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Intergenerational effects of parental unemployment on infant health: evidence from Swedish register data 父母失业对婴儿健康的代际影响:来自瑞典登记数据的证据
IF 3.2 1区 社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-02-10 DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcad005
Björn Högberg, A. Baranowska-Rataj, Jonas Voßemer
Parental unemployment can have detrimental effects on life chances of the children, and thereby reinforce inequalities across generations. Despite a substantial literature documenting that the health of infants at birth can have large and long-lasting consequences, research on intergenerational unemployment effects on infant health is scant. This study fills the gap using high-quality register data from Sweden, including 1.5 million siblings born between 1996 and 2017. To account for selection into unemployment, we employ sibling comparison designs that exploit variation in siblings’ exposure to parental unemployment, thereby accounting for stable but unmeasured confounding at the level of families. We find small and not consistently significant effects of maternal unemployment, and no effects of paternal unemployment. Our results also suggest that pre-existing social disadvantages—low education, migration background, and dual parental unemployment—are not associated with more adverse intergenerational unemployment effects. The discussion of our findings situates these results in the context of a relatively generous and egalitarian welfare state.
父母失业会对孩子的生活机会产生不利影响,从而加剧代际不平等。尽管大量文献表明,婴儿出生时的健康可能会产生巨大而持久的影响,但关于代际失业对婴儿健康影响的研究却很少。这项研究利用瑞典的高质量登记数据填补了这一空白,其中包括1996年至2017年出生的150万兄弟姐妹。为了解释对失业的选择,我们采用兄弟姐妹比较设计,利用兄弟姐妹对父母失业的暴露程度的变化,从而在家庭层面上解释稳定但无法测量的混淆。我们发现,母亲失业的影响很小,而且并不总是显著的,父亲失业则没有影响。我们的研究结果还表明,先前存在的社会劣势——低教育水平、移民背景和双亲失业——与更不利的代际失业效应无关。对我们研究结果的讨论将这些结果置于一个相对慷慨和平等的福利国家的背景下。
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引用次数: 1
Control variable selection in applied quantitative sociology: a critical review 应用定量社会学中的控制变量选择:批判性回顾
1区 社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-02-04 DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcac078
Ulrich Kohler, Fabian Class, Tim Sawert
Abstract A review of all research papers published in the European Sociological Review in 2016 and 2017 (N = 118) shows that only a minority of papers clearly define the parameter of interest and provide sufficient reasoning for the selected control variables of the statistical analysis. Thus, the vast majority of papers does not reach minimal standards for the selection of control variables. Consequently, a majority of papers interpret biased coefficients, or statistics without proper sociological meaning. We postulate that authors and reviewers should be more careful about control variable selection. We propose graphical causal models in the form of directed acyclic graphs as an example for a parsimonious and powerful means to that end.
对2016年和2017年发表在《欧洲社会学评论》上的所有研究论文(N = 118)的回顾表明,只有少数论文明确定义了感兴趣的参数,并为统计分析所选择的控制变量提供了充分的推理。因此,绝大多数论文在控制变量的选择上没有达到最低标准。因此,大多数论文解释偏倚系数,或统计没有适当的社会学意义。我们假设作者和审稿人应该更加谨慎地选择控制变量。我们提出有向无环图形式的图形因果模型作为一个简单而有力的方法。
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引用次数: 4
Signals, educational decision-making, and inequality: a comment on the formal model by Holm, Hjorth-Trolle, and Jæger 信号、教育决策和不平等:对Holm、Hjorth-Trolle和Jæger的正式模型的评论
IF 3.2 1区 社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-02-02 DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcac041
G. Yastrebov
In this comment, I explore the assumptions and the implications of the formal (mathematical) model proposed by Holm, Hjorth-Trolle, and Jæger (HHJ) in their article in European Sociological Review, 35(4) (2019). The model links educational decision-making to social background inequality and academic ability and is said to conform to the key propositions of the Relative-Risk-Aversion theory and the Compensatory-Advantage-Model. Its most original component is that it allows for the error in estimating one’s ability, which, once known, impacts on the decision to (dis)continue education. The error is said to have a differential impact on students of different social backgrounds, whereby social inequality in educational decisions is effectively maintained. The model also deserves attention and praise as one of the few attempts in our field to reason formally and provide a mathematical formulation of theoretical arguments. However, I scrutinize the model and show that (i) some of its assumptions may not be defensible; that (ii) the most interesting and original hypothesis proposed by HHJ does not follow from the model; and that (iii) the empirical implications of the model are wrongly interpreted in terms of probability differences. I then show which particular assumption is required for HHJ’s most original hypothesis to hold. The assumption is non-intuitive, and I conclude that the hypothesis, as formulated by HHJ, does not have a sound theoretical basis.
在这篇评论中,我探讨了Holm、Hjorth Trolle和Jæger(HHJ)在《欧洲社会学评论》35(4)(2019)上的文章中提出的形式(数学)模型的假设和含义。该模型将教育决策与社会背景不平等和学术能力联系起来,据说符合相对风险规避理论和补偿优势模型的关键命题。它最原始的组成部分是,它允许在估计一个人的能力时出现错误,一旦知道,就会影响继续教育的决定。据说,这一错误对不同社会背景的学生产生了不同的影响,从而有效地维持了教育决策中的社会不平等。该模型也值得关注和赞扬,因为它是我们领域为数不多的正式推理和提供理论论证数学公式的尝试之一。然而,我仔细研究了这个模型,发现(I)它的一些假设可能是站不住脚的;(ii)HHJ提出的最有趣和最原始的假设并非来自该模型;以及(iii)该模型的经验含义在概率差异方面被错误地解释。然后,我展示了HHJ最原始的假设需要哪个特定的假设才能成立。这个假设是不直观的,我得出的结论是,由HHJ提出的假设没有健全的理论基础。
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引用次数: 0
Vocational education, tertiary education, and skill use across career stages 职业教育、高等教育和跨职业阶段的技能使用
IF 3.2 1区 社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcac074
W. Schulz, Heike Solga, Reinhard Pollak
Vocational education enhances smooth transitions into the labour market. However, this initial advantage might vanish over the career and eventually turn into a disadvantage because the skills of vocationally trained workers become outdated faster. So far, research has examined this potential vocational trade-off by assessing labour market outcomes such as employment and income. This study uses a different approach, it directly examines how different types of skills used at work change over the career of vocationally trained workers compared to tertiary-educated workers, and how career events shape skill-use changes. With data from the German National Education Study (NEPS), we examine five skills use dimensions based on job-tasks measures: analytical, creative, managerial, interactive, and manual skills. We find that skill-use differentials between vocational and tertiary-educated workers are only small to modest. The clearest differences relate to analytical and manual skills. Looking across career stages, the observed skill-use differentials remain rather stable across career stages—thus, the vocational skill trade-off thesis is only partially supported. Occupational mobility and unemployment contribute to observable changes, whereas job-related further training does not. Our results challenge skill-based explanations of a vocational trade-off.
职业教育有助于平稳过渡到劳动力市场。然而,这种最初的优势可能会在职业生涯中消失,最终变成劣势,因为受过职业培训的工人的技能过时得更快。到目前为止,研究已经通过评估就业和收入等劳动力市场结果来检验这种潜在的职业权衡。这项研究采用了一种不同的方法,它直接考察了受过职业培训的工人与受过高等教育的工人相比,在工作中使用的不同类型的技能在职业生涯中是如何变化的,以及职业事件如何影响技能使用的变化。根据德国国家教育研究(NEPS)的数据,我们研究了基于工作任务测量的五个技能使用维度:分析、创新、管理、互动和手工技能。我们发现,职业工人和受过高等教育的工人之间的技能使用差异很小。最明显的区别在于分析和手工技能。纵观各职业阶段,所观察到的技能使用差异在各职业阶段保持相当稳定,因此,职业技能权衡理论仅得到部分支持。职业流动性和失业有助于观察到的变化,而与工作相关的进一步培训则没有。我们的研究结果挑战了基于技能的职业权衡解释。
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引用次数: 1
How do my earnings compare? Pay referents and just earnings 我的收入如何比较?支付参考和收入
IF 3.2 1区 社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcad002
P. Eisnecker, J. Adriaans
Comparisons are crucial in shaping evaluations of one’s own position. Following this notion, we investigated the role of historical, financial, partner, occupational, and regional pay referents in predicting the just gross hourly earnings in a representative sample of German workers. Looking at this broad range of pay referents, we find that higher reference earnings were generally associated with higher just earnings. In particular, controlling for actual gross hourly earnings, higher occupational, regional, and partners’ hourly earnings were associated with higher just gross hourly earnings. One’s own pay history, in form of average hourly earnings over the past 10 years, did not shape just earnings. Financial needs on the household level, however, mapped on to higher just earnings and this association was particularly pronounced among men. Overall, occupational and financial referents showed the strongest association with just earnings followed by partner earnings. These findings underscore that, while referents closely related to one’s job (e.g., occupational referents) are important, referents that extend beyond the sphere of work (e.g., regional, financial, and partner referents) are also relevant in shaping ideas of the just reward.
比较对于评估自己的立场至关重要。根据这一概念,我们在一个具有代表性的德国工人样本中调查了历史、财务、合作伙伴、职业和地区薪酬参考在预测每小时总收入方面的作用。通过观察这一广泛的薪酬参考,我们发现较高的参考收入通常与较高的纯收入相关。特别是,在控制实际小时总收入的情况下,较高的职业、地区和合作伙伴小时收入与较高的纯小时总收入相关。一个人过去10年的平均时薪并不仅仅影响收入。然而,家庭层面的经济需求与更高的纯收入有关,这种联系在男性中尤为明显。总体而言,职业和财务指标与收入的相关性最强,其次是合伙人收入。这些发现强调,虽然与工作密切相关的参照物(如职业参照物)很重要,但超出工作范围的参照物,如区域、金融和合作伙伴参照物)也与形成公正奖励的理念有关。
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引用次数: 0
The plateauing of cognitive ability among top earners 高收入者的认知能力趋于稳定
1区 社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-28 DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcac076
Marc Keuschnigg, Arnout van de Rijt, Thijs Bol
Abstract Are the best-paying jobs with the highest prestige done by individuals of great intelligence? Past studies find job success to increase with cognitive ability, but do not examine how, conversely, ability varies with job success. Stratification theories suggest that social background and cumulative advantage dominate cognitive ability as determinants of high occupational success. This leads us to hypothesize that among the relatively successful, average ability is concave in income and prestige. We draw on Swedish register data containing measures of cognitive ability and labour-market success for 59,000 men who took a compulsory military conscription test. Strikingly, we find that the relationship between ability and wage is strong overall, yet above €60,000 per year ability plateaus at a modest level of +1 standard deviation. The top 1 per cent even score slightly worse on cognitive ability than those in the income strata right below them. We observe a similar but less pronounced plateauing of ability at high occupational prestige.
薪水最高、声望最高的工作是由高智商的人做的吗?过去的研究发现,工作上的成功会随着认知能力的增加而增加,但没有研究相反,能力是如何随着工作成功而变化的。分层理论认为,社会背景和累积优势主导认知能力作为高职业成功的决定因素。这让我们假设,在相对成功的人群中,平均能力在收入和声望上是凹形的。我们利用瑞典的登记数据,其中包含59,000名参加义务兵役测试的男性的认知能力和劳动力市场成功的措施。引人注目的是,我们发现能力与工资之间的关系总体上很强,但年薪超过6万欧元的能力在+1标准差的适度水平上趋于稳定。收入最高的1%的人在认知能力方面的得分甚至略低于收入在他们下面的人。我们观察到,在高职业声望中,能力也出现了类似但不那么明显的停滞。
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引用次数: 1
Detraditionalization, mental illness reports, and mental health professional care use in Europe 欧洲的去传统化、精神疾病报告和精神卫生专业护理使用
IF 3.2 1区 社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-11 DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcac077
I. Pop, Femke Roosma, P. Achterberg
In this study, we address the question of whether individuals that live in more detraditionalized countries have higher levels of mental illness and mental health professional care use. We argue that it is meaningful to consider the different facets of detraditionalization, that is the level of secularization, the ethos of personal autonomy, and self-realization, the erosion of traditional gender roles when understanding patterns of mental illness reports and mental health professional care use. We use data collected in 2010 in 25 European countries by Eurobarometer and find that, generally speaking, people living in more detraditionalized countries are more inclined to use mental health professional care, and that they, on average, report less mental illness than people in less detraditionalized countries. Furthermore, not all forms of adversity result in higher levels of mental health professional care use in the more detraditionalized countries. This is the case only for those experiencing financial strain while for those experiencing unemployment or divorce this was not the case. Furthermore, in more detraditionalized countries, the experience of divorce was related to fewer mental illness reports, a result that could be linked to processes such as the erosion of the traditional institution of marriage and the normalization of divorce in these societies.
在这项研究中,我们解决了一个问题,即生活在非贫困国家的个人是否有更高水平的精神疾病和心理健康专业护理。我们认为,在理解精神疾病报告的模式和心理健康专业护理的使用时,考虑去极端化的不同方面是有意义的,即世俗化的水平、个人自主和自我实现的精神气质、传统性别角色的侵蚀。我们使用了欧洲晴雨表2010年在25个欧洲国家收集的数据,发现一般来说,生活在去极端化程度较高的国家的人更倾向于使用心理健康专业护理,而且他们平均报告的精神疾病比去极端化较低国家的人少。此外,并非所有形式的逆境都会导致在非贫困国家使用更高水平的心理健康专业护理。这种情况只适用于那些经历经济压力的人,而对于那些经历失业或离婚的人来说,情况并非如此。此外,在非歧视性更强的国家,离婚经历与较少的精神疾病报告有关,这一结果可能与这些社会中传统婚姻制度的侵蚀和离婚正常化等过程有关。
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引用次数: 0
Ready or not, here I come: the significance of information about educational success for educational decisions 不管你准备好了没有,我要说的是:关于教育成功的信息对教育决策的重要性
1区 社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-10 DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcac075
Kira Solveig Larsen
Abstract This study analyses the effect of the Educational Readiness Assessment (ERA)—a scheme that categorizes students in Denmark as either ‘ready’ or ‘not ready’ for upper secondary education—on educational decision-making. Because the ERA uses a grade-specific cut-off to determine readiness, it can be used in a fuzzy regression discontinuity design to estimate the causal effect of the ERA on educational decision-making. Inspired by the theory of Relative Risk Aversion (RRA), the study argues that non-service-class students respond to a negative signal by postponing the decision (not) to continue to upper secondary education, while service-class students proceed regardless of receiving a negative signal. Empirical results are mostly consistent with RRA. The policy implications of the results are that students do respond to information regarding the likelihood of educational success, but respond differently depending on their social class position.
摘要本研究分析了教育准备评估(ERA)对教育决策的影响,该评估将丹麦的学生分为“准备好”或“未准备好”接受高中教育。由于平均年龄评估采用了年级特定的截止点来确定学生的准备程度,因此它可以用于模糊回归不连续设计来估计平均年龄评估对教育决策的因果影响。受相对风险厌恶理论(RRA)的启发,该研究认为,非服务类学生对负面信号的反应是推迟(不)继续高中教育的决定,而服务类学生不管收到负面信号也会继续。实证结果与RRA基本一致。研究结果的政策含义是,学生确实会对教育成功可能性的信息做出反应,但根据他们的社会阶级地位,他们的反应会有所不同。
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引用次数: 0
Gendered parenthood gaps in employer-provided training: the role of immediate supervisors 雇主提供的培训中的性别差距:直接主管的角色
1区 社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-04 DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcac067
Eileen Peters, Lynn Prince Cooke, Silvia Maja Melzer
Abstract Powerful male actors are argued to secure workplace resources for themselves and other in-group members, contributing to workplace inequalities. We contend that, like gender, parenthood similarity in supervisor–supervisee dyads also provokes group processes, and that parenthood is superordinate to childlessness. Critically, we hypothesize how shared supervisor–supervisee parental status at its intersection with gender might intensify or offset (dis)advantage in access to workplace training. Hypotheses are tested with unique linked German employer–employee data and estimating gender-parental training differences using workplace fixed-effects regressions. Results show that while on average women train less than men and parents train more than childless workers, these effects can alter at the intersection with supervisors’ group memberships. Dyad ‘double jeopardy’ is evident in that childless women face the greatest training disadvantages when reporting to childless female supervisors. Yet whether sharing one superordinate status offsets disadvantage of a subordinate group membership occurs only for shared parenthood. Childless men gain no advantage when reporting to a male supervisor, whereas sharing parenthood with immediate supervisors countervails disadvantage of being female for mother supervisees. We conclude that only by considering social relations at the intersection of supervisor–supervisees’ multiple categorical memberships might we better understand the relational processes sustaining or reducing workplace inequalities.
有影响力的男性行动者为自己和其他群体成员争取工作场所资源,导致工作场所不平等。我们认为,就像性别一样,父母之间的相似性也会引发群体过程,而且父母关系高于无子女关系。至关重要的是,我们假设共同的主管-被监管父母身份如何与性别交叉可能会加强或抵消(dis)获得工作场所培训的优势。假设通过独特的德国雇主-雇员数据进行检验,并使用工作场所固定效应回归估计性别-父母培训差异。结果表明,虽然平均而言,女性的培训少于男性,有子女的员工的培训多于无子女的员工,但这些影响可能会随着主管团队成员的不同而改变。显然,没有孩子的女性在向没有孩子的女上司汇报工作时,面临着最大的培训劣势。然而,是否共享一个上级地位抵消下级群体成员的劣势只发生在共享父母关系中。没有孩子的男性在向男性上司汇报工作时没有任何优势,而与直接上司共同抚养子女,则抵消了作为女性的劣势。我们得出的结论是,只有通过考虑监督者-被监督者多重分类成员关系的交叉点上的社会关系,我们才能更好地理解维持或减少工作场所不平等的关系过程。
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引用次数: 0
Do women evaluate their lower earnings still to be fair? Findings on the contented female worker paradox examining the role of occupational contexts in 27 European countries 女性认为她们的低收入仍然是公平的吗?在27个欧洲国家对职业背景的作用检查满意女工悖论的调查结果
1区 社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-03 DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcac073
Ole Brüggemann, Thomas Hinz
Abstract It is still a puzzling question which gender inequalities in the labour market are perceived as fair and which are not – in the eye of the beholder. This study focuses on gender differences in the perceptions of the fairness of one’s own wage and the role of the occupational context individuals are embedded in. Based on data collected from 27 European countries as part of the 2018 European Social Survey (Round 9), our study contributes to the growing field of wage fairness perceptions by analysing the role of the occupational context (measured as the share of women and the gender pay gap in the respondent’s occupation), and how it moderates gender differences in fairness perceptions. Results indicate that – overall – female workers across Europe perceive their wages more often as unfairly “too low” than their male counterparts within the same country context and occupation, and that this gender gap is more pronounced in occupations with a high proportion of women and higher levels of gender inequality. We interpret these results as an indicator of growing awareness among women regarding the persisting “unfair” gendered wage distributions.
在旁观者的眼中,劳动力市场中哪些性别不平等被认为是公平的,哪些不是,这仍然是一个令人困惑的问题。本研究的重点是性别差异对自己的工资公平的看法和个人嵌入的职业环境的作用。基于从27个欧洲国家收集的数据,作为2018年欧洲社会调查(第9轮)的一部分,我们的研究通过分析职业背景的作用(以女性比例和受访者职业中的性别工资差距衡量),以及它如何缓和公平观念中的性别差异,为不断增长的工资公平观念领域做出了贡献。结果表明,总体而言,欧洲各地的女性员工认为,在同一国家背景和职业中,与男性员工相比,她们的工资往往“太低”,这是不公平的。在女性比例较高、性别不平等程度较高的职业中,这种性别差距更为明显。我们将这些结果解释为一个指标,表明女性越来越意识到持续存在的“不公平”性别工资分配。
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引用次数: 0
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European Sociological Review
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