Pub Date : 2023-05-23DOI: 10.4054/demres.2023.48.29
L. Oláh, R. Richter, I. Kotowska
BACKGROUND This is the introduction to a special collection of articles produced within a large-scale collaborative research project, FamiliesAndSocieties, funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme in 2013 ‒ 2017. OBJECTIVE The special collection addresses (1) the gendered outcomes of employment for fertility, well-being, and partnership stability, and (2) the new role of men in various socioeconomic positions and its implications for family life.
{"title":"Introduction to the Special Collection on The new roles of women and men and implications for families and societies","authors":"L. Oláh, R. Richter, I. Kotowska","doi":"10.4054/demres.2023.48.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4054/demres.2023.48.29","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND This is the introduction to a special collection of articles produced within a large-scale collaborative research project, FamiliesAndSocieties, funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme in 2013 ‒ 2017. OBJECTIVE The special collection addresses (1) the gendered outcomes of employment for fertility, well-being, and partnership stability, and (2) the new role of men in various socioeconomic positions and its implications for family life.","PeriodicalId":48242,"journal":{"name":"Demographic Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42165755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-19DOI: 10.4054/demres.2023.48.28
C. Turra, F. Fernandes, Júlia Almeida Calazans, M. Nepomuceno
BACKGROUND Age misreporting affects population estimates at older ages. In Brazil, every citizen must be registered and show an identity document to vaccinate against COVID-19. This requirement to present proof of age provides a unique opportunity for measuring the oldest-old population using novel administrative data.OBJECTIVES To offer critically assessed estimates of the Brazilian population aged 80 and older based on data from the vaccination registration system (VRS). To uncover discrepancies between the number of vaccinated oldest-old people and the projections used to estimate target populations for COVID-19 vaccination. METHODS We calculate data quality indicators based on data from the VRS - namely, 100+/80+ and 90+/80+ population proportions, sex ratios, and the Myers blended index - and compare them to those based on data on target populations from Brazilian censuses and demographic projections, and from Sweden - a country with high-quality data. We also estimate vaccination coverage ratios using population projections adjusted to excess deaths as the denominators.RESULTS Requiring documentation reduces age heaping, age exaggeration, and sex ratios marginally. However, it cannot solve the problem of the misreporting of birth dates due to the absence of long-standing birth registration systems in Brazil, particularly in the northern and central regions. In addition, we find a mismatch between the projected populations and numbers of vaccinated people across regions.CONCLUSIONS Despite improvements in data quality in Brazil, we are still not confident about the accuracy of age reporting among the oldest old in the less advantaged Brazilian regions. The postponement of the 2020 census reduced the ability of authorities to define the target populations for vaccinations against COVID-19 and other diseases.CONTRIBUTIONS This is the first study to compare population estimates for the oldest old in administrative data and census data in Brazil. Age misreporting resulted in discrepancies that may have compromised the efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccination campaign.
{"title":"Age reporting for the oldest old in the Brazilian COVID-19 vaccination database: What can we learn from it?","authors":"C. Turra, F. Fernandes, Júlia Almeida Calazans, M. Nepomuceno","doi":"10.4054/demres.2023.48.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4054/demres.2023.48.28","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND Age misreporting affects population estimates at older ages. In Brazil, every citizen must be registered and show an identity document to vaccinate against COVID-19. This requirement to present proof of age provides a unique opportunity for measuring the oldest-old population using novel administrative data.OBJECTIVES To offer critically assessed estimates of the Brazilian population aged 80 and older based on data from the vaccination registration system (VRS). To uncover discrepancies between the number of vaccinated oldest-old people and the projections used to estimate target populations for COVID-19 vaccination. METHODS We calculate data quality indicators based on data from the VRS - namely, 100+/80+ and 90+/80+ population proportions, sex ratios, and the Myers blended index - and compare them to those based on data on target populations from Brazilian censuses and demographic projections, and from Sweden - a country with high-quality data. We also estimate vaccination coverage ratios using population projections adjusted to excess deaths as the denominators.RESULTS Requiring documentation reduces age heaping, age exaggeration, and sex ratios marginally. However, it cannot solve the problem of the misreporting of birth dates due to the absence of long-standing birth registration systems in Brazil, particularly in the northern and central regions. In addition, we find a mismatch between the projected populations and numbers of vaccinated people across regions.CONCLUSIONS Despite improvements in data quality in Brazil, we are still not confident about the accuracy of age reporting among the oldest old in the less advantaged Brazilian regions. The postponement of the 2020 census reduced the ability of authorities to define the target populations for vaccinations against COVID-19 and other diseases.CONTRIBUTIONS This is the first study to compare population estimates for the oldest old in administrative data and census data in Brazil. Age misreporting resulted in discrepancies that may have compromised the efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccination campaign.","PeriodicalId":48242,"journal":{"name":"Demographic Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43752725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-17DOI: 10.4054/demres.2023.48.27
O. Fernandez
BACKGROUND Previous research has derived bounds on the remaining life expectancy function e ( x ) that connect survivorship and remaining life expectancy at two age values and therefore can be used to, among other things, estimate life expectancy at birth when the population’s full mortality trajectory is not known. RESULTS We show that the aforementioned bounds emerge from using particular two-node closed quadrature rules and prove a theorem that establishes conditions for when an n -node closed rule respects those bounds for e ( x ) . This enables the usage of known high-accuracy rules that stay within the bounds and provide new high-accuracy estimates for e ( x ) . We show that among this set of rules are ones that yield exact estimates for e ( x ) . We illustrate our work empirically using life table data from French females since 1816 and discover a new empirical regularity linking life expectancy at birth in the data set to survivorship and remaining life expectancy at age 20.
{"title":"Improved bounds and high-accuracy estimates for remaining life expectancy via quadrature rule-based methods","authors":"O. Fernandez","doi":"10.4054/demres.2023.48.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4054/demres.2023.48.27","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND Previous research has derived bounds on the remaining life expectancy function e ( x ) that connect survivorship and remaining life expectancy at two age values and therefore can be used to, among other things, estimate life expectancy at birth when the population’s full mortality trajectory is not known. RESULTS We show that the aforementioned bounds emerge from using particular two-node closed quadrature rules and prove a theorem that establishes conditions for when an n -node closed rule respects those bounds for e ( x ) . This enables the usage of known high-accuracy rules that stay within the bounds and provide new high-accuracy estimates for e ( x ) . We show that among this set of rules are ones that yield exact estimates for e ( x ) . We illustrate our work empirically using life table data from French females since 1816 and discover a new empirical regularity linking life expectancy at birth in the data set to survivorship and remaining life expectancy at age 20.","PeriodicalId":48242,"journal":{"name":"Demographic Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49166479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-11DOI: 10.4054/demres.2023.48.25
Vanessa Wittemann
BACKGROUND Intergenerational social mobility, or the inheritance of status characteristics, is well-studied in Sweden. However, it accounts for just one aspect of the process of intergenerational reproduction of social inequality. The role of socially stratified fertility in this process remains underexplored. OBJECTIVE I address the gap in knowledge by replicating the approach pioneered by Skopek and Leopold (2020) in the context of Germany in order to study the relative contributions of the mobility component vis-à-vis the fertility component in the educational reproduction of Swedish cohorts born between 1930 and 1950.
{"title":"Educational reproduction in Sweden: A replication of Skopek and Leopold 2020 using Swedish data","authors":"Vanessa Wittemann","doi":"10.4054/demres.2023.48.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4054/demres.2023.48.25","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND Intergenerational social mobility, or the inheritance of status characteristics, is well-studied in Sweden. However, it accounts for just one aspect of the process of intergenerational reproduction of social inequality. The role of socially stratified fertility in this process remains underexplored. OBJECTIVE I address the gap in knowledge by replicating the approach pioneered by Skopek and Leopold (2020) in the context of Germany in order to study the relative contributions of the mobility component vis-à-vis the fertility component in the educational reproduction of Swedish cohorts born between 1930 and 1950.","PeriodicalId":48242,"journal":{"name":"Demographic Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43110288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-09DOI: 10.4054/demres.2023.48.24
P. Bocquier, A. Menashe-Oren, Wanling Nie
BACKGROUND The components of urbanisation are important to understand, since urbanisation is closely related to development. Internal migration was key in historical urban transitions, while in contemporary transitions the balance of births and deaths has been the main driver of urbanisation. Reclassification of rural areas and international migration also contribute to urbanisation. OBJECTIVE Unlike previous work based on indirectly measured net migration estimates, we directly estimate inand out-migration rates between rural and urban areas across Africa and Asia by age and sex, and evaluate the contribution of the balance of these flows to urbanisation. METHOD We use 67 census samples from IPUMS International for 28 countries in Africa and Asia between 1970 and 2014 to estimate inand outmigration between rural and urban areas, based on available questions of residence. We then model ageand sex-specific migration rates using Poisson regression and estimate net migration through marginal effects. RESULTS Results confirm that, in both continents, urbanisation is not generated by rural-to-urban migration but by the urban population itself, be it through natural growth or through expansion to peripheral areas. In Asia, urbanisation reflects internal migration trends and reclassification decisions to a greater extent than in Africa, where natural growth is the key contributor. 1 Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium. Email: philippe.bocquier@uclouvain.be. 2 Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium. Bocquier, Menashe-Oren & Nie: Migration’s contribution to the urban transition 682 https://www.demographic-research.org CONTRIBUTION By using direct estimates, we ascertain the role of inter-regional rural–urban migration in urbanisation. We find that a positive effect of inter-regional migration is counterbalanced by a negative effect of intra-regional migration (combined with reclassification and international migration).
{"title":"Migration’s contribution to the urban transition: Direct census estimates from Africa and Asia","authors":"P. Bocquier, A. Menashe-Oren, Wanling Nie","doi":"10.4054/demres.2023.48.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4054/demres.2023.48.24","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND The components of urbanisation are important to understand, since urbanisation is closely related to development. Internal migration was key in historical urban transitions, while in contemporary transitions the balance of births and deaths has been the main driver of urbanisation. Reclassification of rural areas and international migration also contribute to urbanisation. OBJECTIVE Unlike previous work based on indirectly measured net migration estimates, we directly estimate inand out-migration rates between rural and urban areas across Africa and Asia by age and sex, and evaluate the contribution of the balance of these flows to urbanisation. METHOD We use 67 census samples from IPUMS International for 28 countries in Africa and Asia between 1970 and 2014 to estimate inand outmigration between rural and urban areas, based on available questions of residence. We then model ageand sex-specific migration rates using Poisson regression and estimate net migration through marginal effects. RESULTS Results confirm that, in both continents, urbanisation is not generated by rural-to-urban migration but by the urban population itself, be it through natural growth or through expansion to peripheral areas. In Asia, urbanisation reflects internal migration trends and reclassification decisions to a greater extent than in Africa, where natural growth is the key contributor. 1 Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium. Email: philippe.bocquier@uclouvain.be. 2 Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium. Bocquier, Menashe-Oren & Nie: Migration’s contribution to the urban transition 682 https://www.demographic-research.org CONTRIBUTION By using direct estimates, we ascertain the role of inter-regional rural–urban migration in urbanisation. We find that a positive effect of inter-regional migration is counterbalanced by a negative effect of intra-regional migration (combined with reclassification and international migration).","PeriodicalId":48242,"journal":{"name":"Demographic Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48684429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-05DOI: 10.4054/demres.2023.48.23
M. Kreidl, Zuzana Űilinčíková
BACKGROUND Several studies show that cohabiting adult children have less frequent contact with their mothers than married adult children. We argue that these findings might be spurious due to confounding. OBJECTIVE Our aim is to replicate earlier research using more robust statistical instruments from the family of multi-level models with fixed effects, which are known to offer better control of omitted-variable bias. We also want to show the extent to which union-type effects vary across countries and by parenthood status.
{"title":"Adult children’s union type and contact with mothers: A replication","authors":"M. Kreidl, Zuzana Űilinčíková","doi":"10.4054/demres.2023.48.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4054/demres.2023.48.23","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND Several studies show that cohabiting adult children have less frequent contact with their mothers than married adult children. We argue that these findings might be spurious due to confounding. OBJECTIVE Our aim is to replicate earlier research using more robust statistical instruments from the family of multi-level models with fixed effects, which are known to offer better control of omitted-variable bias. We also want to show the extent to which union-type effects vary across countries and by parenthood status.","PeriodicalId":48242,"journal":{"name":"Demographic Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48867149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-04DOI: 10.4054/demres.2023.48.22
Almut Schumann, Detlev Lück
BACKGROUND The assessment of relationship quality is a key construct in family research and relies on several indicators. As answer behavior for sensitive and subjective questions can be biased by the interview situation, the emerging switch from face-to-face mode to web or mixed mode in surveys challenges the comparability of measurements. OBJECTIVE This study investigates the impact of two modes of data collection – face-to-face mode and web mode – on central measurements of relationship quality in quantitative family research. METHODS In a German experimental pilot study (2018) within the Generations and Gender Programme, target persons were randomly assigned to face-to-face or online interviews. Mode differences are assessed by comparing distributions for various indicators of relationship quality. To adjust for confounders, post-stratification weighting and multivariate regression analysis are applied.
{"title":"Better to ask online when it concerns intimate relationships? Survey mode differences in the assessment of relationship quality","authors":"Almut Schumann, Detlev Lück","doi":"10.4054/demres.2023.48.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4054/demres.2023.48.22","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND The assessment of relationship quality is a key construct in family research and relies on several indicators. As answer behavior for sensitive and subjective questions can be biased by the interview situation, the emerging switch from face-to-face mode to web or mixed mode in surveys challenges the comparability of measurements. OBJECTIVE This study investigates the impact of two modes of data collection – face-to-face mode and web mode – on central measurements of relationship quality in quantitative family research. METHODS In a German experimental pilot study (2018) within the Generations and Gender Programme, target persons were randomly assigned to face-to-face or online interviews. Mode differences are assessed by comparing distributions for various indicators of relationship quality. To adjust for confounders, post-stratification weighting and multivariate regression analysis are applied.","PeriodicalId":48242,"journal":{"name":"Demographic Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44589138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-03DOI: 10.4054/demres.2023.48.21
M. Kalmijn
BACKGROUND The consequences of declining parent–child ties after divorce have primarily been studied for children’s well-being and not for parents’ well-being. Some parents lose contact with their children after divorce, and one would expect that such a decline in contact hampers their emotional well-being, in particular when parents are older and children are adults. OBJECTIVE This study aims to describe the association between how much contact divorced fathers and mothers have with their children and parents’ well-being in old age. METHOD This report uses a survey with a register-based oversample of divorced parents and children from the Netherlands in 2017 ( N = 4,641). Parents (mean age 62) reported about life satisfaction, health, and loneliness and on contact with two adult children (mean age 34).
{"title":"Weakened parent–child ties and the well-being of older divorced parents","authors":"M. Kalmijn","doi":"10.4054/demres.2023.48.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4054/demres.2023.48.21","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND The consequences of declining parent–child ties after divorce have primarily been studied for children’s well-being and not for parents’ well-being. Some parents lose contact with their children after divorce, and one would expect that such a decline in contact hampers their emotional well-being, in particular when parents are older and children are adults. OBJECTIVE This study aims to describe the association between how much contact divorced fathers and mothers have with their children and parents’ well-being in old age. METHOD This report uses a survey with a register-based oversample of divorced parents and children from the Netherlands in 2017 ( N = 4,641). Parents (mean age 62) reported about life satisfaction, health, and loneliness and on contact with two adult children (mean age 34).","PeriodicalId":48242,"journal":{"name":"Demographic Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49193130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-27DOI: 10.4054/demres.2023.48.20
Ansgar Hudde, H. Engelhardt
OBJECTIVE A comprehensive and thorough investigation of the key trends in family patterns in Western Germany. METHODS Descriptive analyses of educational differences in marital status, cohabitation, partnerlessness, and children in the household in Western Germany from 1976 to 2019. We analyze unique data from the German Microcensus with information from more than 1.7 million individuals.
{"title":"Family inequality: On the changing educational gradient of family patterns in Western Germany","authors":"Ansgar Hudde, H. Engelhardt","doi":"10.4054/demres.2023.48.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4054/demres.2023.48.20","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE A comprehensive and thorough investigation of the key trends in family patterns in Western Germany. METHODS Descriptive analyses of educational differences in marital status, cohabitation, partnerlessness, and children in the household in Western Germany from 1976 to 2019. We analyze unique data from the German Microcensus with information from more than 1.7 million individuals.","PeriodicalId":48242,"journal":{"name":"Demographic Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45892304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-25DOI: 10.4054/demres.2023.48.19
Sojin Yu, Feinian Chen, S. Desai
BACKGROUND Although women’s empowerment is one of the key concepts in development, it has proven challenging to measure it. Empirical studies have tended to focus on a cause-and-effect analysis of empowerment and using composite measures to compare different national contexts. More recent works suggest new conceptual and methodological approaches to women’s empowerment that better reflect contextual factors, intersectionality, and life course perspectives. OBJECTIVE We conduct cross-national comparative research on women’s empowerment using a new approach: by examining how women’s household decision-making power, education, and work – major components of empowerment – relate to each other across 28 low-and middle-income countries. Through this, we explore what the different relationships might imply for women’s empowerment in different contexts and circumstances.
{"title":"Aligning household decision-making with work and education: A comparative analysis of women’s empowerment","authors":"Sojin Yu, Feinian Chen, S. Desai","doi":"10.4054/demres.2023.48.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4054/demres.2023.48.19","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND Although women’s empowerment is one of the key concepts in development, it has proven challenging to measure it. Empirical studies have tended to focus on a cause-and-effect analysis of empowerment and using composite measures to compare different national contexts. More recent works suggest new conceptual and methodological approaches to women’s empowerment that better reflect contextual factors, intersectionality, and life course perspectives. OBJECTIVE We conduct cross-national comparative research on women’s empowerment using a new approach: by examining how women’s household decision-making power, education, and work – major components of empowerment – relate to each other across 28 low-and middle-income countries. Through this, we explore what the different relationships might imply for women’s empowerment in different contexts and circumstances.","PeriodicalId":48242,"journal":{"name":"Demographic Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48249680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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