Applied Cognitive Psychology最新文献

Recent meta-analyses indicate that learning with ChatGPT improves academic performance but reveals substantial heterogeneity in effect sizes. The present study sheds light on one theoretically plausible moderator of the benefits of learning with ChatGPT: the goal structure of the learning task. For this purpose, in an experiment, university students (N = 104) learned four social psychology concepts using ChatGPT, with the task either embedded in a mastery goal structure, emphasizing the goal of making individual progress, or in a performance goal structure, emphasizing the goal of outshining others. Results showed that the mastery goal structure fostered the acquisition of conceptual knowledge in comparison to the performance goal structure. Furthermore, the performance goal structure increased pressure, anxiety, and the request for non-essential/peripheral details aimed at appearing smart in comparison to others, although these hardly contributed to learning. We conclude that goal structures can moderate the benefits of learning with ChatGPT.

Oeberst et al. (2021) reversed autobiographical false memories using source and false memory sensitization. The present study aimed to replicate and extend their findings by addressing methodological issues. We conducted three suggestive interviews to implement false memories, then applied two countermeasures: source sensitization and false memory sensitization. Thirty-four of 63 participants developed false memories. Based on the memory classification, both reversal techniques reduced false memories without affecting the quality of true memories. The source sensitization equally impacted true and false memories regarding participants' certainty ratings and the proportion of remembered details attributed to their own memory. However, participants were more certain about the sources of their true than their false memories. Since memory classification cut-offs might have led to overestimating the techniques' effectiveness, we discuss the implications for research and derive several recommendations for future studies.

Conspiracy thinking is a multidimensional construct, studied both as a general disposition (conspiracy mindset) and as adherence to specific narratives (conspiracy beliefs). Despite research interest, distinguishing generic conspiracy thinking from related constructs (e.g., paranoid, magical thinking) remains a challenge. The present study aims to develop and validate the composite conspiracy belief (CCB) scale, a new measure of conspiracy thinking that distinguishes itself from similar thinking styles and captures different conspiracy tendencies. Two studies were conducted. Study 1 (N = 380) examined the factorial structure of CCB, hypothesizing a third-order hierarchical model based on semi-specific conspiracy narratives: “source of threat” and “type of threat.” Study 2 (N = 364) evaluated the differentiation of CCB from magical thinking, social persecution, and generalized suspiciousness. The analyses confirmed the construct, convergent, and incremental validity.

Across two studies, we examined the impact of different levels of jargon on the perceived credibility of texts containing reliable or unreliable information. Study 1 found that higher levels of jargon were associated with increased credibility ratings for unreliable texts. Study 2 showed that higher levels of jargon were also associated with lower processing fluency for both reliable and unreliable texts. Additionally, the high level of jargon was associated with higher credibility ratings compared to text containing no jargon, and those high in conspiracy mentality were more influenced by the amount of jargon when making their credibility ratings. Jargon had a direct effect on increasing credibility, but also indirectly decreased credibility through a decrease in processing fluency. Together, these findings suggest that the presence of technical terms enhances the credibility of even unreliable text, and that individuals with conspiracy mentality leanings are more susceptible to this influence of jargon.

The current study examined context-dependent and non-context-dependent working memory components and subjective stress during a simulated night shift. The AX-Continuous Performance task (context-dependent) and Sternberg task (non-context-dependent) were administered during four testing sessions to 63 healthy college students. General linear mixed models showed decreased accuracy, slower reaction times, and decreased Balance Integration Scores (combined speed-accuracy score) on both tasks (ps < 0.05). Furthermore, increases in subjective stress were related to decreased accuracy (p = 0.009), slower reaction times (p < 0.001), and decreased Balance Integration Scores (p < 0.001) for the AX-Continuous Performance task but not the Sternberg task. Subjective stress increased across the simulated night shift (p < 0.001). These results suggest that key cognitive processes such as maintaining information, recalling and correcting ordered lists, and rapidly updating changing information would be negatively affected when working during the night. Subjective stress specifically impacted context-dependent working memory such as adjusting priorities and strategies based on changing tasks or environmental requirements.

Victims, perpetrators, and witnesses sometimes deny negative events they experienced. We examined how false denials affect memory reports for a trauma analog event and previous discussions by differentiating memory strength (d') from response bias (c), and conducting Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analyses. Participants (N = 108) watched a trauma analog video. Next, half were instructed to falsely deny having seen details in this video, and half were asked to respond honestly in a conversation with the experimenter. After 1 week, participants completed a source memory test, examining memory for the conversation and video. Our analyses showed clear evidence for denial-induced forgetting of discussed details. Memory for the event was unaffected by denials. Our results imply that conversational testimony might be less complete after falsely denying (versus being honest). However, the memory for the traumatic event is likely not affected in any practically meaningful way.

We investigated the existence of a “deception-general” ability (association between the ability to produce and detect lies) in 140 individuals (80 from prison and 60 from the general community) using the Deceptive Interaction Task (DeceIT). Deception production (d' Sender) and detection (d' Receiver) indexes were comparatively analyzed within Signal Detection Theory. Results revealed weak evidence for a deception-general ability in the community sample, but not in the prison sample. Both groups exhibited similar truth biases. In the prison sample, lie detection accuracy was negatively correlated with the Dark Factor (and its themes), lie acceptability, and additional aversive traits (Psychopathy, Aggression, Alexithymia), measured only in prison. Lie production only showed a negative correlation with Alexithymia (Difficulties Describing Feelings), measured only in the prison sample. These findings suggest limited evidence for a deception-general ability in the community, while in prison, aversive traits may undermine accurate lie detection. Implications for interrogation and rehabilitation are discussed.