In China, the number of left-behind children (LBC) was more than 61 million, accounting for 21.88% of the child population. Due to a lack of parental care and insufficient family support, these children were more susceptible to stressful life events, such as interpersonal relationship (e.g., conflicts with classmates or friends) and study pressure (e.g., failures in the exam). Empathy, as an important protective factor, played a significant role in promoting the socialization and coping with stressful life events of LBC. Prior studies confirmed the relationship between stressful life events and empathy but not the underlying mechanisms for LBC and whether there were gender differences in the relationship. With a sample of 702 LBC (Mage = 12.61, SD = 1.60; 55.27% girls, 44.73% boys), we studied the relationship between stressful life events, self-esteem, and empathy. The results showed that stressful life events were directly and positively associated with empathy, that is, LBC who experienced more stressful events exhibited higher empathy. Furthermore, self-esteem mediated the relationship between stressful life events and empathy, with higher scores on stressful life events indirectly lowered empathy scores by negatively impacting self-esteem. Moreover, gender moderated the relationship between stressful life events and self-esteem, with higher stressful life events associated with lower self-esteem in girls than in boys. The present study revealed the role of self-esteem and gender in the relationship between stressful life events and empathy, which has important theoretical and practical significance for the prevention and intervention of social adaptation ability in LBC.
The rapid growth of short video platforms (e.g., TikTok, Instagram Reels) has raised concerns about their potential impact on well-being. Despite their popularity, empirical research examining the long-term effects of short video addiction (SVA) on life satisfaction remains limited, and few studies have employed longitudinal designs to explore underlying longitudinal mechanisms. This study aimed to address these gaps by examining the sequential longitudinal pathways involving loneliness and anxiety between SVA and life satisfaction. A half-longitudinal design with two waves, spaced three months apart, was utilized. Data were collected from 234 participants (Mage = 22.02). A half-longitudinal cross-lagged panel model was employed to examine temporal and directional effects. Findings indicated that SVA predicted increases in loneliness, which subsequently elevated anxiety levels, ultimately reducing life satisfaction. Cross-lagged path analyses indicated that loneliness and anxiety formed significant sequential pathways linking SVA to life satisfaction. The model fit indices are as follows: [χ2(9,N= 234) = 33.64, χ2/df = 3.74, p < .001; NFI = .97; IFI = .98; TLI = .93; CFI = .98; SRMR = .06]. These results highlight the cascading psychosocial consequences of excessive short video use and emphasize the importance of longitudinal approaches in digital media research. The study contributes to delineating the longitudinal mechanisms linking digital addiction to subjective well-being and provides a foundation for interventions aimed at mitigating the negative psychological effects of SVA.
Childhood trauma and maltreatment are major global health issues with implications for flourishing and wellbeing in adulthood. Those exposed to childhood trauma are more likely to exhibit disruptive, violent and aggressive antisocial behaviors and mental health problems such as anxiety. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying these associations. The current cross-sectional study sought to test whether adverse childhood experiences relate to risk of anxiety and antisocial behavior in adulthood. In total, 380 adult participants (Mage = 41.3 ± 13.3 years; 335 women, 45 men) completed questionnaires at a single timepoint. After controlling for participant age and sex, results showed that greater exposure to childhood maltreatment was associated with a greater experience of anxiety symptoms and greater antisocial behavior, including physical aggression, social aggression, and rule breaking (with medium effect sizes). Childhood household dysfunction was also associated with greater reported rule breaking (with a medium effect size). Mediation models further showed that anxiety symptoms mediated associations between childhood maltreatment and antisocial behavior (explaining 15%-27% of the association). There were no significant sex moderation effects. These findings provide evidence that adverse childhood experiences have an important role in antisocial behavior, and that anxiety has an important connection to this association.
Cognitive flexibility is a fundamental skill that facilitates individuals' adaptation to changing conditions and the development of alternative strategies; however, the effect of this skill on grit and the mediating mechanisms in this relationship have not been sufficiently clarified in literature. This study aims to examine the effect of cognitive flexibility on grit among university students and the sequential mediating roles of self-efficacy and resilience in this relationship. The sample consisted of 605 undergraduate students aged 17-27 from various universities in Turkiye. Data were collected using the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Brief Resilience Scale, and Short Grit Scale, and mediation analysis was performed. The findings showed that cognitive flexibility predicted grit both directly and indirectly through self-efficacy and resilience; self-efficacy and resilience functioned as mediating variables both independently and sequentially. The results reveal that cognitive flexibility, self- efficacy, and resilience collectively play a critical role in sustaining university students' commitment to their long-term goals.
Previous research has demonstrated that perceived social mobility increases, whereas income inequality decreases, subjective well-being (SWB). Using the World Values Survey (Wave 7) data, this study examined whether national affluence moderated the effects of perceived social mobility and attitude toward income equality on individual SWB (life satisfaction and global happiness). Hierarchical linear modeling found that people who perceived greater social mobility, and those who valued incentivizing individual effort (over income equality), reported higher SWB. Moreover, national affluence moderated the effects of perceived mobility. The positive impact of perceived mobility on SWB was amplified in richer than poorer countries. The findings suggest that policies seeking to enhance well-being should focus not only on objective economic conditions but also people's perceptions of inequality and social status. For instance, policies that bolster perceptions of social mobility (e.g., providing low-cost quality education or housing for all) could enhance SWB, but more so in wealthier countries.
Depression and anxiety are prevalent among hospice patients. A detailed understanding of the symptom comorbidity and key symptoms of depression and anxiety among Chinese hospice patients can promote targeted interventions. This study investigates the depression and anxiety symptom network and compares networks in different symptom groups in 388 Chinese hospice patients. Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and the Seven-Item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale were used to measure depression and anxiety. Psychometric network analysis and latent class analysis were conducted using R and MPLUS. Hopelessness and anhedonia in depression and excessive worry and nervousness in anxiety symptoms were identified as the most central symptoms. Hopelessness, nervousness, and irritability were identified as the bridging symptoms. Latent class analysis identified two groups based on sixteen symptoms: "mild-symptom" and "moderately-severe-symptom." Significant global strength differences were found between the networks of the mild-symptom group and the moderately-severe-symptom group. In the mild-symptom network, hopelessness, excessive worry, uncontrollable worry, and anhedonia were the central symptoms, while hopelessness, worthlessness, and uncontrollable worry were the bridging symptoms. In the moderately-severe-symptom network, nervousness, difficulty relaxing, fatigue, impending doom, and uncontrollable worry were the central symptoms, while hopelessness and nervousness were the bridging symptoms. These findings suggest that hopelessness should be a primary intervention target to reduce overall depression and anxiety symptoms. Additional focus should be placed on anhedonia, excessive worry, and nervousness. Intervening in hopelessness, nervousness, and irritability helps reduce the concurrence between depression and anxiety. Nuanced intervention strategies should be implemented based on the severity of symptoms among hospice patients.
Young people experiencing cyber dating abuse (CDA) often rely on coping strategies that compromise their well-being; however, the relational factors associated with these strategies remain understudied. This study addresses this gap by examining (a) whether higher CDA victimization is associated with lower psychological well-being (PWB) and reduced relationship satisfaction through greater use of the conflict-resolution strategies of exit, loyalty, and neglect; (b) whether lower perceived relational power accounts for the association between CDA victimization and destructive strategies (exit and neglect); and (c) whether the degree of inclusion of the other in the self (IOS) moderates the link between relational power and the exit strategy. Across two cross-sectional studies (N = 618), results showed that frequent CDA victimization was associated with increased use of destructive strategies, which in turn were linked to lower PWB and relationship satisfaction (Studies 1 and 2). Moreover, CDA victimization was related to greater use of destructive strategies through reduced relational power (Study 2). The association between lower relational power and intentions to end the relationship (exit strategy) emerged only among individuals with low IOS (Study 2). These findings advance understanding of relational patterns and dynamics in CDA and inform future research on interventions aimed at enhancing CDA-related knowledge and protective strategies.
Mind wandering (defined as the diversion of attention from a primary task) significantly impacts decision-making processes. This study investigates the contributions of mind-wandering and personality in shaping various decision-making styles. In our study, we assessed eight distinct decision styles using established scales. The Maximization Tendency Scale was used to measure the maximization decision style, while the Decision Styles Questionnaire captured spontaneous, dependent, vigilant, avoidant, brooding, intuitive, and anxious decision styles and two measures of decisional self-esteem: respected and confident. To evaluate mind-wandering tendencies at the trait level, we employed the Mind-Wandering Questionnaire, which differentiates between spontaneous and deliberate mind-wandering. Furthermore, personality traits were assessed using the Short Big Five Inventory. Self-report surveys were administered to a sample of 210 individuals, and the data were analyzed using canonical correlation and hierarchical multiple regression. Canonical correlation analysis indicated that increased spontaneous mind-wandering was linked to higher levels of neuroticism personality trait, along with avoidant, brooding, and anxious decision-making styles. Whereas, greater spontaneous mind-wandering reduced openness to experience and conscientiousness personality traits, along with respected, confident, vigilant, intuitive, and maximization decision-making styles. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that mind-wandering significantly predicted confident, vigilant, avoidant, brooding, and anxious decision-making styles. The findings are discussed from a resource control theory perspective.
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