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Self-supervised learning unveils urban change from street-level images 自我监督学习从街道图像中揭示城市变化
IF 7.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-07-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2024.102156

Cities around the world are grappling with multiple interconnected challenges, including population growth, shortage of affordable and decent housing, and the need for neighborhood improvements. Despite its critical importance for policy, our ability to effectively monitor and track urban change remains limited. Deep learning-based computer vision methods applied to street-level images have been successful in the measurement of socioeconomic and environmental inequalities but did not fully utilize temporal images to track urban change, as time-varying labels are often unavailable. We used self-supervised methods to measure change in London using 15 million street images taken between 2008 and 2021. Our novel adaptation of Barlow Twins, Street2Vec, embeds urban structure while being invariant to seasonal and daily changes without manual annotations. It outperformed generic pretrained embeddings, successfully identified point-level change in London's housing supply from street-level images, and distinguished between major and minor change. This capability can provide timely information for urban planning and policy decisions towards more liveable, equitable, and sustainable cities.

世界各地的城市都在努力应对多种相互关联的挑战,包括人口增长、经济适用房和体面住房短缺以及改善社区环境的需求。尽管这对政策至关重要,但我们有效监测和跟踪城市变化的能力仍然有限。基于深度学习的计算机视觉方法应用于街道级图像,在测量社会经济和环境不平等方面取得了成功,但并没有充分利用时间图像来跟踪城市变化,因为时变标签往往不可用。我们使用自监督方法,利用 2008 年至 2021 年间拍摄的 1,500 万张街道图像来衡量伦敦的变化。我们对 Barlow Twins 进行了新颖的改编,即 Street2Vec,嵌入了城市结构,同时不受季节和日常变化的影响,无需人工注释。它的表现优于一般的预训练嵌入,成功地从街道级图像中识别出伦敦住房供应的点级变化,并区分出主要变化和次要变化。这种能力可以为城市规划和政策决策提供及时的信息,使城市更加宜居、公平和可持续发展。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring large language models for human mobility prediction under public events 探索用于公共事件下人员流动预测的大型语言模型
IF 7.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-07-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2024.102153

Public events, such as concerts and sports games, can be major attractors for large crowds, leading to irregular surges in travel demand. Accurate human mobility prediction for public events is thus crucial for event planning as well as traffic or crowd management. While rich textual descriptions about public events are commonly available from online sources, it is challenging to encode such information in statistical or machine learning models. Existing methods are generally limited in incorporating textual information, handling data sparsity, or providing rationales for their predictions. To address these challenges, we introduce a framework for human mobility prediction under public events (LLM-MPE) based on Large Language Models (LLMs), leveraging their unprecedented ability to process textual data, learn from minimal examples, and generate human-readable explanations. Specifically, LLM-MPE first transforms raw, unstructured event descriptions from online sources into a standardized format, and then segments historical mobility data into regular and event-related components. A prompting strategy is designed to direct LLMs in making and rationalizing demand predictions considering historical mobility and event features. A case study is conducted for Barclays Center in New York City, based on publicly available event information and taxi trip data. Results show that LLM-MPE surpasses traditional models, particularly on event days, with textual data significantly enhancing its accuracy. Furthermore, LLM-MPE offers interpretable insights into its predictions. Despite the great potential of LLMs, we also identify key challenges including misinformation and high costs that remain barriers to their broader adoption in large-scale human mobility analysis.

音乐会和运动会等公共活动可能会吸引大量人群,导致不规则的出行需求激增。因此,对公共活动进行准确的人员流动预测对于活动规划以及交通或人群管理至关重要。虽然有关公共活动的丰富文本描述通常可从网上获取,但要将这些信息编码到统计或机器学习模型中却具有挑战性。现有的方法在纳入文本信息、处理数据稀疏性或提供预测理由方面普遍受到限制。为了应对这些挑战,我们引入了一个基于大型语言模型(LLM)的公共事件下人员流动预测框架(LLM-MPE),利用其前所未有的能力来处理文本数据、从最少的示例中学习并生成人类可读的解释。具体来说,LLM-MPE 首先将来自在线资源的原始、非结构化事件描述转换为标准化格式,然后将历史移动数据分割为常规和事件相关部分。我们设计了一种提示策略,引导 LLM 根据历史流动性和事件特征进行需求预测并使之合理化。根据公开的事件信息和出租车出行数据,对纽约市巴克莱中心进行了案例研究。结果表明,LLM-MPE 超越了传统模型,尤其是在活动日,文本数据显著提高了其准确性。此外,LLM-MPE 还提供了可解释的预测见解。尽管 LLM 潜力巨大,但我们也发现了一些关键挑战,包括错误信息和高昂的成本,这些仍然是 LLM 被广泛应用于大规模人员流动分析的障碍。
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引用次数: 0
Optimization of urban greenway route using a coverage maximization model for lines 利用线路覆盖最大化模型优化城市绿道路线
IF 7.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-07-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2024.102155

Urban greenways enhance the social, environmental, and ecological facets of city life by offering accessible and engaging spaces for residents. Despite their significance, the route selection for these urban greenways often hinges on suitability analysis, which can be influenced by a planner's subjective judgment, thus potentially introducing bias. Spatial optimization is a potential solution for determining optimal urban greenway routes. However, urban greenway route planning poses a distinct spatial optimization challenge that is not addressed by existing models. While urban greenways are inherently linear features, there are generally no specific start or end points dictated in their planning, which contrasts with many existing line-based spatial optimization models. Moreover, the way that coverage for urban greenways is measured—by taking into account the area encompassed within a particular distance from the entire urban greenway—deviates from the method used in conventional coverage optimization models, which works through discrete point-based evaluations. To address these gaps, our study introduces the maximal covering location problem for lines (MCLP-Line) model, which is designed to determine the optimal single-line-shaped urban greenway route with maximum coverage of nearby residents. In this paper, we utilize a line graph data structure to transform the candidate road network into a graph where road segments become nodes and junctions are treated as edges. We delineate the mixed integer linear programming formulation for the MCLP-Line model and discuss approaches for eliminating subtours in the MCLP-Line model in detail. The study provides simulation tests using both randomly generated data and an empirical dataset from Lhasa to demonstrate the practicality and computational efficiency of the proposed model.

城市绿道通过为居民提供无障碍和有吸引力的空间,提升了城市生活的社会、环境和生态层面。尽管这些城市绿道意义重大,但其路线选择往往取决于适宜性分析,而适宜性分析可能会受到规划师主观判断的影响,从而可能带来偏差。空间优化是确定最佳城市绿道路线的潜在解决方案。然而,城市绿道路线规划提出了一个独特的空间优化挑战,而现有模型并未解决这一问题。虽然城市绿道本身具有线性特征,但在其规划中通常没有规定具体的起点或终点,这与许多现有的基于线性的空间优化模型形成了鲜明对比。此外,衡量城市绿道覆盖率的方法是考虑与整个城市绿道之间特定距离内的覆盖面积,这与传统覆盖率优化模型中通过离散点进行评估的方法不同。为了弥补这些不足,我们的研究引入了线路最大覆盖位置问题(MCLP-Line)模型,旨在确定对附近居民覆盖最大的单线型城市绿道最优路线。在本文中,我们利用线图数据结构将候选道路网络转化为图,其中路段成为节点,路口被视为边。我们划分了 MCLP-Line 模型的混合整数线性规划公式,并详细讨论了在 MCLP-Line 模型中消除子路线的方法。研究使用随机生成的数据和拉萨的经验数据集进行了模拟测试,以证明所提模型的实用性和计算效率。
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引用次数: 0
Time will not tell: Temporal approaches for privacy-preserving trajectory publishing 时间不会证明一切:隐私保护轨迹发布的时间方法
IF 7.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2024.102154

Fine-granular spatio-temporal trajectories, i.e., time-stamped sequences of locations, play a pivotal role in transport and urban analytics. However, sharing or publishing trajectory data of individuals raises concerns about location privacy given the potential for re-identification and unintentional dissemination of sensitive information. A key enabler for privacy breaches is precise temporal information. Thus, this study investigates the privacy-preserving capabilities of third-party free mechanisms protecting trajectories by exclusively targeting the temporal dimension. We compare a deterministic and a stochastic technique for shifting trajectories in time by adding an offset to each timestamp. The stochastic approach leverages a generalized version of differential privacy to render an individual's presence at any event plausibly deniable, obstructing re-identification attacks based on spatio-temporal side knowledge. Furthermore, we present a Markov chain-based speed perturbation technique that preserves dynamic patterns while obfuscating travel times and motion attributes. Using simulated re-identification attacks, we analyze privacy gains and contrast them with the utility loss. The results demonstrate a favorable utility-to-privacy ratio of the temporal techniques compared to established spatial and spatio-temporal approaches. This underlines the importance of accounting for temporal aspects in addition to spatial considerations in privacy-preserving trajectory publishing.

细粒度时空轨迹,即带有时间戳的位置序列,在交通和城市分析中发挥着举足轻重的作用。然而,共享或发布个人轨迹数据会引发位置隐私问题,因为有可能出现重新识别和无意传播敏感信息的情况。隐私泄露的一个关键因素是精确的时间信息。因此,本研究专门针对时间维度,研究了保护轨迹的第三方免费机制的隐私保护能力。我们比较了一种确定性技术和一种随机技术,通过在每个时间戳上添加偏移量来移动轨迹的时间。随机方法利用差分隐私的广义版本,使个人在任何事件中的存在都具有似是而非的可否认性,从而阻止了基于时空侧知识的重新识别攻击。此外,我们还提出了一种基于马尔可夫链的速度扰动技术,它既能保留动态模式,又能混淆旅行时间和运动属性。通过模拟重新识别攻击,我们分析了隐私收益,并将其与效用损失进行了对比。结果表明,与既有的空间和时空方法相比,时间技术的实用性与隐私性比率更高。这强调了在保护隐私的轨迹发布中,除了考虑空间因素外,还要考虑时间因素的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Decoding (urban) form and function using spatially explicit deep learning 利用空间显式深度学习解码(城市)形态和功能
IF 6.8 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2024.102147
Martin Fleischmann, Daniel Arribas-Bel
This paper explores how can geographical dimension be incorporated into deep learning designed to understand the composition of urban landscapes based on Sentinel 2 satellite imagery. Compared to standard computer vision, satellite imagery is unique as images sampled from the data form a continuous array, rather than being fully independent. We argue that the spatial configuration of the images is as important as the content of each image when attempting to capture a pattern that reflects the structure of the urban environment. We propose a series of approaches explicitly incorporating spatial dimension in the predictive pipeline based on the EfficientNetB4 convolutional neural network (CNN) and experimentally test their effect on model performance. The experiments in this study cover the scale of the sampled area, the effect of spatial augmentation, and the role of modelling (logit ensemble and histogram-based gradient-boosted classifiers) with and without the spatial context on the outputs of the neural network-generated vector of probabilities while trying to predict spatial signatures, a classification of primarily urban landscape based on form and function. The results suggest that certain ways of embedding spatial information, especially in the modelling step, consistently significantly improve the prediction accuracy and shall be considered on top of standard CNNs.
本文探讨了如何将地理维度纳入深度学习,以了解基于哨兵 2 号卫星图像的城市景观构成。与标准计算机视觉相比,卫星图像是独特的,因为从数据中采样的图像形成一个连续阵列,而不是完全独立的。我们认为,在试图捕捉反映城市环境结构的模式时,图像的空间配置与每幅图像的内容同样重要。我们提出了一系列方法,在基于 EfficientNetB4 卷积神经网络 (CNN) 的预测管道中明确纳入空间维度,并通过实验测试它们对模型性能的影响。本研究中的实验涵盖了采样区域的规模、空间增强的效果以及建模(Logit 集合和基于直方图的梯度提升分类器)的作用,在尝试预测空间特征(主要是基于形式和功能的城市景观分类)时,有无空间背景对神经网络生成的概率向量输出的影响。结果表明,嵌入空间信息的某些方法,特别是在建模步骤中,可以持续显著地提高预测准确性,因此应考虑在标准 CNN 的基础上进行改进。
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引用次数: 0
How far are we towards sustainable Carfree cities combining shared autonomous vehicles with park-and-ride: An agent-based simulation assessment for Brussels 将共享自动驾驶车辆与停车换乘相结合的可持续无车城市还有多远?基于代理的布鲁塞尔模拟评估
IF 7.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2024.102148

This research investigates the potential of Shared Autonomous Vehicles (SAVs) to eliminate Conventional Private Vehicles (CPVs) towards sustainable carfree cities. Besides internal-city CPV travellers, travellers with external trips (either origins or destinations are outside the city) are also shifted to SAVs or Public Transit (PT) based on individuals' utilities with Park-and-Ride (PnR) initiatives. Our research presents a new PnR allocation approach optimising PnR facilities selections. Then, several Agent-Based Modellings (ABM) are conducted using MATSim. Brussels, the capital of Belgium, is selected as the case study area. The outcomes reveal the significant impacts of PnR market penetration and SAV pricing strategies. The proposed carfree initiatives bring notable benefits, including reduced congestion in the city centre and significant transport emission reductions. However, there are also drawbacks, such as longer travel time for PnR travellers and increased congestion in specific regions. Consequently, a PnR market penetration between 40% to 60% represents a feasible range under the current Brussels mobility network. Furthermore, SAVs should be seen as a complement to PT rather than with a very low fare structure. Generally, our findings emphasise the necessity for a multifaceted approach for different stakeholders to maximise SAV benefits towards more sustainable mobility networks.

本研究探讨了共享自动驾驶汽车(SAV)在淘汰传统私家车(CPV)以实现可持续发展的无车城市方面的潜力。除了城市内部的 CPV 旅行者外,外部旅行者(出发地或目的地均在城市之外)也会根据个人对停车换乘(PnR)举措的实用性而转向 SAV 或公共交通(PT)。我们的研究提出了一种优化停车换乘设施选择的全新停车换乘分配方法。然后,使用 MATSim 进行了若干基于代理的建模(ABM)。比利时首都布鲁塞尔被选为案例研究地区。研究结果揭示了无车日市场渗透和无车日定价策略的重大影响。拟议的无车日倡议带来了显著的好处,包括减少市中心的拥堵和显著降低交通排放。不过,也有一些缺点,比如延长了无车旅行者的旅行时间,加剧了特定区域的拥堵。因此,在目前的布鲁塞尔交通网络下,PnR 市场渗透率在 40% 至 60% 之间是可行的范围。此外,SAVs 应被视为公共交通的补充,而不是采用非常低的票价结构。总体而言,我们的研究结果强调了不同利益相关者采取多方面方法的必要性,以最大限度地提高 SAV 的效益,从而实现更可持续的交通网络。
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引用次数: 0
A study on street walkability for older adults with different mobility abilities combining street view image recognition and deep learning - The case of Chengxianjie Community in Nanjing (China) 结合街景图像识别和深度学习,研究不同行动能力老年人的街道步行便利性--以南京市城厢街道社区(中国)为例
IF 7.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-07-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2024.102151
Yinan Chen , Xiaoran Huang , Marcus White

China is on the brink of transitioning into an aged society, resulting in a growing demand for an age-friendly street-built environment. However, previous research has paid limited attention to the differentiated walking needs of older adults. To address this gap, this study investigated the relationship between street-built environments and the subjective perception of older adults with different physical capabilities, focusing on safety, comfort, and interest. The older adults were classified into three types based on their physical mobility abilities. The TrueSkill algorithm was used to develop an online image selection website to obtain perception scores for sampled pictures from these three types of older adults. Image segmentation and deep learning were combined to extract indices of street view factors, and machine learning was used to train a scoring prediction model for all streetscape pictures of the area. The study found differences in the subjective perception among all three types of older adults, namely independent elderly (A), mediated-assisted elderly (B), and dependent elderly (C). Type A older adults might be attracted to factors related to the interest of walking despite their negative impact on safety and comfort; Type B older adults were more concerned about street conditions for safety and comfort. Type C older adults were prone to the convenience of barrier-free access and visibility. This study contributes to the study of walkability by providing a research framework for the subjective walking perceptions of older adults with different physical capabilities. Additionally, the visualized walkability map can serve as a reference for architects and urban designers, further strengthening the development of age-friendly communities with the aid of human-centric computational analysis, evaluation, and design.

中国正处于向老龄化社会过渡的边缘,因此对老年友好型街道环境的需求日益增长。然而,以往的研究对老年人不同的步行需求关注有限。针对这一空白,本研究调查了街道环境与不同体能老年人主观感知之间的关系,重点关注安全性、舒适性和趣味性。根据老年人的身体活动能力将其分为三种类型。我们使用 TrueSkill 算法开发了一个在线图片选择网站,以获得这三类老年人对采样图片的感知评分。结合图像分割和深度学习来提取街景因素指数,并使用机器学习来训练该地区所有街景图片的评分预测模型。研究发现,独立型老年人(A)、介助型老年人(B)和依赖型老年人(C)这三种类型的老年人在主观感知上存在差异。A 型老年人可能会被与步行兴趣有关的因素所吸引,尽管这些因素会对安全和舒适产生负面影响;B 型老年人则更关注街道的安全和舒适条件。C 型老年人则更倾向于无障碍通道的便利性和可视性。本研究为不同体能的老年人的主观步行感知提供了一个研究框架,从而为步行能力研究做出了贡献。此外,可视化步行能力地图可作为建筑师和城市设计师的参考,借助以人为本的计算分析、评估和设计,进一步加强老年友好社区的发展。
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引用次数: 0
How has digital participatory mapping influenced urban planning: Views from nine planning cases from Finland 数字参与式制图如何影响城市规划:芬兰九个规划案例的观点
IF 7.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-07-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2024.102152
Valtteri Nurminen, Saana Rossi, Tiina Rinne, Marketta Kyttä

Although the successfulness of public participation projects has been studied from many different perspectives, there is a lack of knowledge of how participation influences the planning outcomes. Through the interview study of nine Finnish urban planning projects, we studied how the use of a digital public participation GIS tool has influenced the outcomes of urban planning. In the selected cases the information collected with a PPGIS tool has been highly valued by the planners, leading to concretely influential participation in 6 out of 9 cases. In these cases, the planners gave concrete examples of how the information had influenced the created plan or draft. We created a model that describes how the information produced by participants is traveling from the participants to the outcome of the planning process. With this model, the main factors limiting the degree of influence were recognized, and actions were presented that could increase the influence.

尽管已经从许多不同的角度对公众参与项目的成功与否进行了研究,但对于公众参与如何影响规划成果还缺乏了解。通过对九个芬兰城市规划项目的访谈研究,我们研究了数字化公众参与 GIS 工具的使用如何影响了城市规划的成果。在所选案例中,规划人员高度重视利用公众参与地理信息系统工具收集的信息,在 9 个案例中有 6 个案例的参与产生了具体影响。在这些案例中,规划者举出了具体的例子,说明这些信息如何影响了所制定的规划或草案。我们创建了一个模型,描述了参与者产生的信息如何从参与者传递到规划过程的结果。通过这一模型,我们认识到了限制影响程度的主要因素,并提出了可以提高影响程度的行动。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluating accessibility benefits and ridership of bike-transit integration through a social equity lens 从社会公平的角度评估自行车与公交一体化的无障碍优势和乘客数量
IF 7.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2024.102150
Luyu Liu , Jinhyung Lee , Harvey J. Miller

Integration of bike usage and transit services is an effective way to enhance accessibility for both transportation modes. Using high-resolution transit data, the study analyzes bike-transit multimodal accessibility and usage patterns through a social equity lens. Two types of accessibility increment are studied: bicycle increment to public transit – the benefits of using bicycle for transit riders, and transit increment to cycling – the merits of using transit for cyclists. Results show that bike-transit integration benefits both public transit riders and cyclists, expanding their accessible opportunities by up to 70% and enabling longer trips for cyclists while providing continuous benefits for public transit users. Meanwhile, better infrastructure significantly improves multimodal accessibility, resulting in more increment for public transit riders but less increment for cyclists. The paper also shows the spatiotemporal patterns of multimodal ridership. The research highlights disparities in bike-transit activities for Black communities due to inadequate local biking infrastructure. Black people majority neighborhoods enjoy less increment compared to other neighborhoods for shorter and very long trips; they also have disproportionately lower multimodal ridership despite much higher transit ridership and better transit access. Enhancing biking infrastructure in these areas can improve physical accessibility increment and promote social equity. The paper provides practical insights for transit planning, emphasizing the importance of connecting bike lanes and creating safer streets for cycling.

整合自行车使用和公交服务是提高两种交通方式可达性的有效途径。这项研究利用高分辨率的公交数据,从社会公平的角度分析了自行车-公交多式联运的可达性和使用模式。研究了两类可达性增量:自行车对公共交通的增量--公共交通乘客使用自行车的好处,以及公共交通对自行车的增量--自行车使用者使用公共交通的好处。研究结果表明,自行车与公共交通的结合既有利于公共交通乘客,也有利于骑自行车的人,可将他们的无障碍出行机会扩大多达 70%,并使骑自行车的人能够进行更长时间的出行,同时为公共交通用户带来持续的益处。同时,更好的基础设施能显著改善多式联运的可达性,从而为公共交通乘客带来更多增量,但为骑自行车者带来的增量较少。论文还展示了多式联运乘客的时空模式。研究强调,由于当地自行车基础设施不足,黑人社区的自行车交通活动存在差异。与其他社区相比,黑人占多数的社区在短途和长途旅行中享受的增量较少;尽管他们的公交乘坐率要高得多,而且交通便利,但他们的多式联运乘坐率也低得不成比例。加强这些地区的自行车基础设施建设,可以提高实际可达性增量,促进社会公平。本文为公交规划提供了实用的见解,强调了连接自行车道和为骑行创造更安全街道的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
A spatially-explicit sensitivity analysis of urban definitions: Uncovering implicit assumptions in the Degree of Urbanisation 城市定义的空间敏感性分析:揭示城市化程度中的隐含假设
IF 7.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-07-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2024.102149
Céline Van Migerode , Ate Poorthuis , Ben Derudder

We introduce a spatially-explicit sensitivity framework to uncover potential biases in urban delineation approaches. Our starting point is that there is no broadly shared agreement on how to define or delineate urban areas, neither in terms of methods nor in terms of thresholds or criteria. Deciding on delineation criteria thus inevitably involves making certain assumptions that may unwittingly reproduce urban realities experienced by those expressing them, and have spatially unequally distributed implications. Understanding how specific criterion choices shape our understanding of ‘the urban’ and how, why, and – especially – where a definition leads to specific sensitivities is therefore key, especially when the definition is utilised beyond its intended application. Our framework to uncover these sensitivities is spatially explicit in the sense that it does not rely on aggregate statistics but instead focuses on the sensitivity of the ‘urban’ classification of individual spatial units at the finest spatial granularity. Applying the framework to the definition of the Degree of Urbanisation reveals that sensitivity is indeed not equally distributed across the world. Certain regions (e.g., areas around Dallas – Fort Worth) and specific types of urbanisation (e.g., desakota regions in Pacific Asia) exhibit higher sensitivity than others. We discuss how these sensitivities may embody certain implicit assumptions in the definition, and examine their broader theoretical implications.

我们引入了一个空间明确的敏感性框架,以揭示城市划分方法中的潜在偏差。我们的出发点是,对于如何定义或划定城市区域,无论是在方法上还是在阈值或标准上,都没有达成广泛的共识。因此,在决定划分标准时,不可避免地要做出某些假设,而这些假设可能会在不知不觉中再现表达这些假设的人所经历的城市现实,并产生空间分布不均的影响。因此,了解具体的标准选择如何形成我们对 "城市 "的理解,以及定义如何、为何、尤其是如何导致特定的敏感性是关键,尤其是当定义的使用超出了其预期应用范围时。我们揭示这些敏感性的框架在空间上是明确的,因为它并不依赖于总体统计数据,而是在最细微的空间粒度上关注单个空间单位的 "城市 "分类的敏感性。将该框架应用于 "城市 "的定义,可以发现敏感性在全球的分布并不均衡。某些地区(如达拉斯沃斯堡周边地区)和特定类型的城市化(如太平洋亚洲的德萨科塔地区)比其他地区表现出更高的敏感性。我们将讨论这些敏感性如何体现定义中的某些隐含假设,并研究其更广泛的理论意义。
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引用次数: 0
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Computers Environment and Urban Systems
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