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Experiencing the future: Evaluating a new framework for the participatory co-design of healthy public spaces using immersive virtual reality 体验未来:评估利用沉浸式虚拟现实技术共同设计健康公共空间的新框架
IF 7.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2024.102194
Urban densification is promoted for sustainable urban growth, yet it also generates concerns about negative health impacts on local citizens. Engaging local citizens in the co-design of densification projects is therefore crucial to address their needs and concerns. The use of immersive Virtual Reality (VR) technologies creates potential for advancing the participatory co-design of healthier urban spaces by allowing citizens to not only visualize but also experience the impacts of future designs or “what-if” scenarios. Theoretically grounded in an extended version of Sheppard's approach, which we call the Experiencing the Future Framework (EFF), we developed a study to create and evaluate an immersive VR application called CoHeSIVE. This application was designed to facilitate participatory co-design processes for healthy public spaces. CoHeSIVE, as the technological manifestation of our framework, was created through iterative workshops with end-user input. During the final workshop with 41 participants, both qualitative and quantitative data were collected, including user behavior and experiences with CoHeSIVE, especially regarding its experiential and interactive components. The vast majority of participants had positive experiences and recommended CoHeSIVE for participatory co-design processes. Participants felt confident in their design outcomes and found the user interface easy to use and effective for making and communicating design decisions. The most preferred design attributes were found to be many and clustered trees, several benches, large grass areas, high-rise buildings, more lampposts and the presence of a fountain, showing that the design outcomes were meaningful for the selected local context. Future enhancements of CoHeSIVE might include adding more design attributes, enhancing visual representations, adding multi-user capabilities, integrating generative AI and expanding CoHeSIVE's applicability to other contexts.
城市密集化是为了城市的可持续发展而提倡的,但它也引发了对当地市民健康负面影响的担忧。因此,让当地市民参与密集化项目的共同设计对于解决他们的需求和担忧至关重要。沉浸式虚拟现实(VR)技术的使用为推进参与式共同设计更健康的城市空间创造了潜力,它不仅能让市民直观地看到,还能让他们体验未来设计或 "假设 "情景的影响。我们以 Sheppard 方法的扩展版本(我们称之为 "体验未来框架"(EFF))为理论基础,开展了一项研究,以创建和评估名为 CoHeSIVE 的沉浸式 VR 应用程序。该应用旨在促进健康公共空间的参与式共同设计过程。CoHeSIVE 作为我们框架的技术表现形式,是通过与最终用户意见反馈的迭代研讨会创建的。在有 41 名参与者参加的最后一次研讨会上,我们收集了定性和定量数据,包括用户行为和使用 CoHeSIVE 的体验,特别是其体验和互动部分。绝大多数参与者都获得了积极的体验,并推荐CoHeSIVE用于参与式协同设计过程。参与者对自己的设计成果充满信心,认为用户界面易于使用,并能有效地做出和传达设计决策。参与者最喜欢的设计属性是树木多且密集、有多个长凳、有大片草地、有高层建筑、有更多灯柱和喷泉,这表明设计成果对所选的当地环境是有意义的。CoHeSIVE未来的改进可能包括增加更多的设计属性、增强可视化表达、增加多用户功能、整合生成式人工智能以及将CoHeSIVE扩展到其他环境中。
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引用次数: 0
Informal participation in digital planning: How can third parties use social media to shift power relations in planning? 数字规划中的非正式参与:第三方如何利用社交媒体改变规划中的权力关系?
IF 7.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2024.102193

In recent years, social media has become an influential tool for engaging various participants and facilitating inclusivity in digital planning. While many studies highlight local governments' use of social media for formal participation, limited research assesses its impact on power dynamics in informal participation. This study aims to fill the gap by identifying key features of social media that facilitate informal participation and applying Castells' four forms of network power to understand power dynamics among civil society, journalism, citizens, and governments in planning processes. It also develops a novel mixed-methods approach that combines social media scraping, social network analysis (SNA), semi-structured interviews, and field observation. This approach is applied to investigate the Enning Road regeneration project in Guangzhou as a case study. Analyzing data from China's Weibo, the study reveals network disputes across three dimensions: graph, community, and network statistics. Hyperlink-Induced Topic Search (HITS) and community detection results suggest that civil society and journalism have substantial networked power as they strategically utilize social media to promote collaboration, mobilize citizens, and foster communities. They also excise network-making power by switching online and offline networks, thereby transmitting online debate to a wide range of audiences and compelling local governments to shift planning priorities from demolitions to preservation.

近年来,社交媒体已成为数字规划中吸引各种参与者和促进包容性的一种有影响力的工具。虽然许多研究强调了地方政府在正式参与中使用社交媒体的情况,但对其在非正式参与中对权力动态的影响进行评估的研究却很有限。本研究旨在通过识别社交媒体促进非正式参与的关键特征,并运用卡斯特尔斯的四种网络权力形式来了解规划过程中公民社会、新闻业、公民和政府之间的权力动态,从而填补这一空白。报告还开发了一种新颖的混合方法,将社交媒体搜索、社交网络分析 (SNA)、半结构式访谈和实地观察相结合。本研究以广州恩宁路改造项目为案例进行研究。通过分析中国微博的数据,该研究从图谱、社区和网络统计三个维度揭示了网络争端。超链接诱导主题搜索(HITS)和社区检测结果表明,民间社会和新闻业拥有巨大的网络力量,因为它们战略性地利用社交媒体来促进合作、动员公民和培育社区。他们还通过切换在线和离线网络来激发网络制造力,从而将在线辩论传递给广泛的受众,并迫使地方政府将规划重点从拆除转向保护。
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引用次数: 0
Unraveling changes of spending behavior in pandemic cities: A nationwide study of South Korea 解读大流行病城市消费行为的变化:韩国全国性研究
IF 7.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2024.102181

The COVID-19 pandemic, unprecedented in scale and impact, has significantly influenced consumer spending. This study leverages a longitudinal transaction dataset from South Korea to analyze how the pandemic, social distancing policies, and pandemic-related search interest have shaped spending within and across cities. We examine transaction volume and expenditure amount as city-level indicators of activity intensity and consumption demand across four stages of the early pandemic. The study finds that: (1) Social distancing caused reductions in both residents' and travelers' spending. The increase in search interest coincided with a rise in residents' spending but a decline in travelers' spending; (2) Resident transactions experienced a moderate and persistent decline across all stages, while expenditure rebounded after the 1st national outbreak. Traveler transactions and expenditure showed similar trends, with declines during outbreaks and recoveries during stable periods; (3) Disparities across cities were associated with proximity to outbreak centers and socioeconomic attributes. Cities with larger populations or those closer to epicenters experienced greater reductions in spending, while less densely populated cities saw increased traveler spending during the 2nd stable period; (4) Travelers' spending from distant cities significantly decreased during the 1st outbreak but gradually recovered as the pandemic continued, indicating evolving behavior and adaptation; (5) Changes across spending categories exhibited significant heterogeneity. Residents showed increased demand for essential goods and online shopping, while recreation-related industries struggled throughout. These findings highlight the characteristics and disparities among consumers, cities, and industries, providing information for policymakers to formulate tailored support programs for industries experiencing increased demand or significant impacts. This study emphasizes the need to develop robust strategies for crisis management and economic resilience to mitigate the impacts of future health crises.

COVID-19 大流行在规模和影响上都是前所未有的,对消费者的消费产生了重大影响。本研究利用韩国的纵向交易数据集,分析了大流行病、社会疏远政策以及与大流行病相关的搜索兴趣如何影响了城市内和城市间的消费。我们研究了大流行初期四个阶段的交易量和支出额,将其作为活动强度和消费需求的城市级指标。研究发现(1) 社会疏远导致居民和旅行者的消费减少。搜索兴趣的增加与居民消费的增加和旅行者消费的下降相吻合;(2) 居民交易在所有阶段都经历了温和而持续的下降,而支出在第一次全国性疫情爆发后出现反弹。旅行者的交易额和支出呈现出类似的趋势,在疫情爆发期间下降,而在稳定时期恢复;(3)城市之间的差异与是否靠近疫情爆发中心和社会经济属性有关。人口较多的城市或离震中较近的城市支出减少较多,而人口密度较低的城市在第二个稳定期的旅客支出有所增加;(4) 远方城市的旅客支出在第一次疫情爆发期间显著减少,但随着疫情的持续而逐渐恢复,这表明旅客的行为和适应能力在不断发展;(5) 各类支出的变化表现出显著的异质性。居民对生活必需品和网上购物的需求增加,而与娱乐相关的行业则始终处于困境。这些发现凸显了消费者、城市和行业之间的特点和差异,为政策制定者提供了信息,以便为需求增加或受到重大影响的行业制定有针对性的支持计划。本研究强调,有必要制定强有力的危机管理和经济恢复战略,以减轻未来健康危机的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Logistic facility identification from spatial time series data 从空间时间序列数据中识别逻辑设施
IF 7.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2024.102182

Vehicle telemetry data is becoming more ubiquitous with increasingly sensorised vehicles, but making sense of the vehicles' purpose remains challenging without additional context. Clustering the vehicle activity data and identifying the underlying facilities where the activities occur reveals much insight, particularly for logistics planning. Unfortunately, current research typically only looks at a single point in time. This paper contributes by matching geospatial patterns, each representing a facility where trucks perform activities over multiple periods. The contribution is a necessary first step in studying how urban freight movement and its underlying inter-firm networks of connectivity change over time. We demonstrate how to overcome three challenges. Firstly, the complexity of identifying facilities from non-regular geometric polygons. Secondly, the challenge associated with the scale of comparing more than 200,000 facilities on a month-to-month basis over a multi-year period. Finally, overcoming the computational challenge of the workflow and getting the required performance on a consumer-grade laptop. The paper evaluates various machine learning algorithms, highlighting a SVM that outperforms more popular deep learning and neural network alternatives, with a mean average accuracy of 96.9 %.

随着车辆传感器化程度的不断提高,车辆遥测数据变得越来越普遍,但如果没有更多的背景信息,要了解车辆的用途仍然具有挑战性。对车辆活动数据进行聚类,并确定活动发生的底层设施,可以为物流规划提供更多启示。遗憾的是,目前的研究通常只关注单个时间点。本文的贡献在于匹配地理空间模式,每个模式都代表卡车在多个时间段内开展活动的设施。这是研究城市货运及其背后的企业间连通网络如何随时间变化的必要的第一步。我们展示了如何克服三个挑战。首先,从非规则几何多边形中识别设施的复杂性。其次,与在多年时间内逐月比较 20 多万个设施的规模相关的挑战。最后,克服工作流程的计算挑战,在消费级笔记本电脑上获得所需的性能。论文对各种机器学习算法进行了评估,其中 SVM 的平均准确率高达 96.9%,优于更常用的深度学习和神经网络算法。
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引用次数: 0
Post-disaster recovery policy assessment of urban socio-physical systems 城市社会物理系统灾后恢复政策评估
IF 7.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2024.102184

The post-disaster recovery system is composed of the complex interplay between physical and social infrastructures. Despite the rise of coupled physical and social post-disaster recovery systems, less attention has been paid to the interdependent role of social support ties and physical infrastructure. This paper analyzes the data-driven models of post-disaster recovery system dynamics with the interdependence between the social and physical coupling to assess the post-disaster recovery policies. This paper utilizes the large-scale mobile phone location data, power outages, and socio-economic attributes for modeling the recovery dynamics during Hurricane Harvey in 2017. Parameter estimation results show that the model has regional heterogeneity and disparate impacts on socio-economic attributes to the model. The model's budget allocation scenarios also demonstrate that different budget allocation strategies affect the recovery period. The proposed model emphasizes the complex properties of the post-disaster recovery system and the importance of heterogeneous recovery policies across regions.

灾后恢复系统由物质基础设施和社会基础设施之间复杂的相互作用构成。尽管物理和社会耦合的灾后恢复系统正在兴起,但人们较少关注社会支持纽带和物理基础设施的相互依存作用。本文分析了灾后恢复系统动态的数据驱动模型与社会和物理耦合之间的相互依存关系,以评估灾后恢复政策。本文利用大规模手机定位数据、断电和社会经济属性,对2017年飓风哈维期间的灾后恢复动态进行建模。参数估计结果表明,模型具有区域异质性,社会经济属性对模型的影响也不尽相同。模型的预算分配方案也表明,不同的预算分配策略会影响恢复期。所提出的模型强调了灾后恢复系统的复杂属性以及不同地区异质性恢复政策的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
From PSScience to digital planning: Steps towards an integrated research and practice agenda for digital planning 从 PSScience 到数字规划:制定数字规划综合研究与实践议程的步骤
IF 7.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2024.102183

Up till now, a widely accepted definition of Digital Planning is missing. Following the Editorial, digital planning is defined as the application of digital technologies and data-driven approaches to enhance efficiency, effectiveness, and inclusivity in planning processes to improve social, economic, and environmental outcomes for a sustainable urban future. It is necessary to clarify the distinction between Digital Planning and two associated terminologies: Planning Support Systems (PSS) and Planning Support Science (PSScience). PSScience and Digital Planning (DP) are envisioned as distinctive but closely interconnected. PSScience acts as the scientific base of the foremost planning practice-oriented Digital Planning. Based on this double-sided distinction and interconnection with PSScience, the relatively new concept of Digital Planning is further elaborated upon, resulting in an integrated research and practice agenda. For both approaches, a quadruple collaboration will be needed between governmental organizations, market parties, societal organizations/individuals, and educational/research institutes.

迄今为止,"数字规划 "还没有一个广为接受的定义。根据《社论》,数字规划被定义为应用数字技术和数据驱动方法,提高规划过程的效率、效益和包容性,从而改善社会、经济和环境成果,实现可持续的城市未来。有必要澄清数字规划与两个相关术语之间的区别:规划支持系统(PSS)和规划支持科学(PSScience)。规划支持科学(PSScience)和数字规划(DP)被认为是截然不同但又密切相关的两个概念。规划支持科学是以规划实践为导向的数字规划的科学基础。基于与 PSScience 的这种双面区别和相互联系,数字规划这一相对较新的概念得到了进一步阐述,从而形成了一个综合的研究和实践议程。这两种方法都需要政府组织、市场各方、社会组织/个人以及教育/研究机构之间的四重合作。
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引用次数: 0
An ontology-based approach for harmonizing metrics in bike network evaluations 基于本体的自行车网络评估指标协调方法
IF 7.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-08-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2024.102178

The urgency to decarbonize the transportation sector has accelerated the adoption of micro-mobility solutions, with cycling network development witnessing remarkable growth. Robust and quantitative evaluation frameworks are needed to evaluate the quality of such developments. While a plethora of bike network evaluation approaches exist, their diversity creates issues of interpretability and comparability due to varying metrics and domain-specific terms. We present three contributions to address these challenges. First, we construct a formal ontology, VeloNEMO, that captures key attributes of evaluation metrics for harmonizing bike network evaluation metrics. Second, we generate a machine-readable knowledge base containing these metrics, enabling meta-analyses and resolving some of the existing terminological discrepancies. Third, we propose recommendations for transparent and comparable metric descriptions across various evaluation approaches, illustrated by exploratory metric selection scenarios for a forthcoming bike network evaluation tool. In summary, our research addresses the need for a structured and shared vocabulary for bike network evaluations. This ontology-based approach aims to improve the coherence of evaluation methods as the field of bike network planning continues to evolve, ultimately supporting decision-making for sustainable transportation planning.

交通领域去碳化的紧迫性加速了微型交通解决方案的采用,自行车网络的发展见证了显著的增长。我们需要可靠的定量评估框架来评价此类发展的质量。虽然存在大量的自行车网络评估方法,但由于衡量标准和特定领域的术语各不相同,它们的多样性造成了可解释性和可比性问题。为应对这些挑战,我们做出了三项贡献。首先,我们构建了一个正式的本体--VeloNEMO,它捕捉了评价指标的关键属性,用于协调自行车网络评价指标。其次,我们生成了一个包含这些指标的机器可读知识库,使元分析成为可能,并解决了现有术语的一些差异。第三,我们为各种评估方法中透明、可比较的指标描述提出了建议,并通过即将推出的自行车网络评估工具的探索性指标选择方案进行了说明。总之,我们的研究满足了自行车网络评估对结构化共享词汇的需求。随着自行车网络规划领域的不断发展,这种基于本体的方法旨在提高评估方法的一致性,最终为可持续交通规划决策提供支持。
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引用次数: 0
Urban streets profiling with coupled spatio-temporal characteristics and topological information from the biking perspective 从骑自行车的角度,利用时空特征和拓扑信息耦合分析城市街道概况
IF 7.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-08-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2024.102180

Urban street profiling is the spatio-temporal pattern discovery of street-level urban areas, which plays a vital role in understanding urban structures and dynamics. Due to the natural topology and various geographic characteristics on the streets, it is necessary to combine multi-dimensional spatio-temporal information to understand different profiles of streets. This research aims to develop a street profiling framework according to the coupled characteristics of streets. At the start, a bidirected dual graph and a spatial weighted graph embedding method were used to solve the street representation. Then, the street profiles can be extracted by clustering embedding vectors of streets and feature importance analysis. As the case study, we employed the bike trajectories and street view images in Xiamen, China to depict the geographic attributes of streets. The results can reveal nine spatio-temporal street profiles from the biking perspective, including three spatial distribution patterns and two spatial semantic patterns. Urban streets in the study area show a significant hierarchical pattern because of locations and the spatial lags of the biking behaviors. Meanwhile, the spatio-temporal characteristics of biking behaviors are the main factors of street profiles, though the street environment attributes participate in over half the number of profile types. We further evaluated the profiling ability of the proposed framework and the importance of urban street profiles using coupled characteristics. Overall, this study explored the profiling method for coupling static and dynamic characteristics of urban streets. The profiling results also help understand street usage and experiences by bikers, which have a practical value on the human-oriented classification of streets and further urban development from a geographic view.

城市街道剖面分析是对城市街道区域的时空模式发现,对了解城市结构和动态起着至关重要的作用。由于街道的自然拓扑结构和各种地理特征,有必要结合多维时空信息来了解街道的不同特征。本研究旨在根据街道的耦合特征开发一个街道剖析框架。首先,使用双向对偶图和空间加权图嵌入方法来解决街道表示问题。然后,通过聚类街道嵌入向量和特征重要性分析提取街道概况。作为案例研究,我们利用中国厦门的自行车轨迹和街景图像来描述街道的地理属性。研究结果从自行车运动的角度揭示了街道的九种时空特征,包括三种空间分布模式和两种空间语义模式。研究区域内的城市街道由于位置和骑车行为的空间滞后性,呈现出明显的层次模式。同时,自行车行为的时空特征是街道特征的主要因素,尽管街道环境属性参与了一半以上的特征类型。我们利用耦合特征进一步评估了所提框架的剖析能力和城市街道剖析的重要性。总之,本研究探索了城市街道静态和动态特征耦合的剖析方法。剖析结果还有助于了解街道的使用情况和骑车人的体验,这对于以人为本的街道分类和从地理角度进一步推动城市发展具有实用价值。
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引用次数: 0
Developing two-dimensional indicators of transport demand and supply to promote sustainable transportation equity 制定运输需求和供应的二维指标,促进可持续运输的公平性
IF 7.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-08-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2024.102179

Inadequate supply of transport infrastructure is often seen as a barrier to a sustainable future for cities globally. Such barriers often perpetuate significant inequalities in who can and who cannot benefit from sustainable transport opportunities, and as a result there is momentum for transformative urban planning to promote sustainable transportation equity. This study introduces a new set of two-dimensional indicators, merging elements of supply and demand, to identify barriers and imbalances in sustainable transport equity. The accessibility indicators, which are generated for bus, rail, and cycle infrastructure, consider the proximity of administrative areas to good quality transport infrastructure, as well as mode-specific demand, to clearly identify areas where the supply of infrastructure is inadequate to support local populations. We present a policy case study for Liverpool City Region, which demonstrates how these indicators can be used in an analytical framework to support transformative urban planning in long-term. In particular, the indicators reveal policy priority areas where demand for sustainable transport is greater than supply, as well as neighbourhoods where multiple transport inequalities are intersecting spatially, highlighting the need for specific types of infrastructure investment to promote sustainable transport equity (e.g. more frequent services, additional cycle paths). Our framework lays the foundations for improved decision-making in urban systems, through development of mode-specific sustainable transport indicators at small area levels, which harmonise elements of supply and demand for the first time.

交通基础设施供应不足往往被视为全球城市实现可持续未来的障碍。这些障碍往往导致谁能受益于可持续交通机遇,谁不能受益于可持续交通机遇的严重不平等现象长期存在。本研究引入了一套新的二维指标,融合了供应和需求要素,以识别可持续交通公平方面的障碍和不平衡。这些可达性指标是针对公共汽车、铁路和自行车基础设施制定的,考虑了行政区域与优质交通基础设施的邻近程度以及特定模式的需求,以明确识别基础设施供应不足以支持当地人口的地区。我们介绍了利物浦城市地区的政策案例研究,展示了如何在分析框架中使用这些指标来支持长期的转型城市规划。特别是,这些指标揭示了可持续交通需求大于供给的政策优先领域,以及多种交通不平等现象在空间上相互交织的街区,突出了对特定类型基础设施投资的需求,以促进可持续交通的公平性(如更频繁的服务、更多的自行车道)。我们的框架为改善城市系统的决策奠定了基础,通过在小区域层面制定特定模式的可持续交通指标,首次协调了供需要素。
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引用次数: 0
Does real time experience matter? Comparison of retrospective and in-situ spatial data in participatory mapping 实时经验重要吗?比较参与式制图中的回顾性和现场空间数据
IF 6.8 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2024.102159
Lucia Brisudová, Jonathan J. Huck, Reka Solymosi
Public Participation GIS is a widely used method in research, planning, and many other domains. Approaches to participatory data collection have traditionally taken place , whereby a digital mapping platform is used for participants to elucidate their spatial through to and feelings. More recently, enabled by the proliferation of smartphones, data collection has also taken place in-situ, whereby participants report their spatial thoughts and feelings at their current location and time. There has yet to be any investigation into the implications of choice between retrospective and in-situ data collection, nor has there been any investigation into how comparable or compatible datasets collected using these methods might be expected to be. This paper addresses this shortcoming by providing a comparative analysis of retrospective and in-situ data collected in Olomouc, Czech Republic. Through a combination of theoretical, quantitative and qualitative approaches, the differences between the two methods are formalised along with their respective benefits and limitations. We find substantial differences between the results of the two methods, which have implications for methodological decision making. These implications are then examined in detail, providing critical guidance in the design of Public Participation GIS surveys for researchers and practitioners.
公众参与 GIS 是一种广泛应用于研究、规划和许多其他领域的方法。传统的参与式数据收集方法是通过数字地图平台,让参与者阐明他们的空间体验和感受。最近,随着智能手机的普及,数据收集也可以在现场进行,参与者可以报告他们在当前地点和时间的空间想法和感受。目前还没有人研究过在回顾性数据收集和现场数据收集之间做出选择的意义,也没有人研究过使用这些方法收集的数据集的可比性或兼容性如何。本文针对这一缺陷,对在捷克共和国奥洛穆茨收集的回顾性数据和现场数据进行了比较分析。通过理论、定量和定性方法的结合,这两种方法之间的差异以及各自的优势和局限性被正式确定下来。我们发现这两种方法的结果存在很大差异,这对方法决策产生了影响。然后对这些影响进行了详细研究,为研究人员和从业人员设计公众参与地理信息系统调查提供了重要指导。
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引用次数: 0
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