Social Science Research最新文献

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All in the family? Understanding differences in the kin-centricity of older US adults’ core discussion networks from classic age, period, and cohort table estimates 都是一家人？从经典的年龄、时期和队列表估算中了解美国老年人核心讨论网络的亲属中心性差异

IF 3.2 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103098

Ellen L. Compernolle , Alyssa Goldman , Eric C. Hedberg

Panel data have generated several insights about changes in kin relationships, yet few studies examine these shifts across multiple dimensions of time simultaneously. In this paper, we use data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (N = 5269) in classic lexis tables to examine age, period, and cohort differences in the kin-centricity of older adults' core discussion networks. We estimate population averages in discussion network size, range, kin composition, and kin co-residency across ages and periods. Results indicate that older adults’ core discussion networks have become larger, more diverse, and less kin-centric over time. Comparisons of fit statistics across nested models indicate that period and age effects explain most of these changes. Our findings add nuance to concerns about a growing crisis of social isolation, suggesting that declines in core discussion network kin-centricity may be accompanied by the maintenance or addition of more alternative, non-kin close ties in later life.

面板数据对亲属关系的变化产生了一些启示，但很少有研究能同时从多个时间维度考察这些变化。在本文中，我们利用经典词表中的全国社会生活、健康和老龄化项目数据（N = 5269），考察了老年人核心讨论网络中亲属中心性的年龄、时期和队列差异。我们估算了不同年龄和时期的讨论网络规模、范围、亲属构成和亲属共同居住地的人口平均值。结果表明，随着时间的推移，老年人的核心讨论网络变得越来越大、越来越多样化，以亲属为中心的程度也越来越低。嵌套模型的拟合统计比较表明，时期和年龄效应可以解释这些变化的大部分原因。我们的研究结果为人们对日益严重的社会隔离危机的担忧增添了细微差别，表明在核心讨论网络亲属中心性下降的同时，晚年生活中可能会维持或增加更多的替代性非亲属密切联系。

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引用次数: 0

The effect of grandparental involvement on grandchildren's school grades: Heterogeneity by the extended family characteristics 祖父母参与对孙辈学习成绩的影响：大家庭特征的异质性

IF 3.2 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103095

Francesca Zanasi , Valeria Bordone

As the early years are crucial for individuals' lifelong socioeconomic success, extensive research has examined the impact of non-maternal childcare on children's development. This study aims to enhance the understanding of the relationship between grandparental involvement (defined as grandparent childcare, frequency of contact, and financial support) and grandchildren's school grades, exploring a mechanism of positive selection: children from extended families with specific socioeconomic characteristics are more likely to spend time with grandparents and benefit the most from this involvement.

We utilize data from the German Pairfam survey, which uniquely provides rich information on three family generations. By conducting a heterogeneous treatment effect analysis, we account for confounding factors associated with grandparental involvement and school performance that could bias our findings. For example, children from advantaged families could be more likely to spend time with grandparents and achieve better school grades. Additionally, this approach examines whether the effect of grandparental involvement systematically varies across children based on the extended family's characteristics. For example, children from advantaged families may benefit the most from spending time with grandparents who possess social, cultural, and cognitive resources conducive to their development.

After accounting for confounding factors and heterogeneity, our analyses do not reveal a statistically significant effect of grandparental investment on children's school grades. The study concludes by discussing possible reasons for this result and highlighting the implications for the intergenerational transmission of inequality.

幼年时期对个人一生的社会经济成就至关重要，因此，大量研究探讨了非母性育儿对儿童发展的影响。本研究旨在加深对祖父母参与（定义为祖父母育儿、接触频率和经济支持）与孙辈学业成绩之间关系的理解，探索一种正向选择机制：来自具有特定社会经济特征的大家庭的孩子更有可能与祖父母共度时光，并从这种参与中获益最多。我们利用的数据来自德国 Pairfam 调查，该调查提供了独特的有关家庭三代人的丰富信息。通过异质性治疗效果分析，我们考虑到了与祖父母参与和学校成绩相关的混杂因素，这些因素可能会使我们的研究结果产生偏差。例如，家庭条件优越的孩子更有可能花时间与祖父母在一起，从而取得更好的学习成绩。此外，这种方法还可以研究祖父母参与的影响是否会根据大家庭的特征而对不同儿童产生系统性的影响。在考虑了混杂因素和异质性后，我们的分析并未发现祖父母投资对儿童学业成绩有显著的统计学影响。研究最后讨论了出现这一结果的可能原因，并强调了不平等代际传递的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Field of study, political attitudes, and support for the radical right in Sweden and Europe 瑞典和欧洲激进右翼的研究领域、政治态度和支持率

IF 3.2 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103091

Amanda Almstedt Valldor

This study uses three different surveys to investigate the links between various educational fields, radical right support, and political opinions. Logit regressions and KHB mediation analysis of 41,770 observations from the Swedish SOM survey (2011–2019) reveal that graduates from technical and agricultural fields are approximately twice as likely to support the radical right as graduates from sociocultural fields. Fields such as natural sciences, business, and health demonstrate medium to medium-high support. These differences are partially mediated by horizontal, but not vertical, labor market allocation. Replication using the European Social Survey (ESS) indicates that these patterns are generalizable to Western, but not Eastern, Europe. Additional analyses show that radical right support and refugee intake skepticism decrease with years spent in sociocultural, but not technical, fields in upper-secondary school. Moreover, panel data from the Swedish Level of Living Survey (LNU) show that progressive attitude shifts occur predominantly following education in sociocultural fields.

本研究利用三种不同的调查来研究不同教育领域、激进右翼支持和政治观点之间的联系。对瑞典SOM调查（2011-2019年）中的41,770个观测值进行的Logit回归和KHB中介分析表明，技术和农业领域的毕业生支持激进右翼的可能性大约是社会文化领域毕业生的两倍。自然科学、商业和健康等领域的支持率为中高水平。这些差异部分受到劳动力市场横向分配的影响，而非纵向分配。利用欧洲社会调查（ESS）进行的复制表明，这些模式可在西欧而非东欧推广。其他分析表明，激进右翼支持和难民收容怀疑会随着高中阶段在社会文化领域（而非技术领域）学习年数的增加而减少。此外，瑞典生活水平调查（LNU）的面板数据显示，进步态度的转变主要发生在接受社会文化领域的教育之后。

引用次数: 0

Disaggregating the relationship between precarious employment and delayed marriage in Japan: Incorporating non-cohabiting partnerships 分解日本不稳定就业与延迟结婚之间的关系：纳入非同居伴侣关系

IF 3.2 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2024-10-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103093

Ryota Mugiyama

Precarious employment is argued to have led to delayed marriage and increased cohabitation in place of marriage. However, delayed marriage entry has also occurred in countries without an accompanying increase in cohabitation, suggesting that precarious employment may hinder the preceding stages of union formation. This study examines the influence of nonstandard employment and unemployment on later marriage entry for men and women in Japan by analyzing two distinct processes: entry into non-cohabiting partnerships and entry into marriage from non-cohabiting partnerships. The results show that nonstandard employment and unemployment are negatively associated with non-cohabiting partnership entry, in addition to marriage entry from non-cohabiting partnerships. While the negative association between unemployment and marriage entry is stronger for men than for women, there are no significant gender differences in the association between employment and non-cohabiting partnerships entry. The results suggest that the influence of precarious employment appears at earlier stages of union formation.

不稳定的就业被认为导致了延迟结婚和以同居代替婚姻的情况增加。然而，在同居现象没有随之增加的国家也出现了延迟结婚的现象，这表明不稳定的就业可能会阻碍婚姻形成的前几个阶段。本研究通过分析两个不同的过程：进入非同居伴侣关系和从非同居伴侣关系进入婚姻关系，研究了非标准就业和失业对日本男女晚婚的影响。结果表明，非标准就业和失业与非同居伴侣关系的缔结以及非同居伴侣关系的婚姻缔结呈负相关。虽然男性失业与结婚之间的负相关关系比女性更强，但就业与非同居伴侣关系之间的关系没有明显的性别差异。结果表明，不稳定就业的影响出现在婚姻形成的早期阶段。

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引用次数: 0

The STEM leaky pipeline at labor market entry in Spain: The role of job competition and social origin 西班牙进入劳动力市场时的 STEM 渗漏管道：就业竞争和社会出身的作用

IF 3.2 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2024-10-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103092

Manuel T. Valdés , Heike Solga

The underrepresentation of women in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) majors is well documented. Using high-quality Spanish data, this study examines whether female STEM graduates are less likely to pursue STEM careers than their male counterparts and considers the moderating role of labor market conditions and social origin. We find a pronounced gender effect in initial and subsequent job placement (4–5 years after graduation). Notably, female STEM graduates are less likely to work in STEM occupations, even if they started their careers in STEM. Exploiting the significant impact of the Great Recession on the Spanish labor market, our study reveals a significantly larger gender effect among individuals who graduated during the crisis compared to those who graduated during the subsequent economic recovery. Thus, job competition influences the magnitude of the gender effect. Finally, our intersectional analysis of gender and social origin suggests that the gender difference is larger among STEM graduates from low-SES backgrounds.

女性在 STEM（科学、技术、工程和数学）专业中的代表性不足是有据可查的。本研究利用高质量的西班牙数据，考察了女性 STEM 毕业生从事 STEM 职业的可能性是否低于男性，并考虑了劳动力市场条件和社会出身的调节作用。我们发现，在初次就业和后续就业（毕业后 4-5 年）方面，性别效应非常明显。值得注意的是，女性 STEM 毕业生从事 STEM 职业的可能性较小，即使她们的职业生涯是从 STEM 开始的。利用大衰退对西班牙劳动力市场的重大影响，我们的研究显示，与随后经济复苏期间毕业的学生相比，危机期间毕业的学生的性别效应明显更大。因此，就业竞争影响了性别效应的大小。最后，我们对性别和社会出身的交叉分析表明，来自低社会经济地位背景的 STEM 毕业生的性别差异更大。

引用次数: 0

Falling sideways? Social status and the true nature of elite downward mobility 横向下滑？社会地位与精英向下流动的真正本质

IF 3.2 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103089

Robert de Vries

Downward mobility is an essential, but commonly overlooked component of social mobility. Existing estimates of downward mobility are routinely based on unidimensional measures of income and social class. This ignores the potential for substantial retention of advantage in other domains of stratification – particularly social status.

In this paper, I use highly detailed occupational data from a representative UK sample to examine patterns of multidimensional mobility among those from the most advantaged backgrounds. I find that multidimensional measures reveal dramatically different patterns of downward mobility – particularly for women, who, when downwardly mobile in terms of social class, often retain privileged social status positions.

I also find that those whose parents held jobs at the very top of the status distribution were much less likely to be downwardly mobile than previous mobility estimates have suggested – consistent with public perceptions of a ‘glass floor’.

向下流动是社会流动性的一个重要组成部分，但通常被忽视。现有的对向下流动性的估计通常基于收入和社会阶层的单维度衡量。在本文中，我使用了来自英国代表性样本的高度详尽的职业数据，研究了来自最有利背景的人群的多维流动模式。我还发现，那些父母在社会地位分布最顶端工作的人，其向下流动的可能性比以往的流动性估计值要小得多--这与公众对 "玻璃地板 "的看法是一致的。

引用次数: 0

When does criminal victimization undermine generalized trust? A weighted panel analysis of the effects of crime type, frequency, and variety 刑事受害何时会破坏普遍信任？对犯罪类型、频率和种类影响的加权面板分析

IF 3.2 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103086

Florian Kaiser , Dietrich Oberwittler , Isabel Thielmann , Kristian Kleinke , Noah Greifer

Scholars from various fields have suggested that criminal victimization can shatter generalized trust. Whereas small average effects in longitudinal studies provide only weak support for this claim, victimization effects may be stronger for specific crime types and multiple victimization. To test this assumption, we estimated various victimization effects by combining Energy weighting with lagged dependent variable models, using data from two-wave panel surveys conducted in 2014/2015 (cohort 1; N = 3401) and 2020/2021 (cohort 2; N = 2932) in two German cities. We found weak evidence that trust-undermining effects of victimization were more pronounced for severe crime types or multiple victimization. Effects were only stronger for violent crimes and some forms of multiple victimization in 2014/2015 but not in 2020/2021. Besides, our weighting procedure implies that our (and probably others’) findings for more intense victimization conditions must be viewed with caution, as they suffer from lower internal validity.

来自不同领域的学者认为，刑事受害可能会打破普遍信任。纵向研究中的小平均效应只能为这一观点提供微弱的支持，而受害效应对于特定犯罪类型和多次受害可能更强。为了验证这一假设，我们利用 2014/2015 年（第一组；N = 3401）和 2020/2021 年（第二组；N = 2932）在德国两个城市进行的两波面板调查数据，结合能量加权和滞后因变量模型，估计了各种受害效应。我们发现，有微弱证据表明，受害对信任的破坏作用在严重犯罪类型或多重受害中更为明显。只有在 2014/2015 年，暴力犯罪和某些形式的多重受害的影响更强，而在 2020/2021 年则没有。此外，我们的加权程序意味着，我们（可能还有其他人）对更严重受害情况的研究结果必须谨慎看待，因为它们的内部有效性较低。

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引用次数: 0

Inequality and the eroding base of liberal democracy 不平等与自由民主基础的削弱

IF 3.2 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103087

Sang Kyung Lee

Previous studies broadly agree that economic inequality is negatively associated with popular support for democracy. This paper tackles this belief, testing it with more informative hypotheses. Capturing the insight from the theories of democratic attitudes and learning, this paper posits that increasing inequality would have differential effects on citizens’ normative support for democracy and their authoritarian inclination, and that those effects would also differ across the democratic regimes. Analyzing World Values Survey data covering 41 democracies over up to 25 years (1995–2020), this paper finds very little evidence for the association between inequality and normative support for democracy, whereas unearthing strong evidence for a varying effect of inequality on authoritarian inclination across the democratic regimes. It turns out where inequality is more severe, citizens in liberal democracies are more attracted to authoritarian leaders, whereas those in electoral democracies are less so. My findings refine the predominant thesis on the negative relationship between inequality and democratic support, detecting the complexities underlying it. My findings also shed new light on the theory of democratic learning and socialization by revealing the potential role of democratic regimes that remained unexplored in prior study. Lastly, this study provides a concrete explanation for how authoritarian leaders could win growing popular support in recent years where liberal democracy had most flourished.

以往的研究普遍认为，经济不平等与民众对民主的支持呈负相关。本文针对这一观点，提出了更具参考价值的假设进行检验。本文从民主态度和学习理论出发，假设不平等的加剧会对公民对民主的规范性支持和专制倾向产生不同的影响，而且这些影响在不同的民主制度下也会有所不同。通过分析世界价值观调查（World Values Survey）涵盖的 41 个民主国家长达 25 年（1995-2020 年）的数据，本文发现几乎没有证据表明不平等与对民主的规范性支持之间存在关联，但却发现了强有力的证据，表明在不同的民主制度下，不平等对专制倾向的影响各不相同。事实证明，在不平等现象更为严重的地方，自由民主国家的公民更受独裁领导人的青睐，而选举民主国家的公民则不那么受青睐。我的研究结果完善了关于不平等与民主支持之间负相关关系的主要论点，发现了其背后的复杂性。我的研究结果还揭示了民主制度的潜在作用，从而为民主学习和社会化理论提供了新的启示。最后，本研究提供了一个具体的解释，说明在自由民主最兴盛的地方，近年来独裁领导人为何能赢得越来越多的民众支持。

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引用次数: 0

COVID-19 employment shocks and safety net expansion: Health effects on displaced workers COVID-19 就业冲击和安全网扩张：对流离失所工人的健康影响

IF 3.2 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103059

Daniel Schneider , Kristen Harknett , Annette Gailliot

COVID-19 precipitated sharp job losses, concentrated in the service sector. Prior research suggests that such shocks would negatively affect health and wellbeing. However, the nature of the pandemic crisis was distinct in ways that may have mitigated any such negative effects, and historic expansions in unemployment insurance (UI) may have buffered workers from negative health consequences. We draw on employer-employee linked cross-sectional (N = 15,219) and panel (N = 3307) data from service sector workers to estimate the effects of job loss on health and wellbeing during COVID-19. Using employer fixed-effects, lagged dependent variables, and models that focus on job loss due to establishment closure to minimize confounding, we find negative effects of unemployment on health and wellbeing. However, in periods when UI was most generous or in cases where UI fully replaced pre-job loss wages, unemployed workers who received UI were no worse off than those who remained employed. Although UI protected against worsening health, receiving generous UI benefits did not confer a health advantage relative to working at the height of the pandemic.

COVID-19 导致就业机会急剧减少，主要集中在服务业。先前的研究表明，这种冲击会对健康和福利产生负面影响。然而，大流行病危机的性质与众不同，可能减轻了任何此类负面影响，失业保险（UI）的历史性扩张可能使工人免受负面健康后果的影响。我们利用服务业工人的雇主-雇员关联横截面数据（N = 15219）和面板数据（N = 3307）来估计 COVID-19 期间失业对健康和福利的影响。通过使用雇主固定效应、滞后因变量以及关注因机构倒闭而导致的失业的模型来最大程度地减少混杂因素，我们发现失业对健康和幸福有负面影响。然而，在失业保险最慷慨的时期，或者在失业保险完全取代失业前工资的情况下，领取失业保险的失业工人的情况并不比继续就业的工人差。尽管失业保险可以防止健康状况恶化，但相对于在大流行病高峰期工作而言，领取丰厚的失业保险福利并不会带来健康优势。

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引用次数: 0

Trends in the retirement security of Black and Hispanic households in the US: A setback for Black Americans but continued progress for Hispanics 美国黑人和西班牙裔家庭的退休保障趋势：美国黑人遭受挫折，但西班牙裔继续取得进步

IF 3.2 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2024-09-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103088

Edward N. Wolff

Retirement income security refers to the ability of households to provide an adequate stream of income during the period of their retirement from the labor force. Expected retirement income is based of four components: (i) standard non-pension wealth holdings, (ii) defined contribution (DC) pension holdings, (iii) actual or expected defined benefit (DB) pension entitlements, and (iv) actual or expected Social Security benefits. The first two components are converted into an annuity. All the data (except rates of return) for these calculations are available from the Survey of Consumer Finances. Results indicate that both Black and Hispanic households made remarkable progress in terms of mean and median retirement income, poverty reduction, and replacement rates from 1989 to 2007 in both absolute terms and relative to whites. However, for Black households, this was followed by a reversal of fortune from 2007 to 2019, with expected median retirement income declining, the projected poverty rate rising, and the projected replacement rate falling, though expected mean retirement income does rise. Hispanics also experienced a setback in mean retirement income but continued progress in replacement rates and reducing poverty from 2007 to 2019.

退休收入保障是指家庭在从劳动力队伍退休期间提供充足收入流的能力。预期退休收入由四个部分组成：(i) 持有的标准非养老金财富，(ii) 持有的固定缴费（DC）养老金，(iii) 实际或预期的固定福利（DB）养老金权利，以及 (iv) 实际或预期的社会保障福利。前两个部分转换为年金。用于这些计算的所有数据（回报率除外）均可从消费者财务状况调查中获得。结果表明，从 1989 年到 2007 年，黑人家庭和西班牙裔家庭在退休收入的平均值和中位数、减少贫困和替代率方面都取得了显著进步，无论是绝对值还是相对于白人而言。然而，对于黑人家庭来说，从 2007 年到 2019 年，情况发生了逆转，预期退休收入中位数下降，预计贫困率上升，预计替代率下降，尽管预期平均退休收入确实有所上升。西班牙裔的平均退休收入也出现倒退，但从 2007 年到 2019 年，在替代率和减少贫困方面继续取得进展。

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