Pub Date : 2024-09-16DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101906
Ivona Hideg , Winny Shen , Christy Zhou Koval
Research on diversity in organizations has mostly focused on attributes that rely on visual cues (e.g., gender, race, age) and overlooked an important source of difference that relies on auditory cues – accents. However, workers with non-standard accents (i.e., non-native accents, regional accents) often experience discrimination and negative outcomes at work. We first review prior accent research suggesting that these negative effects can be explained by stereotypes/stigmatization or lower processing fluency. We then identify three emerging topic areas and suggest future research directions in each domain: intersectionality, organizational language policies and practices, and investigation of a greater range of accents and languages.
{"title":"Hear, hear! A review of accent discrimination at work","authors":"Ivona Hideg , Winny Shen , Christy Zhou Koval","doi":"10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101906","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101906","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Research on diversity in organizations has mostly focused on attributes that rely on visual cues (e.g., gender, race, age) and overlooked an important source of difference that relies on auditory cues – accents. However, workers with non-standard accents (i.e., non-native accents, regional accents) often experience discrimination and negative outcomes at work. We first review prior accent research suggesting that these negative effects can be explained by stereotypes/stigmatization or lower processing fluency. We then identify three emerging topic areas and suggest future research directions in each domain: intersectionality, organizational language policies and practices, and investigation of a greater range of accents and languages.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48279,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Psychology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 101906"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352250X24001192/pdfft?md5=bea172a4e41c215d0d36e9542b7f0d89&pid=1-s2.0-S2352250X24001192-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142306380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-16DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101905
Christopher M. Berry
Personnel selection systems affect diversity because they are the way organizations choose who is hired. Research on personnel selection systems and diversity is reviewed, with a particular focus on racial/ethnic diversity. Topics covered include the interrelated concepts of adverse impact and subgroup mean differences, research on why mean differences exist, and which selection predictors (particularly, cognitive ability tests) are most likely to cause adverse impact due to these mean differences. The historical perspective that organizations face a dilemma due to cognitive ability tests having the greatest validity and largest racial/ethnic subgroup mean differences is reviewed. Additionally, recent research is covered that suggests the validity of cognitive ability tests has been substantially overestimated, which has significant implications for the “validity-diversity dilemma.”
{"title":"Personnel selection systems and diversity","authors":"Christopher M. Berry","doi":"10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101905","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101905","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Personnel selection systems affect diversity because they are the way organizations choose who is hired. Research on personnel selection systems and diversity is reviewed, with a particular focus on racial/ethnic diversity. Topics covered include the interrelated concepts of adverse impact and subgroup mean differences, research on why mean differences exist, and which selection predictors (particularly, cognitive ability tests) are most likely to cause adverse impact due to these mean differences. The historical perspective that organizations face a dilemma due to cognitive ability tests having the greatest validity and largest racial/ethnic subgroup mean differences is reviewed. Additionally, recent research is covered that suggests the validity of cognitive ability tests has been substantially overestimated, which has significant implications for the “validity-diversity dilemma.”</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48279,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Psychology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 101905"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142306397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-16DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101901
Quinetta Roberson , Emily Gerkin , Aaron Hill
Research on top management team (TMT) diversity has grown over the past decade as organizations are increasingly recognizing the purported benefits of diverse perspectives. In synthesizing recent research, we review the current state of the top management team diversity literature to answer for questions: (1) What features of TMT contexts make diversity an important consideration? (2) What types of diversity are most influential to team and organizational outcomes? (3) What are the mechanisms through which TMT diversity influences functioning? and (4) How do contexts shape the relationship between TMT diversity and performance outcomes? Based on our review, we highlight the inherent complexities of conceptualizing, measuring, evaluating, and understanding top management team diversity.
{"title":"Diversity in top management teams and upper echelons of firms","authors":"Quinetta Roberson , Emily Gerkin , Aaron Hill","doi":"10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101901","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101901","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Research on top management team (TMT) diversity has grown over the past decade as organizations are increasingly recognizing the purported benefits of diverse perspectives. In synthesizing recent research, we review the current state of the top management team diversity literature to answer for questions: (1) What features of TMT contexts make diversity an important consideration? (2) What types of diversity are most influential to team and organizational outcomes? (3) What are the mechanisms through which TMT diversity influences functioning? and (4) How do contexts shape the relationship between TMT diversity and performance outcomes? Based on our review, we highlight the inherent complexities of conceptualizing, measuring, evaluating, and understanding top management team diversity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48279,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Psychology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 101901"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142274652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-14DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101907
Katerina Bezrukova , Chester Spell , Jamie Perry
Managing diversity is becoming increasingly important as the population and workforce become even more diverse and global. Diversity brings both opportunities as well as challenges due to the many types of biases embedded within diversity itself. Diversity training and related initiatives are intended to attack such biases and bring awareness to the destructive nature of bias that can only lead to poor decision-making, toxic relationships, and dysfunctional organizations and societies overall. Current developments in the area of diversity training are discussed focusing on effectiveness of diversity training, design, and settings. Challenges in realizing the full potential of diversity training include systemic and institutionalized bias that may unintentionally perpetuate discrimination, exclusion, and lost business opportunities.
{"title":"Organizational diversity training programs","authors":"Katerina Bezrukova , Chester Spell , Jamie Perry","doi":"10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101907","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101907","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Managing diversity is becoming increasingly important as the population and workforce become even more diverse and global. Diversity brings both opportunities as well as challenges due to the many types of biases embedded within diversity itself. Diversity training and related initiatives are intended to attack such biases and bring awareness to the destructive nature of bias that can only lead to poor decision-making, toxic relationships, and dysfunctional organizations and societies overall. Current developments in the area of diversity training are discussed focusing on effectiveness of diversity training, design, and settings. Challenges in realizing the full potential of diversity training include systemic and institutionalized bias that may unintentionally perpetuate discrimination, exclusion, and lost business opportunities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48279,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Psychology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 101907"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142306382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-13DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101897
Yayouk Eva Willems , Jian-Bin Li , Meike Bartels , Catrin Finkenauer
Self-control – the ability to alter unwanted impulses and behavior to bring them into agreement with goal-driven responses – is key during adolescence. It helps young people navigate through the myriad challenges they encounter while transitioning into adulthood. We review empirical milestones in our understanding of how individual differences in adolescent self-control exist and develop. We show how the use of molecular genetic measures allows us to move beyond nature versus nurture, and actually investigate how both nature and nurture explain individual differences in self-control. By highlighting the role of gene-environment correlations and gene-environment interactions, this paper aims to enthuse fellow researchers, with or without a background in genetics, to apply genetically sensitive designs too.
{"title":"Individual differences in adolescent self-control: The role of gene-environment interplay","authors":"Yayouk Eva Willems , Jian-Bin Li , Meike Bartels , Catrin Finkenauer","doi":"10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101897","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101897","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Self-control – the ability to alter unwanted impulses and behavior to bring them into agreement with goal-driven responses – is key during adolescence. It helps young people navigate through the myriad challenges they encounter while transitioning into adulthood. We review empirical milestones in our understanding of how individual differences in adolescent self-control exist and develop. We show how the use of molecular genetic measures allows us to move beyond nature versus nurture, and actually investigate how both nature <em>and</em> nurture explain individual differences in self-control. By highlighting the role of gene-environment correlations and gene-environment interactions, this paper aims to enthuse fellow researchers, with or without a background in genetics, to apply genetically sensitive designs too.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48279,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Psychology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 101897"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352250X24001106/pdfft?md5=320eddff47a065b4cd4d40892712b825&pid=1-s2.0-S2352250X24001106-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142235293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-13DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101899
Bertram F. Malle, Vivienne Bihe Chi
We present a broad notion of norms that can accommodate many of its interdisciplinary variants and offers a framework to ask questions about norm change. Rather than examining community norm change, we focus on changes in the individual's norm representations. These representations can be characterized by six properties (including as context specificity, deontic force, prevalence), and we examine which of the properties change as a result of norm learning and norm teaching. We first review research insights into norm learning based on observation, imitation, and various forms of inference. Then we examine norm learning that results from teaching, specifically teaching by modeling and demonstration, communication and instruction, and evaluative feedback. We finally speculate about how different kinds of norm change in a given community foster different kinds of norm learning in the individual community member.
{"title":"Norm learning, teaching, and change","authors":"Bertram F. Malle, Vivienne Bihe Chi","doi":"10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101899","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101899","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We present a broad notion of norms that can accommodate many of its interdisciplinary variants and offers a framework to ask questions about norm change. Rather than examining community norm change, we focus on changes in the individual's norm representations. These representations can be characterized by six properties (including as context specificity, deontic force, prevalence), and we examine which of the properties change as a result of norm learning and norm teaching. We first review research insights into norm learning based on observation, imitation, and various forms of inference. Then we examine norm learning that results from teaching, specifically teaching by modeling and demonstration, communication and instruction, and evaluative feedback. We finally speculate about how different kinds of norm change in a given community foster different kinds of norm learning in the individual community member.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48279,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Psychology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 101899"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142274653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-13DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101898
Jinyao Li, Marleen Gillebaart , Tim van Timmeren
It is increasingly recognized that successful self-control is not only determined by sheer willpower, but also by people's beliefs about self-control. While early research has provided evidence that people's implicit theories can moderate their subsequent self-control performance, recent research considers the role of metacognition in self-control more comprehensively. In this review, we present an overview of recent advances in the field, emphasizing self-control beliefs and their potential impact on self-control outcomes. We also stress lay beliefs about self-control as an overlooked topic and promising avenue for future research.
{"title":"Beliefs about self-control","authors":"Jinyao Li, Marleen Gillebaart , Tim van Timmeren","doi":"10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101898","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101898","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>It is increasingly recognized that successful self-control is not only determined by sheer willpower, but also by people's <em>beliefs about</em> self-control. While early research has provided evidence that people's implicit theories can moderate their subsequent self-control performance, recent research considers the role of metacognition in self-control more comprehensively. In this review, we present an overview of recent advances in the field, emphasizing self-control beliefs and their potential impact on self-control outcomes. We also stress lay beliefs about self-control as an overlooked topic and promising avenue for future research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48279,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Psychology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 101898"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352250X24001118/pdfft?md5=9842678a62af820ce1d3b5d2217a8da2&pid=1-s2.0-S2352250X24001118-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142235292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-11DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101900
Moshe Glickman , Tali Sharot
Humans evolved to learn from one another. Today, however, learning opportunities often emerge from interactions with AI systems. Here, we argue that learning from AI systems resembles learning from other humans, but may be faster and more efficient. Such ‘hyper learning’ can occur because AI: (i) provides a high signal-to-noise ratio that facilitates learning, (ii) has greater data processing ability, enabling it to generate persuasive arguments, and (iii) is perceived (in some domains) to have superior knowledge compared to humans. As a result, humans more quickly adopt biases from AI, are often more easily persuaded by AI, and exhibit novel problem-solving strategies after interacting with AI. Greater awareness of AI's influences is needed to mitigate the potential negative outcomes of human-AI interactions.
{"title":"AI-induced hyper-learning in humans","authors":"Moshe Glickman , Tali Sharot","doi":"10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101900","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101900","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Humans evolved to learn from one another. Today, however, learning opportunities often emerge from interactions with AI systems. Here, we argue that learning from AI systems resembles learning from other humans, but may be faster and more efficient. Such ‘hyper learning’ can occur because AI: (i) provides a high signal-to-noise ratio that facilitates learning, (ii) has greater data processing ability, enabling it to generate persuasive arguments, and (iii) is perceived (in some domains) to have superior knowledge compared to humans. As a result, humans more quickly adopt biases from AI, are often more easily persuaded by AI, and exhibit novel problem-solving strategies after interacting with AI. Greater awareness of AI's influences is needed to mitigate the potential negative outcomes of human-AI interactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48279,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Psychology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 101900"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142306404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-11DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101880
Marco Stojanovic , Wendy Wood
Habits are often beneficial to goal pursuit. They reduce the need for self-control by automating behavior, thereby streamlining decision-making and decreasing temptations and motivational interference. Given that habits outsource behavioral control to the environment, stable performance contexts are critical for habit formation and performance. However, when goals change, unwanted habit memories still persist. Then, the automaticity of habit impedes goal pursuit. Although unwanted habits cannot easily be changed by exerting self-control, altering the performance context and reward structure are more effective. In sum, the article challenges traditional views on deliberate self-control and offers a new perspective on achieving long-term goals through habit formation.
{"title":"Beyond deliberate self-control: Habits automatically achieve long-term goals","authors":"Marco Stojanovic , Wendy Wood","doi":"10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101880","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101880","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Habits are often beneficial to goal pursuit. They reduce the need for self-control by automating behavior, thereby streamlining decision-making and decreasing temptations and motivational interference. Given that habits outsource behavioral control to the environment, stable performance contexts are critical for habit formation and performance. However, when goals change, unwanted habit memories still persist. Then, the automaticity of habit impedes goal pursuit. Although unwanted habits cannot easily be changed by exerting self-control, altering the performance context and reward structure are more effective. In sum, the article challenges traditional views on deliberate self-control and offers a new perspective on achieving long-term goals through habit formation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48279,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Psychology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 101880"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142235275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many societal challenges, for example regarding health and sustainability, are conceptualized as problems of too little self-control: people's long-term goals are jeopardized (e.g., healthy weight, small carbon footprint) because one cannot resist attractive alternatives (e.g., chocolate cake, vacation in the sun). Here, we introduce a different way of conceptualizing those challenges, namely as problems of ‘too little pleasure’. We review empirical evidence showing that pleasure can support three central aspects of self-control: the initiation of long-term goal behavior, persistence in long-term goal pursuit, and resisting tempting alternatives. We close by encouraging the field to change perspectives and to include pleasure in the solution of problems that have mainly been studied as a matter of too little self-control and too much pleasure.
{"title":"‘Pleasureful self-control’? A new perspective on old problems","authors":"Daniela Becker , Katharina Bernecker , Aiste Guobyte , Daniel Ganama","doi":"10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101888","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101888","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Many societal challenges, for example regarding health and sustainability, are conceptualized as problems of too little self-control: people's long-term goals are jeopardized (e.g., healthy weight, small carbon footprint) because one cannot resist attractive alternatives (e.g., chocolate cake, vacation in the sun). Here, we introduce a different way of conceptualizing those challenges, namely as problems of ‘too little pleasure’. We review empirical evidence showing that pleasure can support three central aspects of self-control: the initiation of long-term goal behavior, persistence in long-term goal pursuit, and resisting tempting alternatives. We close by encouraging the field to change perspectives and to include pleasure in the solution of problems that have mainly been studied as a matter of too little self-control and too much pleasure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48279,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Psychology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 101888"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352250X24001015/pdfft?md5=90ee789bac52b21bd7db0ae92336ab6d&pid=1-s2.0-S2352250X24001015-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142235276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号