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Justice as Checks and Balances 作为制衡的正义
IF 5 1区 社会学 Q1 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0043887121000125
Edgar FRANCO-VIVANCO
ABSTRACT The centralization of conflict resolution and the administration of justice, two crucial elements of state formation, are often ignored by the state-building literature. This article studies the monopolization of justice administration, using the historical example of the General Indian Court (gic) of colonial Mexico. The author argues that this court’s development and decision-making process can show us how the rule of law develops in highly authoritarian contexts. Centralized courts could be used strategically to solve an agency problem, limiting local elites’ power and monitoring state agents. To curb these actors’ power, the Spanish Crown allowed the indigenous population to raise claims and access property rights. But this access remained limited and subject to the Crown’s strategic considerations. The author’s theory predicts that a favorable ruling for the indigenous population was more likely in cases that threatened to increase local elites’ power. This article shows the conditions under which the rule of law can emerge in a context where a powerful ruler is interested in imposing limits on local powers—and on their potential predation of the general population. It also highlights the endogenous factors behind the creation of colonial institutions and the importance of judicial systems in colonial governance.
冲突解决的集中化和司法是国家形成的两个关键要素,但国家建设文献往往忽视了这两个要素。本文以殖民地墨西哥的印度总法院为例,研究司法行政的垄断问题。作者认为,该法院的发展和决策过程可以向我们展示法治是如何在高度独裁的背景下发展的。中央法院可以战略性地用来解决机构问题,限制地方精英的权力并监督国家机构。为了遏制这些行为者的权力,西班牙王室允许土著居民提出索赔并获得财产权。但这种访问仍然是有限的,并受到王室的战略考虑。作者的理论预测,在可能增加地方精英权力的情况下,更有可能对土著人口做出有利的裁决。这篇文章展示了在一个强大的统治者有兴趣对地方权力施加限制的情况下,法治可以出现的条件,以及他们对普通民众的潜在掠夺。它还强调了建立殖民机构背后的内生因素以及司法制度在殖民治理中的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
The Partial Effectiveness of Indoctrination in Autocracies 独裁统治中灌输的部分有效性
IF 5 1区 社会学 Q1 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2021-08-31 DOI: 10.1017/S0043887121000095
A. De Juan, Felix Haass, Jan H Pierskalla
Abstract Dictators depend on a committed bureaucracy to implement their policy preferences. But how do they induce loyalty and effort within their civil service? The authors study indoctrination through forced military service as a cost-effective strategy for achieving this goal. Conscription allows the regime to expose recruits, including future civil servants, to intense “political training” in a controlled environment, which should improve system engagement. To test this hypothesis, the authors analyze archival data on over 370,000 cadres from the former German Democratic Republic. Exploiting the introduction of mandatory service in the gdr in 1962 for causal identification, they find a positive effect of conscription on bureaucrats’ system engagement. Additional analyses indicate that this effect likely did not result from deep norm internalization. Findings are more compatible with the idea that political training familiarized recruits with elite preferences, allowing them to behave strategically in accordance with the rules of the game.
摘要独裁者依靠一个坚定的官僚机构来实施他们的政策偏好。但是,他们是如何在公务员队伍中获得忠诚和努力的呢?作者研究了通过强制兵役进行灌输是实现这一目标的一种具有成本效益的战略。征兵制度使该政权能够让新兵,包括未来的公务员,在受控的环境中接受密集的“政治培训”,这应该会提高系统的参与度。为了验证这一假设,作者分析了前德意志民主共和国370000多名干部的档案数据。利用1962年gdr引入的强制性服务来进行因果识别,他们发现征兵对官僚的制度参与有积极影响。额外的分析表明,这种影响可能不是由深层次的规范内化引起的。研究结果更符合这样一种观点,即政治训练使新兵熟悉精英偏好,使他们能够按照游戏规则进行战略性行为。
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引用次数: 2
The Generational and Institutional Sources of the Global Decline in Voter Turnout 全球选民投票率下降的代际和制度根源
IF 5 1区 社会学 Q1 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2021-08-31 DOI: 10.1017/S0043887121000149
Filip Kostelka, A. Blais
ABSTRACT Why has voter turnout declined in democracies all over the world? This article draws on findings from microlevel studies and theorizes two explanations: generational change and a rise in the number of elective institutions. The empirical section tests these hypotheses along with other explanations proposed in the literature—shifts in party/candidate competition, voting-age reform, weakening group mobilization, income inequality, and economic globalization. The authors conduct two analyses. The first analysis employs an original data set covering all post-1945 democratic national elections. The second studies individual-level data from the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems and British, Canadian, and US national election studies. The results strongly support the generational change and elective institutions hypotheses, which account for most of the decline in voter turnout. These findings have important implications for a better understanding of the current transformations of representative democracy and the challenges it faces.
摘要:为什么世界各地的民主国家的选民投票率都在下降?本文借鉴了微观层面的研究结果,并提出了两种解释:代际变化和选择性机构数量的增加。实证部分检验了这些假设以及文献中提出的其他解释——政党/候选人竞争的变化、投票年龄改革、群体动员减弱、收入不平等和经济全球化。作者进行了两次分析。第一项分析采用了涵盖1945年后所有民主国家选举的原始数据集。第二部分研究了来自选举制度比较研究和英国、加拿大和美国国家选举研究的个人层面数据。结果有力地支持了代际变化和选举制度假设,这是选民投票率下降的主要原因。这些发现对更好地理解代议制民主的当前转变及其面临的挑战具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 19
Race, Resources, and Representation: Evidence from Brazilian Politicians—CORRIGENDUM 种族、资源和代表权:来自巴西政客的证据——CORRIGENDUM
IF 5 1区 社会学 Q1 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.35188/unu-wider/2016/188-8
Natália S. Bueno, T. Dunning
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引用次数: 2
Technological Change and the International System 技术变革与国际体系
IF 5 1区 社会学 Q1 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0043887121000010
H. Milner, S. Solstad
ABSTRACT Do world politics affect the adoption of new technology? States overwhelmingly rely on technology invented abroad, and their differential intensity of technology use accounts for many of their differences in economic development. Much of the literature on technology adoption focuses on domestic conditions. The authors argue instead that the structure of the international system is critical because it affects the level of competition among states, which in turn affects leaders’ willingness to enact policies that speed technology adoption. Countries adopt new technology as they seek to avoid being vulnerable to attack or coercion by other countries. By systematically examining states’ adoption of technology over the past two hundred years, the authors find that countries adopt new technologies faster when the international system is less concentrated, that changes in systemic concentration have a temporally causal effect on technology adoption, and that government policies to promote technology adoption are related to concerns about rising international competition. A competitive international system is an important incentive for technological change and may underlie global technology waves.
世界政治会影响新技术的采用吗?各国绝大多数依赖于国外发明的技术,它们对技术使用强度的不同导致了它们在经济发展方面的许多差异。许多关于技术采用的文献都侧重于国内情况。作者认为,国际体系的结构至关重要,因为它影响国家之间的竞争水平,而竞争水平反过来又影响领导人制定加速技术采用的政策的意愿。各国采用新技术是为了避免容易受到其他国家的攻击或胁迫。通过系统地考察过去200年各国采用技术的情况,作者发现,当国际体系集中度较低时,各国采用新技术的速度会更快,系统集中度的变化对技术采用具有暂时的因果效应,而政府促进技术采用的政策与对日益激烈的国际竞争的担忧有关。竞争性的国际制度是技术变革的重要诱因,可能成为全球技术浪潮的基础。
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引用次数: 10
WPO volume 73 issue 3 Cover and Back matter WPO第73卷第3期封面和封底
IF 5 1区 社会学 Q1 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1017/s0043887121000162
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引用次数: 0
Social Revolution and Authoritarian Durability—ERRATUM 社会革命与威权的持久性
IF 5 1区 社会学 Q1 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1017/s0043887121000071
Jean Lachapelle, S. Levitsky, Lucan Way, Adam E. Casey
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引用次数: 0
WPO volume 73 issue 3 Cover and Front matter WPO第73卷第3期封面和封面
IF 5 1区 社会学 Q1 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1017/s0043887121000150
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引用次数: 0
Race, Resources, and Representation: Evidence from Brazilian Politicians—CORRIGENDUM 种族、资源和代表性:来自巴西政治家的证据-勘误表
IF 5 1区 社会学 Q1 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1017/s0043887121000101
Natália S. Bueno,Thad Dunning
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引用次数: 0
Economic Risk within the Household and Voting for the Radical Right 家庭内部的经济风险与激进右翼的投票
IF 5 1区 社会学 Q1 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2021-06-09 DOI: 10.1017/S0043887121000046
Tarik Abou-Chadi, Thomas Kurer
ABSTRACT This article investigates how unemployment risk within households affects voting for the radical right. The authors contribute to recent advances in the literature that have highlighted the role of economic threat for understanding the support of radical-right parties. In contrast to existing work, the authors do not treat voters as atomistic individuals; they instead investigate households as a crucial site of preference formation. Combining largescale labor market data with comparative survey data, they confirm the expectations of their theoretical framework by demonstrating that the effect of occupational unemployment risk on radical-right support is strongly conditioned by household-risk constellations. Voting for the radical right is a function not only of a voter’s own risk, but also of his or her partner’s risk. The article provides additional evidence on the extent to which these effects are gendered and on the mechanisms that link household risk and party choice. The results imply that much of the existing literature on individual risk exposure potentially underestimates its effect on political behavior due to the neglect of multiplier effects within households.
摘要本文研究了家庭内部失业风险如何影响激进右翼的投票。作者对最近的文献进展做出了贡献,这些文献强调了经济威胁对理解激进右翼政党的支持所起的作用。与现有的研究相反,作者没有将选民视为原子个体;相反,他们将家庭作为偏好形成的关键场所进行调查。结合大规模劳动力市场数据和比较调查数据,他们通过证明职业失业风险对极右翼支持的影响强烈地受到家庭风险星座的制约,证实了他们的理论框架的预期。投票给激进右翼不仅是选民自己的风险,也是他或她的伴侣的风险。这篇文章提供了额外的证据,说明这些影响在多大程度上是性别的,以及将家庭风险和当事人选择联系起来的机制。结果表明,由于忽视了家庭内部的乘数效应,许多关于个人风险暴露的现有文献可能低估了其对政治行为的影响。
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引用次数: 10
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