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Dyadic contagion in cognitive function: A nationally-representative longitudinal study of older U.S. couples 认知功能的双向传染:对美国老年夫妇进行的具有全国代表性的纵向研究
IF 2.5 2区 社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103011
Aniruddha Das

Later-life cognitive function is strongly influenced by one's environment. At this life stage, a partner's behaviors and attributes—including their own cognitive status—are a key environmental determinant. A recent “social allostasis” theory also yields specific predictions on patterns of mutual influence—or “contagion”—in cognitive function. Yet, no population representative studies have examined these coupled dynamics. Using recently developed fixed-effects cross-lagged panel modeling (FE-CLPM) methods and ten-year data from the Health and Retirement Study—nationally-representative of U.S. adults over 50—the current study filled this gap. Results supported dyadic cognitive contagion over the long- but not short-run. Short-term associations suggested intriguing “cognitive cycling” possibilities among both men and women that need further investigation. Overall, results supported a theoretical model of coupled “cognitive careers,” and relational inducement of allostatic load. Especially among men, recurrent impulses also cumulatively induced substantial path-dependent cognitive improvements, supporting the added value of repeated over one-time interventions. Theoretical and substantive implications are discussed.

晚年认知功能受环境影响很大。在这个人生阶段,伴侣的行为和属性--包括他们自己的认知状况--是一个关键的环境决定因素。最近提出的 "社会异态 "理论也对认知功能的相互影响或 "传染 "模式做出了具体预测。然而,还没有具有人口代表性的研究对这些耦合动态进行过研究。本研究利用最近开发的固定效应交叉滞后面板建模(FE-CLPM)方法和来自健康与退休研究(Health and Retirement Study)的十年数据(该研究在美国 50 岁以上成年人中具有全国代表性),填补了这一空白。研究结果表明,在长期而非短期内,二元认知传染是成立的。短期关联表明,男性和女性都有可能出现有趣的 "认知循环",这需要进一步研究。总体而言,研究结果支持 "认知职业 "耦合理论模型,以及异质负荷的关系诱因。特别是在男性中,经常性冲动也会累积性地诱发实质性的路径依赖认知改善,从而支持了重复干预比一次性干预的附加价值。本文讨论了理论和实质意义。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of the relationship between religion, abortion, and assisted reproductive technology: Insights into cross-national public opinion 分析宗教、堕胎和辅助生殖技术之间的关系:洞察跨国舆论
IF 2.5 2区 社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103012
Amy Adamczyk , Brittany Suh , Lindsay Lerner

With advancement in reproductive technologies, public opinion regarding these procedures varies considerably across the world. While prominent public debates have focused on abortion, we know less about the factors shaping feelings regarding Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART). Both procedures challenge the idea that human life starts with conception – with the fertilization of an embryo. Using European Values Survey data and multilevel modeling, we compare how religion and other personal and country-level factors shape disapproval toward abortion and ART. Conservative Protestants and people who are more engaged with their religion and live in a more religious country are more likely to disapprove of abortion and ART. More supportive polices and attitudes regarding ART, but not abortion, are correlated. Additionally, economic development moderates the relationship between personal religiosity and abortion, but not ART. This finding provides important insight into why abortion has remained such a controversial issue, even in richer nations.

随着生殖技术的发展,世界各地公众对这些程序的看法大相径庭。公众辩论的焦点主要集中在堕胎问题上,但我们对影响人们对辅助生殖技术(ART)的看法的因素了解较少。这两种程序都对人类生命始于受孕--胚胎受精--的观念提出了挑战。利用欧洲价值观调查数据和多层次建模,我们比较了宗教和其他个人及国家层面的因素如何影响人们对堕胎和 ART 的不认同。保守的新教徒、宗教信仰更浓厚的人以及生活在宗教信仰更浓厚的国家的人更有可能不赞成堕胎和抗逆转录病毒疗法。更支持抗逆转录病毒疗法的政策与人们的态度相关,但与堕胎无关。此外,经济发展会调节个人宗教信仰与堕胎之间的关系,但不会调节抗逆转录病毒疗法之间的关系。这一发现为我们提供了重要的启示,让我们了解为什么堕胎即使在较富裕的国家仍然是一个如此有争议的问题。
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引用次数: 0
A new subjective well-being index using anchored best-worst scaling 使用锚定最佳-最差比例的新主观幸福指数
IF 2.5 2区 社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103013
Paul F. Burke , John M. Rose , Simon Fifer , Daniel Masters , Stefan Kuegler , Ariana Cabrera

Subjective well-being (SWB) describes an individual's life evaluation. Direct elicitation methods for SWB via rating scales do not force individuals to trade-off among life domains, whilst best-worst scaling (BWS) approaches only provide relative measures. This paper instead offers a dual-response BWS task, where respondents nominate areas of most and least importance and satisfaction with respect to 11 SWB domains, whilst also eliciting anchoring points to obtain an absolute measure of domain satisfaction. Combining domain satisfaction and importance produces a robust measure of individual SWB, but statistically unique relative to other life satisfaction measures utilizing single- and multi-item ratings, including global satisfaction and those aggregated over SWB domains, as well as eudemonia. Surveying 2500 Australians reveals anchored-BWS improves discrimination amongst domains in terms of importance and satisfaction, illustrating its value as a diagnostic tool for SWB measurement to focus services, policy, and initiatives in areas to most impact wellbeing. This includes highlighting a major discrepancy between health satisfaction and importance, whilst also reporting that SWB is significantly lower for Indigenous, unemployed, middle-aged, males and lower income groups.

主观幸福感(SWB)描述了个人对生活的评价。通过评分量表直接激发主观幸福感的方法并不能迫使个人在生活领域之间进行权衡,而最佳-最差评分(BWS)方法只能提供相对测量值。本文提供了一个双响应 BWS 任务,让受访者就 11 个 SWB 领域提名最重要和最不重要以及最不满意的领域,同时还激发锚点以获得领域满意度的绝对测量值。将领域满意度和重要性结合起来,就能对个人的社会工作能力进行稳健的测量,但相对于其他采用单项和多项目评分的生活满意度测量方法(包括总体满意度、社会工作能力领域的综合满意度以及优柔寡断)而言,这种方法在统计学上是独一无二的。对 2500 名澳大利亚人进行的调查显示,锚定-BWS 在重要性和满意度方面提高了各领域之间的区分度,说明了其作为 SWB 测量诊断工具的价值,可将服务、政策和倡议集中在对福祉影响最大的领域。这包括突出健康满意度和重要性之间的重大差异,同时还报告了土著、失业、中年、男性和低收入群体的全部门福利明显较低。
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引用次数: 0
The development of racial wealth gaps in early adulthood 成年早期种族贫富差距的发展
IF 2.5 2区 社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103010
Alexander Adames , Ellen Bryer

While much research has documented stark racial gaps in total net worth, few studies have examined the development of racial gaps across different types of assets using longitudinal data. Drawing on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1997), we study the emergence of Black-White and Hispanic-White wealth gaps across different types of assets and debt among a recent cohort of young adults. We find that the gaps in net worth, financial assets, home equity, and debt all increase over time. The racial gaps in financial assets widen at a rate that exceeds the corresponding gaps in other components of net worth. Indeed, a decomposition analysis reveals that financial assets contribute more than home equity to exacerbating net worth disparities. Our findings underscore the unique role that financial assets play in expanding racial wealth gaps in young adulthood.

虽然很多研究都记录了种族在总资产净值方面的明显差距,但很少有研究利用纵向数据来考察种族在不同类型资产方面差距的发展。利用全国青年纵向调查(1997 年)的数据,我们研究了黑人-白人和西班牙裔-白人在不同类型资产和债务方面的财富差距在最近一批年轻成年人中的出现情况。我们发现,净资产、金融资产、房屋净值和债务方面的差距都会随着时间的推移而扩大。金融资产的种族差距扩大速度超过了净资产其他组成部分的相应差距。事实上,分解分析表明,金融资产比房屋净值更能加剧净资产差距。我们的研究结果强调了金融资产在扩大青年时期种族贫富差距方面的独特作用。
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引用次数: 0
Emerging health disparities among college graduates: Understanding the health consequences of education-occupation mismatch 大学毕业生中新出现的健康差异:了解教育与职业不匹配对健康的影响
IF 2.5 2区 社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103015
Hui Zheng , Yao Lu , Man Yao

This study examines the health consequences and underlying pathways of education-occupation mismatch. Using a longitudinal sample of college graduates from the Panel Studies of Income Dynamics (1984–2019) and employing longitudinal hybrid models, we found that contemporary vertical mismatch (between education level and educational requirements of occupation) was associated with poorer psychological well-being and bio-behaviors (obesity and smoking), but not physical health. In contrast, horizontal mismatch (between field of study and field required for occupation) did not show clear health consequences. Sequence analysis was employed to uncover the mismatch trajectories and revealed that persistent vertical mismatch over one's career had a greater impact on psychological distress and smoking than episodic mismatch experiences. Furthermore, the linkage between vertical mismatch and health outcomes was likely shaped by psychosocial processes rather than reduced material well-being. These findings imply that education-occupation vertical (mis)match produces health disparities between occupationally matched and mismatched college graduates.

本研究探讨了教育与职业不匹配的健康后果和潜在途径。通过对收入动态面板研究(1984-2019 年)中的大学毕业生进行纵向抽样,并采用纵向混合模型,我们发现当代纵向错配(教育水平与职业教育要求之间)与较差的心理健康和生物行为(肥胖和吸烟)有关,但与身体健康无关。与此相反,横向错配(学习领域与职业要求之间的错配)并没有显示出明显的健康后果。我们采用序列分析来揭示错配的轨迹,结果发现,与偶发的错配经历相比,一个人在职业生涯中持续存在的纵向错配对心理困扰和吸烟的影响更大。此外,纵向错配与健康结果之间的联系很可能是由社会心理过程而不是物质福利的减少形成的。这些研究结果表明,教育-职业纵向(错位)匹配在职业匹配和错位匹配的大学毕业生之间产生了健康差异。
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引用次数: 0
A set-analytic approach to intersectionality 交叉性的集合分析方法
IF 2.5 2区 社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103002
Charles C. Ragin , Peer C. Fiss

In this paper, we propose a set-analytic approach to the study of intersectionality. Our approach builds on the intersectional view that combinations of attributes, such as black females, should be understood as qualitatively distinct states, not reducible to their component attributes. We show that interaction-based, quantitative approaches are not only inconsistent with the core assumptions of intersectionality but also may underestimate the presence of penalties linked to multi-category memberships. In contrast, we show that truth table analysis, a core feature of Qualitative Comparative Analysis, directly implements several of the core methodological concerns of the intersectionality perspective. The truth table approach offers two important advantages. (1) It provides a foundation for the comparison of logically ‘adjacent’ configurations—combinations of case characteristics that differ by only a single attribute. (2) It can accommodate case attributes that vary by level or degree in a set-theoretic, intersectional framework.

在本文中,我们提出了一种研究交叉性的集合分析方法。我们的方法建立在交叉性观点的基础上,即黑人女性等属性组合应被理解为质量上不同的状态,而不能还原为其组成属性。我们的研究表明,基于互动的定量方法不仅与交叉性的核心假设不一致,而且可能会低估与多类别成员资格相关的惩罚的存在。与此相反,我们展示了真值表分析法--定性比较分析法的核心特征--直接实现了交叉性视角的几个核心方法论关注点。真值表方法有两个重要优势。(1) 它为比较逻辑上 "相邻 "的配置--仅有一个属性不同的案例特征组合--提供了基础。(2) 在集合论的交叉性框架中,它可以容纳因水平或程度而异的案例属性。
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引用次数: 0
Fake news virality: Relational niches and the diffusion of COVID-19 vaccine misinformation 假新闻的病毒性:关系壁龛与 COVID-19 疫苗错误信息的传播
IF 2.5 2区 社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103004
Chen-Shuo Hong

This study explores why some fake news publishers are able to propagate misinformation while others receive little attention on social media. Using COVID-19 vaccine tweets as a case study, this study combined the relational niche framework with pooled and multilevel models that address the unobserved heterogeneity. The results showed that, as expected, ties to accounts with more followers were associated with more fake news tweets, retweets, and likes. However, more surprisingly, embedding with fake news publishers had an inverted U-shaped association with diffusion, whereas social proximity to mainstream media was positively associated. Although the effect of influential users is in line with opinion leader theory, the newly-identified effects of social proximity to reliable sources and embeddedness suggest that the key to fake news virality is to earn greater organizational status and modest, not overly, echo chambers. This study highlights the potential of dynamic media networks to shape the misinformation market.

本研究探讨了为什么一些假新闻发布者能够传播错误信息,而另一些则在社交媒体上很少受到关注。本研究以 COVID-19 疫苗推文为案例,将关系利基框架与解决未观察到的异质性的集合和多层次模型相结合。结果表明,正如预期的那样,与拥有更多粉丝的账户的联系与更多的假新闻推文、转发和点赞有关。然而,更令人惊讶的是,与假新闻发布者的嵌入与传播呈倒 U 型关系,而与主流媒体的社交关系则呈正相关。尽管有影响力的用户的影响符合意见领袖理论,但新发现的与可靠消息来源的社会接近性和嵌入性的影响表明,假新闻病毒式传播的关键在于赢得更高的组织地位和适度而非过度的回声室。本研究强调了动态媒体网络塑造虚假信息市场的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Occupations and careers within organizations: Do organizations facilitate unequal wage growth? 组织内的职业和事业:组织是否促进了不平等的工资增长?
IF 2.5 2区 社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103005
Christoph Janietz

Recent research suggests that occupations and organizations intersect during the formation of wage inequality. Using administrative data from the Netherlands, I investigate whether workers who are employed in different occupations experience unequal wage growth when staying in an organization. Results reveal that workers in professional and managerial positions realize larger wage growth than workers who work initially in lower-status occupations. After six years of staying at the same organization, predicted wage growth rates vary between 5.44% for production workers and 10.18% for technical professionals. The findings indicate that occupations compound present and future wage advantages at the organizational level. I test whether occupational sorting across organizations with differing pay quality mediates part of the occupation-based heterogeneity in wage growth. The results show that occupational sorting is marked but that sorting explains only up to around 8% of inequality in firm-internal wage growth between different occupational classes in the Dutch labor market.

最近的研究表明,在工资不平等的形成过程中,职业和组织是相互交叉的。我利用荷兰的行政数据,研究了从事不同职业的工人在留在一个组织时是否会经历不平等的工资增长。结果显示,与最初从事较低地位职业的工人相比,专业和管理职位的工人实现了更大的工资增长。在同一组织工作六年后,生产工人的预测工资增长率为 5.44%,而专业技术人员的预测工资增长率为 10.18%。研究结果表明,在组织层面上,职业复合了现在和未来的工资优势。我检验了薪酬质量不同的组织之间的职业排序是否调节了工资增长中基于职业的异质性。结果表明,职业分拣非常明显,但分拣只能解释荷兰劳动力市场不同职业类别之间企业内部工资增长不平等的 8%左右。
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引用次数: 0
An unlevel playing field: Immigrant assimilation and welfare utilization 不公平的竞争环境:移民同化与福利利用
IF 2.5 2区 社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103008
Yip-Ching Yu, Zina Nimeh

This paper investigates the existence and mechanisms of segmentation in the welfare assimilation process of first-generation immigrants in the Netherlands. Using longitudinal administrative data (2007–2015) from Statistics Netherlands (CBS), we estimate the welfare utilization trajectories of migrants over the working-age life course vis-à-vis two reference groups representing different economic segments from the population, namely: average Dutch natives and Dutch natives with low education level. Empirical evidence shows a predominant trend of mainstream assimilation; however, two findings with more concerning implications should be highlighted. Welfare assimilation into the economically disadvantaged segment is found to concentrate among first-generation immigrants characterized by structural and human capital disadvantages, despite the notable extent of upward intragenerational mobility observed. In the worst-case scenario, there seems to be a lack of welfare assimilation to the comparison segments, raising concerns over the prospective emergence of marginalized ethnic groups at the bottom of the economic ladder. The implications of this finding are twofold. Firstly, automatic closing of the migrant-native gap over time should not be presumed in the absence of a level playing field for all regardless of their migration backgrounds. Secondly, systematic discrepancies observed between refugees and other types of migrants in terms of welfare assimilation patterns and determinants point to the need to have a clear distinction between immigration policy and refugee policy, which explicitly avoids bundling all migrants as one homogenous group.

本文研究了荷兰第一代移民在福利同化过程中存在的细分现象及其机制。利用荷兰统计局(CBS)提供的纵向行政数据(2007-2015 年),我们估算了移民在工龄生命过程中相对于代表不同经济阶层人口的两个参照组(即普通荷兰本地人和教育水平较低的荷兰本地人)的福利利用轨迹。经验证据表明,主流同化趋势占主导地位;然而,有两个结论具有更重要的影响,应予以强调。尽管观察到代际流动性显著上升,但对经济弱势群体的福利同化主要集中在第一代移民中,他们在结构和人力资本方面都处于劣势。在最坏的情况下,似乎缺乏对比较群体的福利同化,这引起了人们对处于经济阶梯底层的边缘化族裔群体可能出现的担忧。这一发现有两方面的影响。首先,在没有为所有移民(无论其移民背景如何)提供公平竞争环境的情况下,不应假定随着时间的推移,移民与本地人之间的差距会自动缩小。其次,从福利同化模式和决定因素方面观察到的难民和其他类型移民之间的系统性差异表明,有必要明确区分移民政策和难民政策,明确避免将所有移民捆绑为一个同质群体。
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引用次数: 0
Structure and agency in resistance to schooling: Class, race, and the reproduction of unequal outcomes 抵制学校教育的结构和机构:阶级、种族和不平等结果的再现
IF 2.5 2区 社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2023.102971
Roslyn Arlin Mickelson , Argun Saatcioglu

For low-income and marginalized racialized minority youth, declining prospects of mobility can undermine favorable attitudes toward schooling if adolescents anticipate limited utility in schooling. We find that adolescents' awareness of race and class inequality affects a complex set of attitudes toward schooling, and that these attitudes contribute to outcomes varying by race/ethnicity and class. We capitalize on a unique longitudinal dataset with a random stratified sample of 1428 Black and White high school graduates from a large school system. Using surveys and administrative data, we show how structural factors and student characteristics shape educational attitudes; and then how these attitudes, school structural features, student, family, and neighborhood factors predict educational outcomes. We find the common ground between Willis' resistance theory emphasizing class and Ogbu’s cultural-ecological model focusing on race. Results provide greater conceptual clarity for core constructs associated with both theories of resistance.

对于低收入和边缘化的少数种族青少年来说,如果青少年预期学校教育的作用有限,那么流动性下降的前景可能会削弱他们对学校教育的良好态度。我们发现,青少年对种族和阶级不平等的认识会影响一系列复杂的就学态度,而这些态度又会导致不同种族/族裔和阶级的结果各不相同。我们利用一个独特的纵向数据集,对来自一个大型学校系统的 1428 名黑人和白人高中毕业生进行随机分层抽样。通过调查和管理数据,我们展示了结构因素和学生特征如何塑造教育态度,以及这些态度、学校结构特征、学生、家庭和邻里因素如何预测教育结果。我们找到了威利斯强调阶级的抵制理论与奥格布关注种族的文化生态模型之间的共同点。研究结果使两种抵制理论的核心概念更加清晰。
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引用次数: 0
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