，本研究旨在探讨多元文化接受过程中的个体变化和群体变化轨迹。采用韩国国立青年政策研究所（N = 1193,7 - 9年级）的多元文化青少年小组研究（Waves 4-6）。青少年是指父亲是韩国人，母亲是外国移民的青少年。使用描述性统计、潜在增长模型（LGM）和增长混合模型（GMM）来评估多元文化接受的不同概况。采用Logistic回归分析多元文化接受的相关预测因素。LGM结果显示多元文化接受程度有上升趋势，但存在个体差异。GMM结果显示，多元文化接受度的三个特征最适合：增加（29.3 %）、保持（65.4 %）和减少（5.4 %）。logistic回归结果显示，生活满意度较高、学校适应能力较强的递减班级青少年更有可能向递增班级过渡。更高的自尊、更好的学校适应和母亲自尊与从维持班转到增加班的可能性增加有关。需要针对这些预测因素的干预措施来提高多元文化青少年对多元文化的接受程度。人类服务专业人员可以利用这些发现来实施家庭功能和学校心理健康项目，以促进多元文化的接受和提高自尊。

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引用次数: 0

Navigating parenthood in a new culture: The experiences of Syrian migrant families in Türkiye 在新文化中为父母导航：叙利亚移民家庭在土耳其的经历

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

International Journal of Intercultural Relations

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2025.102314

İmran Çağlayan, Meral Taner Derman

This qualitative study explores the parenting experiences of Syrian migrant families raising their children within a new sociocultural context. Based on individual and focus group interviews with 22 Syrian parents living in Türkiye, the data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. The findings reveal that Syrian migrant families’ child-rearing goals and practices are shaped by religious beliefs and collectivist values. The transformative effects of acculturation on parenting are seen in the reshaping of parents' conceptions of family size, increased involvement in childcare and education, and changes in traditional gender norms. The study also highlights the domain-specific nature of acculturation, demonstrating that adaptation does not occur uniformly across all life domains. Structural barriers, including legal insecurity, economic hardship, and experiences of exclusion, constrain integration, whereas diverse social networks facilitate their adaptation. Religion plays a dual role, fostering a sense of belonging through shared faith with the host society while sometimes limiting broader cultural adaptation and social cohesion.

本定性研究探讨了叙利亚移民家庭在新的社会文化背景下养育子女的育儿经验。基于对居住在 rkiye地区的22名叙利亚父母的个人和焦点小组访谈，使用自反性主题分析对数据进行了分析。研究结果显示，叙利亚移民家庭的育儿目标和做法受到宗教信仰和集体主义价值观的影响。文化适应对养育子女的变革性影响体现在父母对家庭规模观念的重塑，对儿童保育和教育的参与增加，以及传统性别规范的变化。该研究还强调了文化适应的领域特异性，表明适应并不是在所有生命领域都统一发生的。结构性障碍，包括法律不安全、经济困难和被排斥的经历，限制了融合，而多样化的社会网络促进了融合的适应。宗教发挥着双重作用，一方面通过与东道国社会共有的信仰培养归属感，另一方面有时又限制更广泛的文化适应和社会凝聚力。

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引用次数: 0

Understanding attitudes toward honor killing: The roles of gender, cultural identity, and personality traits in druze society- brief report 理解对荣誉谋杀的态度：性别的角色，文化认同，和德鲁兹社会的人格特征-简要报告

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

International Journal of Intercultural Relations

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2025.102301

Vered Ne'eman-Haviv , Rola Saleh

This study examined attitudes toward honor killing among members of the Druze community in Israel, focusing on the roles of gender, cultural identification, and two personality traits—aggression and jealousy. Using a structured questionnaire, data were collected from 305 Druze participants and analyzed using moderation models. Findings revealed that gender differences in attitudes appeared only among younger participants, primarily due to more negative attitudes among younger women. This may reflect shifting social norms, such as increased access to education and employment. Although cultural identification was positively associated with support for honor killing, this relationship was significant only among participants with high levels of aggression. No moderating effect was found for jealousy. These results highlight the unique role of aggression in reinforcing culturally supported violent norms, while suggesting that jealousy—a known risk factor in intimate partner violence—may be less relevant in culturally sanctioned acts like honor killing. This study highlights the need to integrate cultural and psychological perspectives, and suggests evolving gender dynamics within Druze society.

这项研究调查了以色列德鲁兹社区成员对荣誉谋杀的态度，重点关注性别、文化认同和两种人格特征——攻击性和嫉妒。采用结构化问卷，从305名德鲁兹参与者中收集数据，并使用调节模型进行分析。研究结果显示，态度上的性别差异只在年轻的参与者中出现，主要是由于年轻女性的态度更为消极。这可能反映了社会规范的转变，例如教育和就业机会的增加。尽管文化认同与荣誉谋杀的支持呈正相关，但这种关系仅在具有高侵略性的参与者中显着。没有发现嫉妒的调节作用。这些结果强调了攻击性在强化文化支持的暴力规范方面的独特作用，同时表明嫉妒——亲密伴侣暴力的已知风险因素——在荣誉谋杀等文化认可的行为中可能不太相关。这项研究强调了整合文化和心理观点的必要性，并提出了德鲁兹社会中不断发展的性别动态。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring pull migration drivers to the European Union: A systematic literature review and future research agenda 探索欧盟的拉动移民驱动因素：系统的文献综述和未来的研究议程

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

International Journal of Intercultural Relations

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2025.102296

Vilmantė Kumpikaitė-Valiūnienė , Ineta Žičkutė-Daugelavičienė , Ewa Glińska , Ewa Rollnik-Sadowska , Audra I. Mockaitis

Although migration research has frequently centred on particular sending countries or migrant groups, there remains a lack of comprehensive understanding of the diverse conditions that attract migrants to the European Union (EU). This study aims to synthesise and structure scientific articles on migration pull drivers to the EU and to outline a future research agenda to address prevailing gaps. A hybrid domain-based literature review was conducted by integrating bibliometric and structured reviews, spanning publications from 2004 to 2023 to identify and classify migration drivers. Nearly 150 migration pull drivers were identified and classified into three levels. The reviewed literature mentioned economic factors, particularly job opportunities, as the most frequent pull drivers at macro level. Political stability and favourable migration policies significantly attract migrants. Social networks and education systems are important social drivers, while environmental drivers, although less frequently mentioned, include ecological safety and climate conditions. Meso-level drivers emphasise career development and training opportunities, reflecting migrants’ desire to improve their professional skills and job satisfaction. Micro-level drivers underline the significance of personal fulfilment, family reasons, and financial gains. This study contributes to the migration literature by not only identifying a wide range of pull factors but also systematically evaluating frequency of their appearance in the scientific literature, thus offering a clearer view of which drivers are most emphasized and potentially most influential in migration decisions to the EU. The study also identifies calls for future studies to adopt a more comprehensive approach, including mixed methods and a broader geographical scope.

虽然移徙研究经常集中在特定的派遣国或移徙群体，但仍然缺乏对吸引移徙者到欧洲联盟（欧盟）的各种条件的全面了解。这项研究的目的是综合和构建关于移民将驱动因素吸引到欧盟的科学文章，并概述未来的研究议程，以解决普遍存在的差距。通过整合文献计量学和结构化综述，对2004年至2023年的出版物进行了基于混合领域的文献综述，以识别和分类迁移驱动因素。确定了近150个迁移拉动驱动因素，并将其分为三个层次。在宏观层面上，经济因素，特别是就业机会，是最常见的拉动因素。政治稳定和有利的移民政策极大地吸引了移民。社会网络和教育系统是重要的社会驱动因素，而环境驱动因素包括生态安全和气候条件，尽管很少被提及。中等水平的驱动力强调职业发展和培训机会，反映了农民工提高专业技能和工作满意度的愿望。微观层面的驱动因素强调个人成就、家庭原因和经济收益的重要性。本研究不仅确定了广泛的拉动因素，而且系统地评估了它们在科学文献中出现的频率，从而为移民文献做出了贡献，从而提供了一个更清晰的观点，即哪些驱动因素在向欧盟移民的决策中最受重视，可能最具影响力。该研究还指出，未来的研究需要采用更全面的方法，包括混合方法和更广泛的地理范围。

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引用次数: 0

Marital satisfaction of South Asian migrants settled in Australia 在澳大利亚定居的南亚移民的婚姻满意度

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

International Journal of Intercultural Relations

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2025.102277

Nigar G. Khawaja , Aparna Hebbani , Agata Vitale , Sina Rejali

South Asian married migrants (N = 191), settled in Australia, completed online measures and open-ended questions about their demographics and marital satisfaction. Data were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative methods. Logical hierarchical regression indicated that women had lower levels of marital satisfaction, while an increase in the number of, education, full-time employment, as well as self-reported ‘good’ relationship with their spouse, increased marital satisfaction. The qualitative findings endorsed having a happy and gratifying relationship and communication with spouse, support from extended families, participation in cultural and community activities, and cultural and religious beliefs, as facilitators of high marital satisfaction. Marital satisfaction was negatively impacted by restrictive socio-cultural norms, patriarchy and gendered roles/responsibilities, interference by extended family, poor communication skills, and spousal conflicts over varying needs, expectations, and views. The findings address gaps in literature and assist in developing appropriate services and policies to support South Asian migrants settled in Western countries.

定居澳大利亚的南亚已婚移民（N = 191）完成了关于他们的人口统计和婚姻满意度的在线测量和开放式问题。采用定量和定性相结合的方法对资料进行分析。逻辑层次回归表明，女性的婚姻满意度水平较低，而教育程度、全职工作数量的增加，以及自我报告的与配偶“良好”关系的增加，婚姻满意度提高。定性调查结果表明，与配偶保持愉快和令人满意的关系和交流、大家庭的支持、参与文化和社区活动以及文化和宗教信仰是提高婚姻满意度的促进因素。婚姻满意度受到限制性社会文化规范、父权制和性别角色/责任、大家庭的干扰、糟糕的沟通技巧以及配偶在不同需求、期望和观点上的冲突的负面影响。调查结果解决了文献上的空白，并有助于制定适当的服务和政策，以支持在西方国家定居的南亚移民。

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引用次数: 0

Humility in context: Insights from eastern and western research 语境中的谦逊：来自东西方研究的见解

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

International Journal of Intercultural Relations

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2025.102293

Hyunji Kim , Doil Kim

Humility is a multifaceted psychological construct that has been widely discussed in East Asian and Western philosophy and the social sciences. However, empirical psychological research, especially outside of Western contexts, remains limited. While humility is often associated with traits such as accurate self-perception, unselfishness, and openness to one's limitations, these features primarily reflect Western interpretations. This review explores how humility has been defined and measured in psychological research, particularly within the Western context, by analyzing existing humility scales and their operationalization of the construct. Then, by drawing on a recent lay theory study conducted in South Korea, we compare culturally grounded understandings of humility and identify domains that are either underrepresented or absent in existing Western models. We further integrate insights from East Asian philosophical traditions, particularly Confucianism, to highlight culturally grounded or underrepresented dimensions of humility, such as propriety and self-lowering. These findings underscore the need for a more culturally expanded and context-sensitive conceptualization of humility and offer directions for future research.

谦逊是一个多方面的心理建构，在东亚和西方的哲学和社会科学中被广泛讨论。然而，实证心理学研究，特别是在西方背景之外，仍然有限。虽然谦逊通常与准确的自我认知、无私和对自己的局限性持开放态度等特征联系在一起，但这些特征主要反映了西方的解释。本文通过分析现有的谦卑量表及其结构的操作化，探讨了在心理学研究中，特别是在西方背景下，谦卑是如何被定义和测量的。然后，通过最近在韩国进行的一项外行理论研究，我们比较了不同文化背景下对谦逊的理解，并确定了在现有西方模式中未被充分代表或缺失的领域。我们进一步整合了东亚哲学传统的见解，特别是儒家思想，以突出谦逊的文化基础或未被充分代表的方面，如礼仪和自我贬低。这些发现强调了对谦逊的文化扩展和上下文敏感概念化的需要，并为未来的研究提供了方向。

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引用次数: 0

Adult attachment and well-being in the wake of collective trauma: Evidence from the October 7 terror attack in Israel 集体创伤后的成人依恋和幸福感：来自10月7日以色列恐怖袭击的证据

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

International Journal of Intercultural Relations

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2025.102299

Alon Goldberg

In the wake of mass trauma, individual differences in attachment orientation may shape well-being. This study examines how attachment anxiety and avoidance may have predicted well-being in the aftermath of the October 7, 2023 terror attack on Israel, a nationally traumatic event with ongoing war-related stressors. Participants were 390 Israeli adults who completed self-report questionnaires in two phases. First, they completed the Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationship Structures Questionnaire (ECR-RS) and the Mental Health Continuum Short Form. Then they were asked to report their emotional responses (PANAS) while listening to a culturally meaningful song related to the trauma. Results showed that attachment anxiety was not associated with well-being, but it was associated with higher levels of both positive and negative affect following exposure to a song with emotional resonance to the trauma. Attachment avoidance was associated with lower well-being and lower levels of positive affect to the song. Findings suggest that collective social responses (e.g., national solidarity) may buffer distress in anxious individuals, but not in avoidant individuals. Implications for trauma-informed care and tailored interventions are discussed.

在大规模创伤之后，依恋取向的个体差异可能会影响幸福感。本研究探讨了2023年10月7日以色列恐怖袭击事件后，依恋焦虑和回避如何预测幸福感，这是一场持续的战争相关压力的全国性创伤事件。参与者是390名以色列成年人，他们分两个阶段完成了自我报告问卷。首先，他们完成了亲密关系体验-关系结构问卷（ECR-RS）和心理健康连续短表。然后，他们被要求在听一首与创伤有关的有文化意义的歌曲时报告他们的情绪反应（PANAS）。结果表明，依恋焦虑与幸福感无关，但在听了一首与创伤有情感共鸣的歌曲后，它与更高水平的积极和消极影响有关。依恋回避与较低的幸福感和较低的歌曲积极影响水平有关。研究结果表明，集体社会反应（如民族团结）可以缓冲焦虑个体的痛苦，但在回避个体中不起作用。影响创伤知情护理和量身定制的干预措施进行了讨论。

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引用次数: 0

Prediction of societal resilience components in a protracted war 长期战争中社会恢复力因素的预测

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

International Journal of Intercultural Relations

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2025.102273

Shaul Kimhi , Hadas Marciano , Yohanan Eshel , Arielle Kaim , Bruria Adini

The current study examines an existing scale for measuring societal resilience for two objectives: first, to explore and verify, using factor analysis, the classification of the tool into varied factors. Second, to examine which psychological, demographic variables, and political preferences, controlling for each other, significantly predict each factor. The study consisted of 957 adult Hebrew-speaking Israelis sampled using an Internet panel company. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using structural equation modeling (SEM) indicated four distinct factors, each predicted significantly by different scales. The factors are (a) 'Trust in the government and its leader' (five items), (b) 'Social integration' (four items), (c) 'Attachment to the country' (four items), and (d) 'Trust in the state institutions' (two items). Path Analysis indicated that six scales significantly predicted at least one of the four factors (presented by level of factor loading): Trust in the government and its leader was predicted by government support, community resilience, hope, and religiosity. Hope, community resilience, and government support predicted attachment to the country. Hope, government support, a sense of danger, age, and community resilience predicted social integration. Trust in state institutions was predicted by government support, religiosity, community resilience, and age. The article offers possible explanations for these findings.

目前的研究考察了一个现有的衡量社会弹性的量表，有两个目标：首先，探索和验证，使用因素分析，将工具分类为不同的因素。其次，检查哪些心理、人口变量和政治偏好，相互控制，显著预测每个因素。这项研究由一家互联网调查公司抽样调查了957名讲希伯来语的以色列成年人。采用结构方程模型（SEM）的验证性因子分析（CFA）显示了四个不同的因素，每个因素在不同的量表上都有显著的预测。这些因素是(a)“对政府及其领导人的信任”（5项），(b)“社会一体化”（4项），(c)“对国家的依恋”（4项），(d)“对国家机构的信任”（2项）。通径分析表明，6个量表至少显著预测了4个因素中的一个（以因素负荷水平表示）：政府支持、社区恢复力、希望和宗教信仰预测了对政府及其领导人的信任。希望、社区恢复力和政府支持预示着对这个国家的依恋。希望、政府支持、危机感、年龄和社区恢复力预示着社会融合。对国家机构的信任由政府支持、宗教信仰、社区恢复力和年龄预测。这篇文章为这些发现提供了可能的解释。

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引用次数: 0