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Diverging pathways: the effects of initial legal status on immigrant socioeconomic and residential outcomes in France 不同的路径:初始合法身份对法国移民社会经济和居住结果的影响
1区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-28 DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcad047
Tianjian Lai, Haley McAvay, Mirna Safi
Abstract Drawing on a unique, large-sample survey from France, Trajectories and Origins (TeO), this article provides an empirical assessment of the effects of migrants’ initial legal status on socioeconomic attainment focusing on three outcomes: household income, neighbourhood disadvantage, and concentration in immigrant neighbourhoods. Legal status effects are identified using a twofold strategy. First, our data comprise an exceptionally rich set of information on premigratory characteristics, which allows us to disentangle the effect of initial legal status from migratory selection processes. Furthermore, we implement an instrumental variable design to correct for the endogeneity of initial legal status. Findings show that some of the initial legal status effect is due to selection, whether measured by observable premigratory characteristics or other unobservable variables. Nonetheless, we also find robust evidence that refugees durably face socioeconomic disadvantage in terms of income and are more likely to live in immigrant-dense neighbourhoods. We discuss how these findings contribute both empirically and theoretically to the literature on the civic stratification of migrants’ pathways: first, by highlighting that we should disentangle the long-term civic stratification mechanisms from sorting into legal status categories, and second, by stressing that the theory should be more specific about which legal status categories are decisive in creating hierarchies between migrants.
本文基于法国一项独特的大样本调查《轨迹与起源》(TeO),对移民初始合法身份对社会经济成就的影响进行了实证评估,重点关注三个结果:家庭收入、社区劣势和移民社区的集中度。法律地位的效力是通过双重策略来确定的。首先,我们的数据包含了一组非常丰富的关于迁移前特征的信息,这使我们能够从迁移选择过程中分离出初始合法地位的影响。此外,我们实施了一个工具变量设计,以纠正初始法律地位的内生性。研究结果表明,无论是通过可观察的迁移前特征还是其他不可观察的变量来衡量,一些初始法律地位效应是由于选择造成的。尽管如此,我们也发现强有力的证据表明,难民在收入方面长期面临社会经济劣势,更有可能生活在移民密集的社区。我们讨论了这些发现如何在经验和理论上对移民路径的公民分层的文献做出贡献:首先,通过强调我们应该将长期的公民分层机制从法律地位类别的分类中分离出来,其次,通过强调理论应该更具体地说明哪些法律地位类别在移民之间建立等级制度方面具有决定性作用。
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引用次数: 0
Correction to: Following in the parents’ footsteps? Using sibling data to analyse the intergenerational transmission of social (dis)advantage in Scotland 更正:跟随父母的脚步?利用兄弟姐妹数据分析苏格兰社会(dis)优势的代际传递
1区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-27 DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcad063
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引用次数: 0
Taxed fairly? How differences in perception shape attitudes towards progressive taxation 征税公平吗?认知差异如何影响对累进税的态度
1区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-23 DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcad060
Fabian Kalleitner, Licia Bobzien
Abstract Empirically, the poor are more likely to support increases in the level of tax progressivity than the rich. Such income-stratified tax preferences can result from differences in preferences of what should be taxed as argued by previous literature. However, it may also result from income-stratified perceptions of what is taxed. This paper argues that the rich perceive higher levels of tax progressivity than the poor and that tax perceptions affect individuals’ support for progressive taxation. Using data from an Austrian survey experiment, we test this argument in three steps: First, in line with past research, we show that individuals’ income positions are connected to individuals’ tax preferences as a self-interest rationale would predict. However, second, we show that this variation is mainly driven by income-stratified tax perceptions. Third, randomly informing a subset of the sample about actual tax rates, we find that changing tax perceptions causally affects support for redistributive taxation among those who initially overestimated the level of tax progressivity. Our results indicate that tax perceptions are relevant for forming tax preferences and suggest that individuals are more polarized in their perceptions of who pays how much taxes than in their support for who should pay how much tax.
从经验上看,穷人比富人更有可能支持提高税收累进水平。如先前文献所述,这种收入分层的税收偏好可能源于对应征税对象的偏好差异。然而,这也可能是收入阶层对征税对象的看法造成的。本文认为,富人比穷人认为税收累进程度更高,税收观念影响个人对累进税收的支持。利用奥地利调查实验的数据,我们分三步验证了这一论点:首先,与过去的研究一致,我们表明个人的收入状况与个人的税收偏好有关,正如自利理论所预测的那样。然而,第二,我们表明这种变化主要是由收入分层的税收观念驱动的。第三,随机告知样本的一个子集关于实际税率,我们发现改变税收观念会影响那些最初高估税收累进水平的人对再分配税收的支持。我们的研究结果表明,税收观念与税收偏好的形成有关,并表明个人在谁支付多少税的观念上比在支持谁应该支付多少税方面更加两极分化。
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引用次数: 0
The effect of cumulative childhood exposure to neighbourhood socioeconomic disadvantage on school performance—a register-based study on neighbourhoods, schools, and siblings 儿童时期对社区社会经济劣势的累积暴露对学校表现的影响——一项基于社区、学校和兄弟姐妹的登记研究
1区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-21 DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcad058
Lasse Tarkiainen, Teemu Kemppainen, Hannu Lahtinen, Venla Bernelius, Pekka Martikainen
Abstract Several studies show that exposure to neighbourhood disadvantage predicts poorer educational outcomes among adolescents. Selective sorting into neighbourhoods, other unobserved childhood family characteristics, and failing to account for other relevant social contexts such as schools inhibit strong causal inference from the associations reported in previous studies. Based on longitudinal register data on the total population of Finnish children in major cities, we studied the extent to which variation in grade point average (GPA) was attributable to schools, neighbourhoods, and families. We also sought to determine whether exposure to neighbourhood disadvantage predicted GPA after accounting for non-random selection into neighbourhoods by comparing siblings with differential exposure to neighbourhoods. Overall, we observed no effect of neighbourhood disadvantage on GPA after accounting for observed and unobserved family characteristics in the general population. However, we did observe a non-negligible but not statistically significant effect of neighbourhood disadvantage among children of parents with only basic education. Family factors accounted for most of the variation in GPA, and only around 1 per cent of the variance was attributable to the neighbourhood. This weak relevance of the neighbourhood to educational outcomes may reflect the success of educational and other social policies limiting the emergence of neighbourhood effects.
一些研究表明,暴露在邻里不利环境中预示着青少年较差的教育成果。选择性分类到社区,其他未观察到的童年家庭特征,以及未能解释其他相关的社会背景,如学校,抑制了从先前研究中报告的关联中得出的强有力的因果推断。基于主要城市芬兰儿童总人口的纵向登记数据,我们研究了平均绩点(GPA)的变化在多大程度上可归因于学校、社区和家庭。我们还试图通过比较不同社区环境的兄弟姐妹,在考虑了社区的非随机选择后,确定社区环境不利是否能预测GPA。总的来说,在考虑到一般人群中观察到的和未观察到的家庭特征后,我们没有观察到邻里劣势对GPA的影响。然而,我们确实观察到邻里劣势对父母只受过基础教育的孩子的影响是不可忽略的,但在统计上并不显著。家庭因素是GPA差异的主要原因,只有1%左右的差异可归因于邻里关系。邻里与教育成果的弱相关性可能反映了教育和其他社会政策的成功,限制了邻里效应的出现。
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引用次数: 0
Technological change, training, and within-firm wage inequality in Germany 德国的技术变革、培训和企业内部工资不平等
1区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-19 DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcad051
Christoph Müller
Abstract Technological change increases the demand for higher skills and fosters wage inequality. Studies on technological change often emphasize the importance of training to adapt workers’ skills to technology use and mitigate inequality. However, we know little about firms’ training activities and their consequences for inequality in the context of technological change. This article investigates, first, whether firms’ decisions to invest in information technology (IT) are associated with skill bias in firms’ training activities, whether this is conditional on the job tasks of workers, and, whether the relationship between IT investments and training activities affects the wage gap within firms. Using linked employer–employee data containing detailed information about investments and training, I show that firms’ IT investments have a large positive effect on the training participation of high-skilled workers. In contrast, the positive effect on low-skilled workers is smaller, short lasting and conditional on workers job tasks. Additional investigations show that the training of high-skilled workers mediates approximately 5 per cent of the effect of IT investments on wage inequality within firms. In the conclusions, I highlight the broader implications of these findings for the effects of technological change for inequality in training opportunities.
技术变革增加了对高技能的需求,助长了工资不平等。关于技术变革的研究往往强调培训的重要性,以使工人的技能适应技术的使用和减轻不平等。然而,我们对企业的培训活动及其在技术变革背景下对不平等的影响知之甚少。本文首先调查了企业投资信息技术(IT)的决定是否与企业培训活动中的技能偏见有关,这是否取决于工人的工作任务,以及IT投资和培训活动之间的关系是否影响企业内部的工资差距。使用包含有关投资和培训的详细信息的关联雇主-雇员数据,我表明公司的IT投资对高技能工人的培训参与有很大的积极影响。相比之下,对低技能工人的积极影响较小,持续时间较短,并且取决于工人的工作任务。其他调查显示,在IT投资对企业内部工资不平等的影响中,约5%是由高技能工人的培训造成的。在结论中,我强调了这些发现对技术变革对培训机会不平等的影响的更广泛含义。
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引用次数: 0
Following in the parents’ footsteps? Using sibling data to analyse the intergenerational transmission of social (dis)advantage in Scotland 追随父母的脚步?利用兄弟姐妹数据分析苏格兰社会(dis)优势的代际传递
1区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-19 DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcad056
Cristina Iannelli, Richard Breen, Adriana Duta
Abstract This study provides new evidence about the extent to which individual occupational status is determined by family of origin (ascription) and by educational attainment (achievement). Using linked administrative data from the Scottish Longitudinal Study, we measure intergenerational mobility using sibling correlations and we assess the effect of siblings’ education on their occupational status by examining between- and within-sibling differences. We show that about 36 per cent of siblings’ variation in occupational status in Scotland is attributable to shared family factors. Our observed measures of family background explain about 40 per cent of the shared family effect, meaning that family-based advantages in the Scottish labour market largely arise from unmeasured factors. We also find that siblings’ educational attainment accounts for 80 per cent of the variation between families in occupational status. While this may suggest that the Scottish labour market is highly meritocratic, previous research that showed a very strong family effect on educational attainment leads us to a different interpretation, namely that social inequalities in education are the main mechanism through which inequalities between families are reproduced (and perhaps legitimated) in the Scottish labour market.
摘要本研究为个体职业地位在多大程度上受原生家庭(归属)和教育程度(成就)的影响提供了新的证据。利用苏格兰纵向研究的相关行政数据,我们使用兄弟姐妹相关性来衡量代际流动性,并通过检查兄弟姐妹之间和兄弟姐妹内部的差异来评估兄弟姐妹的教育对其职业地位的影响。我们表明,在苏格兰,大约36%的兄弟姐妹在职业地位上的差异可归因于共同的家庭因素。我们观察到的家庭背景测量可以解释大约40%的共同家庭效应,这意味着苏格兰劳动力市场中基于家庭的优势在很大程度上源于未测量的因素。我们还发现,兄弟姐妹的受教育程度占家庭之间职业地位差异的80%。虽然这可能表明苏格兰劳动力市场是高度精英化的,但之前的研究表明,家庭对教育程度的影响非常大,这让我们得出了不同的解释,即教育方面的社会不平等是家庭之间不平等在苏格兰劳动力市场上重现(也许是合法化)的主要机制。
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引用次数: 0
Words of change: The increase of gender-inclusive language in German media 变化词汇:德国媒体中性别包容性语言的增加
1区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-16 DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcad044
Anica Waldendorf
Abstract Everyday observations seem to indicate an increase in gender-inclusive language (GIL) in Germany; however, previous research on the prevalence of GIL suggests that it is a marginal phenomenon. Moreover, from a theoretical side, an increase in GIL seems unlikely because of the cognitive challenge language change holds, the existence of multiple GIL variants, and the antagonistic environment that Germany poses for language change. This study empirically measures the use of GIL in five media sources in Germany. Over four million articles from 2000 to 2021 are analysed using the IDS Deutscher Referenzkorpus (DeReKo), supplemented by an in-depth analysis of 500 newspaper articles scraped in 2021. A fine-grained analysis along the dimensions of political orientation of the outlet, type of GIL, and author’s gender is conducted. In addition to observing an unexpectedly rapid increase in GIL, two different trends are identified: whilst non-binary inclusive forms of GIL are increasingly used in the left-leaning newspaper, GIL that adheres to a binary notion of gender is favoured in the mainstream and right-leaning media. This sheds light on how difficult behavioural change can occur.
日常观察似乎表明,性别包容性语言(GIL)在德国有所增加;然而,先前对GIL患病率的研究表明,这是一种边缘现象。此外,从理论角度来看,由于语言变化带来的认知挑战、多种GIL变体的存在以及德国对语言变化构成的敌对环境,GIL的增加似乎不太可能。本研究实证测量了德国五种媒体对GIL的使用情况。使用IDS Deutscher Referenzkorpus (DeReKo)对2000年至2021年的400多万篇文章进行了分析,并对2021年抓取的500篇报纸文章进行了深入分析。沿着出口的政治取向、GIL类型和作者性别的维度进行了细致的分析。除了观察到意想不到的快速增长之外,还发现了两种不同的趋势:虽然左倾报纸越来越多地使用非二元包容性形式的GIL,但坚持性别二元概念的GIL在主流和右倾媒体中受到青睐。这揭示了行为改变的难度。
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引用次数: 0
Material deprivation and the Brexit referendum: a spatial multilevel analysis of the interplay between individual and regional deprivation 物质剥夺与英国脱欧公投:个体与区域剥夺相互作用的空间多层次分析
1区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-16 DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcad057
Charlotte Haußmann, Tobias Rüttenauer
Abstract In this study, we investigate the relationship between individual and neighbourhood deprivation and the decision to vote for Brexit in the 2016 referendum. Our analysis uses data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study and the English Index of Multiple Deprivation, and employs multilevel models to account for individual-level deprivation, neighbourhood deprivation, and larger-scale regional deprivation. We also examine the interaction between these scales. On average, we find that individual, neighbourhood, and wider area deprivation are associated with a higher likelihood of voting Leave. However, the effect of neighbourhood deprivation is heterogeneous and depends on the broader spatial context: living in deprived neighbourhoods (and to a lesser extent experiencing personal deprivation) has a stronger effect on voting behaviour in more affluent regions. Conversely, the effect of individual and neighbourhood deprivation is close to zero and statistically insignificant in more deprived areas of the country. These results suggest that social comparison processes of in-groups and out-groups operate within larger regional contexts. Our study thus highlights the role of individual and regional deprivation, but also their intersection, in shaping political attitudes and outcomes.
在本研究中,我们调查了2016年公投中个人和邻里剥夺与英国脱欧决定之间的关系。我们的分析使用了英国家庭纵向研究和多重剥夺英语指数的数据,并采用多层次模型来解释个人层面的剥夺,邻里剥夺和更大规模的区域剥夺。我们还研究了这些尺度之间的相互作用。平均而言,我们发现个人、社区和更广泛的地区贫困与投票脱欧的可能性更高有关。然而,邻里剥夺的影响是异质的,并且取决于更广泛的空间背景:生活在贫困社区(并且在较小程度上经历个人剥夺)对更富裕地区的投票行为有更强的影响。相反,在该国较贫困的地区,个人和社区贫困的影响接近于零,在统计上微不足道。这些结果表明,群体内和群体外的社会比较过程是在更大的区域背景下进行的。因此,我们的研究强调了个人和地区贫困在塑造政治态度和结果方面的作用,以及它们的交集。
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引用次数: 0
Information intervention on long-term earnings prospects and the gender gap in major choice 长期收入前景与专业选择性别差异的信息干预
1区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcad055
Frauke Peter, Pia Schober, C Katharina Spiess
Abstract This study investigates whether an intervention that provided high school seniors with information on costs and economic returns to tertiary education and on the long-term earnings prospects of college graduates from different study fields enhances the probability that male and female students opt for financially more rewarding study fields and for business-related or STEM fields with a lower share of women. It extends our understanding on the potentials of information interventions for reducing gender segregation in tertiary education. We draw on a field experiment in one German federal state, Berlin, which included a randomized information intervention, and analyse longitudinal data from 1,036 students in schools with a high share of less privileged students. Our results show that a short and low-cost information intervention on costs and returns to college education, including returns in different fields of study, can substantially reduce women’s enrolment in care/social subjects, increase their enrolment in other, non-technical fields while also increasing men’s enrolment in technical fields with above-average earnings. The overall effects appear limited in challenging the gender-typicality of enrolment choices, as students tend to choose more profitable majors while avoiding gender-atypical fields.
摘要:本研究调查了向高中毕业生提供高等教育的成本和经济回报信息以及不同学习领域的大学毕业生的长期收入前景信息的干预措施,是否提高了男女学生选择经济回报更高的学习领域以及女性比例较低的商业相关或STEM领域的可能性。它扩展了我们对信息干预在减少高等教育中的性别隔离方面的潜力的理解。我们借鉴了德国联邦州柏林的实地实验,其中包括随机信息干预,并分析了来自弱势学生比例很高的学校的1036名学生的纵向数据。我们的研究结果表明,对大学教育的成本和回报(包括不同学习领域的回报)进行短期和低成本的信息干预,可以大幅降低女性在护理/社会学科的入学率,增加她们在其他非技术领域的入学率,同时也增加了男性在收入高于平均水平的技术领域的入学率。在挑战入学选择的性别特征方面,总体效果似乎有限,因为学生倾向于选择更有利可图的专业,而避开性别非典型的领域。
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引用次数: 0
Correction to: Transformed ‘postmodern’ life courses? Continuity and change in young adults’ labour market trajectories in Norway 更正:改变了“后现代”的人生历程?挪威年轻人劳动力市场轨迹的连续性和变化
1区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-13 DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcad061
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引用次数: 0
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European Sociological Review
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