Research on the effects of school composition tends to focus on how it shapes school achievement. In this study, we instead examine how school composition shapes children’s educational aspirations, given their achievement, and if children from different socio-economic backgrounds are affected differently. We apply school-fixed effects on Swedish register data, including all 9th-grade students from 2013 to 2017. Being exposed to a high share of low-achieving schoolmates increases the likelihood of applying for academics instead of vocational tracking across socio-economic backgrounds. In contrast, the share of high-achieving schoolmates is negatively associated with academic tracking only for high-SES children. Being exposed to peers with highly educated parents increases the likelihood of applying for academic tracking for low-SES children, whereas the effect is weaker or even negative for some of the high-SES groups. Together, our results suggest that the academic decisions of both high- and low-SES children could benefit from a less segregated school environment.
{"title":"School composition and academic decisions","authors":"Erik Rosenqvist, Maria Brandén","doi":"10.1093/esr/jcae031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcae031","url":null,"abstract":"Research on the effects of school composition tends to focus on how it shapes school achievement. In this study, we instead examine how school composition shapes children’s educational aspirations, given their achievement, and if children from different socio-economic backgrounds are affected differently. We apply school-fixed effects on Swedish register data, including all 9th-grade students from 2013 to 2017. Being exposed to a high share of low-achieving schoolmates increases the likelihood of applying for academics instead of vocational tracking across socio-economic backgrounds. In contrast, the share of high-achieving schoolmates is negatively associated with academic tracking only for high-SES children. Being exposed to peers with highly educated parents increases the likelihood of applying for academic tracking for low-SES children, whereas the effect is weaker or even negative for some of the high-SES groups. Together, our results suggest that the academic decisions of both high- and low-SES children could benefit from a less segregated school environment.","PeriodicalId":48237,"journal":{"name":"European Sociological Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142179591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines how institutional contexts in 25 European countries moderate the association between family structure and tertiary education attainment. Previous research has proposed the resource deprivation perspective to explain lower educational outcomes among children from disrupted families, suggesting that policies addressing resource deprivation could mitigate these negative consequences. However, limited attention has been given to the role of policy contexts in shaping the educational outcomes of youth from disrupted families. This study focuses on two types of policies: the generosity of social benefits to single parents and financial support for students in tertiary education. Using data from the EU-SILC and employing multilevel regression models, the findings indicate that generous financial support for students reduces the tertiary education attainment gap between youth from separated and two-parent families. However, this effect is observed only among low-socioeconomic status (SES) and moderate-SES families. In contrast, the generosity of social benefits does not appear to moderate the association between family structure and tertiary education attainment, even when examining low-SES families or specifically considering benefits for low-earning single parents. Furthermore, the influence of these analysed policies is limited among young people from widowed families.
{"title":"Family structure and policy contexts: implications for tertiary education attainment in 25 European countries","authors":"Kristina Lindemann","doi":"10.1093/esr/jcae030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcae030","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines how institutional contexts in 25 European countries moderate the association between family structure and tertiary education attainment. Previous research has proposed the resource deprivation perspective to explain lower educational outcomes among children from disrupted families, suggesting that policies addressing resource deprivation could mitigate these negative consequences. However, limited attention has been given to the role of policy contexts in shaping the educational outcomes of youth from disrupted families. This study focuses on two types of policies: the generosity of social benefits to single parents and financial support for students in tertiary education. Using data from the EU-SILC and employing multilevel regression models, the findings indicate that generous financial support for students reduces the tertiary education attainment gap between youth from separated and two-parent families. However, this effect is observed only among low-socioeconomic status (SES) and moderate-SES families. In contrast, the generosity of social benefits does not appear to moderate the association between family structure and tertiary education attainment, even when examining low-SES families or specifically considering benefits for low-earning single parents. Furthermore, the influence of these analysed policies is limited among young people from widowed families.","PeriodicalId":48237,"journal":{"name":"European Sociological Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141739707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines how the presence of outdoor recreation areas such as parks and playgrounds affects children’s well-being and how this effect is moderated by families’ socioeconomic status. Specifically, I aim to answer two research questions. First, does the presence of outdoor recreation areas in children’s neighbourhoods affect their cognitive well-being? Second, is there a differential effect depending on children’s socioeconomic status? The main part of the study uses data from the International Survey of Children’s Well-Being. The results suggest that the presence of outdoor recreation areas in children’s neighbourhoods has a positive effect on their well-being. In addition, the estimated effect of outdoor recreation areas is larger for children from families with low socioeconomic status. Finally, findings from the Growing Up in Ireland data set suggest that children’s reduced mental problems are a plausible mechanism through which outdoor recreation areas affect children’s well-being. These findings have meaningful policy implications. Providing better access to appropriate outdoor recreation areas appears to benefit disadvantaged children more and thus reduce inequality in children’s well-being.
{"title":"Stratifying cities: the effect of outdoor recreation areas on children’s well-being","authors":"Maria Rubio-Cabañez","doi":"10.1093/esr/jcae028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcae028","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study examines how the presence of outdoor recreation areas such as parks and playgrounds affects children’s well-being and how this effect is moderated by families’ socioeconomic status. Specifically, I aim to answer two research questions. First, does the presence of outdoor recreation areas in children’s neighbourhoods affect their cognitive well-being? Second, is there a differential effect depending on children’s socioeconomic status? The main part of the study uses data from the International Survey of Children’s Well-Being. The results suggest that the presence of outdoor recreation areas in children’s neighbourhoods has a positive effect on their well-being. In addition, the estimated effect of outdoor recreation areas is larger for children from families with low socioeconomic status. Finally, findings from the Growing Up in Ireland data set suggest that children’s reduced mental problems are a plausible mechanism through which outdoor recreation areas affect children’s well-being. These findings have meaningful policy implications. Providing better access to appropriate outdoor recreation areas appears to benefit disadvantaged children more and thus reduce inequality in children’s well-being.","PeriodicalId":48237,"journal":{"name":"European Sociological Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141103377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We document a convex relationship between earnings rank and cognitive ability for men in Finland and Norway using administrative data on over 350,000 men in each country: the top earnings percentile score on average 1 standard deviation higher than median earners, while median earners score about 0.5 standard deviation higher than the bottom percentile of earners. Top earners also have substantially less variation in cognitive test scores. While some high-scoring men are observed to have very low earnings, the lowest cognitive scores are almost absent among the top earners. Overall, the joint distribution of earnings rank and ability is very similar in Finland and Norway. We find that the slope of the ability curve across earnings ranks is steepest in the upper tail, as is the slope of the earnings curve across cognitive ability. The steep slope of the ability curve across the top earnings percentiles differs markedly from the flat or declining slope recently reported for Sweden.
{"title":"Steeper at the top: cognitive ability and earnings in Finland and Norway","authors":"Bernt Bratsberg, Ole Rogeberg, Marko Terviö","doi":"10.1093/esr/jcae020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcae020","url":null,"abstract":"We document a convex relationship between earnings rank and cognitive ability for men in Finland and Norway using administrative data on over 350,000 men in each country: the top earnings percentile score on average 1 standard deviation higher than median earners, while median earners score about 0.5 standard deviation higher than the bottom percentile of earners. Top earners also have substantially less variation in cognitive test scores. While some high-scoring men are observed to have very low earnings, the lowest cognitive scores are almost absent among the top earners. Overall, the joint distribution of earnings rank and ability is very similar in Finland and Norway. We find that the slope of the ability curve across earnings ranks is steepest in the upper tail, as is the slope of the earnings curve across cognitive ability. The steep slope of the ability curve across the top earnings percentiles differs markedly from the flat or declining slope recently reported for Sweden.","PeriodicalId":48237,"journal":{"name":"European Sociological Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140805915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research has shown that admission to prestigious higher education programs varies by students' socio-economic status (SES). Access to these programs is characterized by high competition and often rather complex admission procedures. Thus, access may depend not only on students’ performance and decisions to apply but also on their application patterns: Where and how they apply, which may vary by social background due to differences in educational achievement, aspirations, and constraints. Using applications to highly prestigious medical programs in Germany, we examine whether admission chances are socially selective even among the positively selected group of applicants, and whether this is due to SES differences in application patterns or performance. Based on complete application register data, we identify application patterns through cluster analysis. We then used the resulting cluster model to predict cluster membership in the 2018 applicant cohort, for which we collected survey data with information on applicants’ SES, preferences, and motivations. We find that application patterns vary primarily by applicants’ performance (grades and test scores) and SES-specific geographic constraints. However, our multivariate analyses on admission chances show that application patterns do not mediate SES differences in admission chances. Instead, these differences are entirely due to SES differences in applicants’ performance.
{"title":"Social inequality in admission chances for prestigious higher education programs in Germany: do application patterns matter?","authors":"C. Finger, Heike Solga, Benjamin Elbers","doi":"10.1093/esr/jcae024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcae024","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Research has shown that admission to prestigious higher education programs varies by students' socio-economic status (SES). Access to these programs is characterized by high competition and often rather complex admission procedures. Thus, access may depend not only on students’ performance and decisions to apply but also on their application patterns: Where and how they apply, which may vary by social background due to differences in educational achievement, aspirations, and constraints. Using applications to highly prestigious medical programs in Germany, we examine whether admission chances are socially selective even among the positively selected group of applicants, and whether this is due to SES differences in application patterns or performance. Based on complete application register data, we identify application patterns through cluster analysis. We then used the resulting cluster model to predict cluster membership in the 2018 applicant cohort, for which we collected survey data with information on applicants’ SES, preferences, and motivations. We find that application patterns vary primarily by applicants’ performance (grades and test scores) and SES-specific geographic constraints. However, our multivariate analyses on admission chances show that application patterns do not mediate SES differences in admission chances. Instead, these differences are entirely due to SES differences in applicants’ performance.","PeriodicalId":48237,"journal":{"name":"European Sociological Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140653716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A century of activist and academic analysis of the welfare state can be sorted into insider and outsider theories of social change. One perspective argues that working-class and poor people can achieve income redistribution through insider strategies, primarily through the legislative efforts of left-wing political parties. A competing perspective argues that political parties themselves have no inner motor and merely channel the outside pressure from disruptive collective action. This article makes a substantive and methodological contribution to the debate over the generosity of the welfare state. We analyse the extent to which collective action confounds, moderates, or operates independently of left-wing parliamentary power to explain the history of social spending in 22 countries. Our results support a strong version of the insider intuition that the parliamentary road is crucial to winning gains for poor and working people. It does so without channelling the power of mass mobilization: accounting for various forms of collective action does not reduce the impact of left parliamentary representation on public social expenditures. Nonetheless, we do find that strikes, in particular, have independent effects on social spending. These results together provide some support for what can be called a Marxist–social democratic alliance. We also find evidence for the outsider view that protests and riots matter when combined; these mobilizations, like strikes, operate independently of the role of left-wing parliamentary power.
{"title":"Who gets the goods? Disentangling the effects of parliamentary representation and collective action on social spending","authors":"David Calnitsky, Ella Wind","doi":"10.1093/esr/jcae018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcae018","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A century of activist and academic analysis of the welfare state can be sorted into insider and outsider theories of social change. One perspective argues that working-class and poor people can achieve income redistribution through insider strategies, primarily through the legislative efforts of left-wing political parties. A competing perspective argues that political parties themselves have no inner motor and merely channel the outside pressure from disruptive collective action. This article makes a substantive and methodological contribution to the debate over the generosity of the welfare state. We analyse the extent to which collective action confounds, moderates, or operates independently of left-wing parliamentary power to explain the history of social spending in 22 countries. Our results support a strong version of the insider intuition that the parliamentary road is crucial to winning gains for poor and working people. It does so without channelling the power of mass mobilization: accounting for various forms of collective action does not reduce the impact of left parliamentary representation on public social expenditures. Nonetheless, we do find that strikes, in particular, have independent effects on social spending. These results together provide some support for what can be called a Marxist–social democratic alliance. We also find evidence for the outsider view that protests and riots matter when combined; these mobilizations, like strikes, operate independently of the role of left-wing parliamentary power.","PeriodicalId":48237,"journal":{"name":"European Sociological Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140682267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammad Ali Kadivar, Neil Ketchley, Abolfazl Sotoudeh-Sherbaf, Christopher Barrie
A body of research suggests that social media has afforded new opportunities for orchestrating mobilization in autocracies. However, the mechanisms linking online coordination with offline mobilization are rarely demonstrated. We address this lacuna by exploring the impact of Farsi-language social media posts that called for protest on precise days and locations in Iran during the 2017 ‘Dey Protests’. To conduct our analysis, we match a dataset of posts with an original protest event catalogue. Our results show that if a district was the subject of a protest call, it was much more likely to witness higher levels of mobilization on the target date. This relationship was especially pronounced for calls that received more online engagement. The findings suggest that the digital commons can play a role akin to an analogue protest flyer: social media posts can inform broad audiences of the where and when of upcoming mobilization.
{"title":"Online calls for protest and offline mobilization in autocracies: evidence from the 2017 Dey Protests in Iran","authors":"Mohammad Ali Kadivar, Neil Ketchley, Abolfazl Sotoudeh-Sherbaf, Christopher Barrie","doi":"10.1093/esr/jcae017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcae017","url":null,"abstract":"A body of research suggests that social media has afforded new opportunities for orchestrating mobilization in autocracies. However, the mechanisms linking online coordination with offline mobilization are rarely demonstrated. We address this lacuna by exploring the impact of Farsi-language social media posts that called for protest on precise days and locations in Iran during the 2017 ‘Dey Protests’. To conduct our analysis, we match a dataset of posts with an original protest event catalogue. Our results show that if a district was the subject of a protest call, it was much more likely to witness higher levels of mobilization on the target date. This relationship was especially pronounced for calls that received more online engagement. The findings suggest that the digital commons can play a role akin to an analogue protest flyer: social media posts can inform broad audiences of the where and when of upcoming mobilization.","PeriodicalId":48237,"journal":{"name":"European Sociological Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140612947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Correction to: Is early formal childcare an equalizer? How attending childcare and education centres affects children’s cognitive and socio-emotional skills in Germany","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/esr/jcae025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcae025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48237,"journal":{"name":"European Sociological Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140698955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Correction to: Parental responses to children’s early health disadvantages: evidence from a British twin study","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/esr/jcae021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcae021","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48237,"journal":{"name":"European Sociological Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140368528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When is migrants’ socio-economic attainment associated with enhanced national belonging to their residence country? Drawing on a large-scale survey, we compare migrants from the same 10 origin countries across Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands. We exploit this double comparison across origin groups and residence countries to contextualize mixed findings of positive, negative, and null associations between migrants’ socio-economic attainment and national belonging in earlier research. We introduce the notion of ethnic boundaries to situate when migrants’ socio-economic attainment and belonging are positively or negatively associated. We examine how migrants’ socio-economic attainment interacts with contextual variation in ethnic boundaries and with individual-level variation in perceptions of ethnic boundaries based on perceived group discrimination. Multi-group structural equation models show that migrants’ socio-economic attainment is often decoupled from national belonging. However, they also reveal crucial contextual variation as same-origin migrants can succeed socio-economically with or without feeling belonging in different residence countries. At the individual level, perceived group discrimination conditions this association, so that socio-economic attainment translates into more national belonging only when perceptions of discrimination are low. Our comparative findings of contingent national belonging thereby challenge existing assumptions that associations between socio-economic attainment and national belonging are linear and that ethnic boundaries in European migration contexts are rigid.
{"title":"Succeeding without belonging? A double comparison of migrants’ socio-economic attainment and national belonging across origin and residence countries","authors":"Nella Geurts, Karen Phalet","doi":"10.1093/esr/jcae008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcae008","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 When is migrants’ socio-economic attainment associated with enhanced national belonging to their residence country? Drawing on a large-scale survey, we compare migrants from the same 10 origin countries across Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands. We exploit this double comparison across origin groups and residence countries to contextualize mixed findings of positive, negative, and null associations between migrants’ socio-economic attainment and national belonging in earlier research. We introduce the notion of ethnic boundaries to situate when migrants’ socio-economic attainment and belonging are positively or negatively associated. We examine how migrants’ socio-economic attainment interacts with contextual variation in ethnic boundaries and with individual-level variation in perceptions of ethnic boundaries based on perceived group discrimination. Multi-group structural equation models show that migrants’ socio-economic attainment is often decoupled from national belonging. However, they also reveal crucial contextual variation as same-origin migrants can succeed socio-economically with or without feeling belonging in different residence countries. At the individual level, perceived group discrimination conditions this association, so that socio-economic attainment translates into more national belonging only when perceptions of discrimination are low. Our comparative findings of contingent national belonging thereby challenge existing assumptions that associations between socio-economic attainment and national belonging are linear and that ethnic boundaries in European migration contexts are rigid.","PeriodicalId":48237,"journal":{"name":"European Sociological Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140382027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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