Pub Date : 2025-07-01Epub Date: 2025-04-28DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103177
Andrew P. Davis , Michael Gibson-Light , Jessica Pfaffendorf , Christian Alberg
Scholars of punishment have long been interested in secondary consequences of criminal justice contact. Recent work in this vein demonstrates that higher levels of incarceration puts negative pressure on labor unions, yet much of this work focuses solely on the United States—underscoring important gaps in our knowledge of how the prison operates in broader context. This article extends this research to explore the extent to which incarceration rates across 36 OECD countries affect unionization from 1961 to 2017. Results from panel data analysis support that incarceration rates diminish union density across context and time. These findings contribute to literatures on neoliberal penality, union decline, and investigations into consequences of incarceration beyond the somewhat exceptional case of US penal practice.
{"title":"Incarceration, stigma, and labor power: The prison as labor governance institution in 36 OECD countries","authors":"Andrew P. Davis , Michael Gibson-Light , Jessica Pfaffendorf , Christian Alberg","doi":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103177","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103177","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Scholars of punishment have long been interested in secondary consequences of criminal justice contact. Recent work in this vein demonstrates that higher levels of incarceration puts negative pressure on labor unions, yet much of this work focuses solely on the United States—underscoring important gaps in our knowledge of how the prison operates in broader context. This article extends this research to explore the extent to which incarceration rates across 36 OECD countries affect unionization from 1961 to 2017. Results from panel data analysis support that incarceration rates diminish union density across context and time. These findings contribute to literatures on neoliberal penality, union decline, and investigations into consequences of incarceration beyond the somewhat exceptional case of US penal practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48338,"journal":{"name":"Social Science Research","volume":"129 ","pages":"Article 103177"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143882027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-01Epub Date: 2025-04-19DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103178
Yurong Zhang, ChangHwan Kim
Over the last several decades, overwork has increased across most demographic groups in America. Concurrently, the power of organized labor, which has historically contributed to shaping societal perceptions of the standard workweek and work hours, has declined. Nevertheless, the possibility that these two phenomena are related is rarely explored. This study examines the association between union decline and the likelihood of overwork by analyzing data from the 1983–2019 Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group. The results, based on two-way fixed-effects models that control for both year- and state-fixed effects along with individual and state-level covariates, reveal a robust negative association between state union density and the likelihood of overwork. The negative association varies by the level of unionization in a state. These findings underscore the role of labor unions in shaping behavioral norms in the labor market and shed new light on the rise of overwork. The implications of these findings are discussed.
{"title":"Amid union decline: State-level unionization and overwork of American workers","authors":"Yurong Zhang, ChangHwan Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103178","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103178","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over the last several decades, overwork has increased across most demographic groups in America. Concurrently, the power of organized labor, which has historically contributed to shaping societal perceptions of the standard workweek and work hours, has declined. Nevertheless, the possibility that these two phenomena are related is rarely explored. This study examines the association between union decline and the likelihood of overwork by analyzing data from the 1983–2019 Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group. The results, based on two-way fixed-effects models that control for both year- and state-fixed effects along with individual and state-level covariates, reveal a robust negative association between state union density and the likelihood of overwork. The negative association varies by the level of unionization in a state. These findings underscore the role of labor unions in shaping behavioral norms in the labor market and shed new light on the rise of overwork. The implications of these findings are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48338,"journal":{"name":"Social Science Research","volume":"129 ","pages":"Article 103178"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143847640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-01Epub Date: 2025-03-22DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103171
Tobias Schütze , Philipp C. Wichardt
This paper reports results from an exploratory experimental study (N 181) comparing an effort based public good game to a standard public good game — each presented in a gain and a loss frame. The data show lower average contributions and more free-riders in the effort treatments, with the most notable effect showing for men in the loss frame (comparing standard vs. effort, contributions drop from 76.7% to 17.0%, free-riders increase from 8.3% to 82.6%, full-contributors drop from 50.0% to 13.0%). The findings suggest that the provision of public goods might face more impediments than common experimental findings from the lab would indicate. Moreover, they suggest that especially men become more self-focused when required to mitigate a loss with effort. Given that many environmental public goods are about avoiding losses by taking action, the latter result seems to be relevant from a policy perspective.
{"title":"A real effort vs. standard public goods experiment: Asking for effort does make a difference","authors":"Tobias Schütze , Philipp C. Wichardt","doi":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103171","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103171","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper reports results from an exploratory experimental study (N <span><math><mo>=</mo></math></span> 181) comparing an effort based public good game to a standard public good game — each presented in a gain and a loss frame. The data show lower average contributions and more free-riders in the effort treatments, with the most notable effect showing for men in the loss frame (comparing standard vs. effort, contributions drop from 76.7% to 17.0%, free-riders increase from 8.3% to 82.6%, full-contributors drop from 50.0% to 13.0%). The findings suggest that the provision of public goods might face more impediments than common experimental findings from the lab would indicate. Moreover, they suggest that especially men become more self-focused when required to mitigate a loss with effort. Given that many environmental public goods are about avoiding losses by taking action, the latter result seems to be relevant from a policy perspective.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48338,"journal":{"name":"Social Science Research","volume":"129 ","pages":"Article 103171"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143680554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-01Epub Date: 2025-04-27DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103188
Michael Grätz , Marieke Heers
Previous research found that increasing the age at first tracking in an education system increased educational mobility. This research has implicitly assumed that these effects do not vary across contexts. Contrary to this assumption, we develop two hypotheses predicting such variation. The first hypothesis predicts that changes in the age at tracking increase educational mobility more for larger than for smaller changes in the age at tracking. According to the second hypothesis, reforms in the age at tracking only increase educational mobility if they occur in societies which put a high emphasis on equality of opportunity as a policy aim. We test these hypotheses by estimating the effects of reforms in the age at tracking, which occurred in five European countries (Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, and Italy) in the 20th century, on educational mobility. We use data from the European Social Survey (ESS) and the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). The effects of the reforms are identified using a regression discontinuity design (RDD). A third hypothesis tests if the reforms increase educational mobility more among women than among men and if this is particularly the case in countries with a more gender egalitarian climate. Overall, the results reveal little cross-country variation in the effects of reforms in the age at tracking on educational mobility. In all analyzed countries there is an increase in educational mobility due to the reform in the age at tracking. In most countries, these effects do not differ between men and women.
{"title":"Tracking in context: Variation in the effects of reforms in the age at tracking on educational mobility","authors":"Michael Grätz , Marieke Heers","doi":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103188","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103188","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Previous research found that increasing the age at first tracking in an education system increased educational mobility. This research has implicitly assumed that these effects do not vary across contexts. Contrary to this assumption, we develop two hypotheses predicting such variation. The first hypothesis predicts that changes in the age at tracking increase educational mobility more for larger than for smaller changes in the age at tracking. According to the second hypothesis, reforms in the age at tracking only increase educational mobility if they occur in societies which put a high emphasis on equality of opportunity as a policy aim. We test these hypotheses by estimating the effects of reforms in the age at tracking, which occurred in five European countries (Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, and Italy) in the 20th century, on educational mobility. We use data from the European Social Survey (ESS) and the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). The effects of the reforms are identified using a regression discontinuity design (RDD). A third hypothesis tests if the reforms increase educational mobility more among women than among men and if this is particularly the case in countries with a more gender egalitarian climate. Overall, the results reveal little cross-country variation in the effects of reforms in the age at tracking on educational mobility. In all analyzed countries there is an increase in educational mobility due to the reform in the age at tracking. In most countries, these effects do not differ between men and women.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48338,"journal":{"name":"Social Science Research","volume":"129 ","pages":"Article 103188"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143877063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-01Epub Date: 2025-04-22DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103192
Xinyan Cao , Senhu Wang
The potential of flexible work arrangements (FWAs) to reduce gender disparities in domestic labor has been a topic of considerable debate. Scholars posit that the extent of this equalizing impact hinges on how couples, when employing FWAs, allocate their time between work and family domains based on their prevailing gender ideologies. Analyzing longitudinal couple-level dyadic data in the United Kingdom and using the actor-partner interdependence model, this study contributes to the debate by investigating how the relationship between the use of FWAs and housework time among couples depends on the combination of their gender ideologies. The results reveal that a wife's adoption of FWAs notably amplifies her housework responsibilities and diminishes her husband's, when at least one spouse in a couple holds a traditional gender ideology. In contrast, a husband's use of FWAs boosts his own housework hours, only when both spouses have a more egalitarian gender ideology. However, a husband's use of FWAs does not reduce his wife's housework duration regardless of couple's gender ideology. Notably, it is couple's gender ideology, rather than FWAs usage, that has greater predicting power in housework time especially for the wife. Overall, these results underscore the necessity of contextualizing the effects of FWAs through the lens of prevailing gender ideology within couples to understand their influence on gender disparities in domestic labor.
{"title":"Flexible work arrangements, gender ideology, and housework time among dual-earner couples","authors":"Xinyan Cao , Senhu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103192","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103192","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The potential of flexible work arrangements (FWAs) to reduce gender disparities in domestic labor has been a topic of considerable debate. Scholars posit that the extent of this equalizing impact hinges on how couples, when employing FWAs, allocate their time between work and family domains based on their prevailing gender ideologies. Analyzing longitudinal couple-level dyadic data in the United Kingdom and using the actor-partner interdependence model, this study contributes to the debate by investigating how the relationship between the use of FWAs and housework time among couples depends on the combination of their gender ideologies. The results reveal that a wife's adoption of FWAs notably amplifies her housework responsibilities and diminishes her husband's, when at least one spouse in a couple holds a traditional gender ideology. In contrast, a husband's use of FWAs boosts his own housework hours, only when both spouses have a more egalitarian gender ideology. However, a husband's use of FWAs does not reduce his wife's housework duration regardless of couple's gender ideology. Notably, it is couple's gender ideology, rather than FWAs usage, that has greater predicting power in housework time especially for the wife. Overall, these results underscore the necessity of contextualizing the effects of FWAs through the lens of prevailing gender ideology within couples to understand their influence on gender disparities in domestic labor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48338,"journal":{"name":"Social Science Research","volume":"129 ","pages":"Article 103192"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143855766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-01Epub Date: 2025-04-06DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103180
Caroline Lancaster, Mireim Alibrahim, Chandler C. Carter, Elizabeth A. Mumford, Jackie Sheridan-Johnson
Pro-gun attitudes among youth and young adults are associated with both current and future gun carrying, as well as future involvement in gun violence. However, there has been limited research into the correlates and predictors of pro-gun attitudes in these age groups, even though youth and young adults are the age groups most at risk of gun violence. We examined the extent to which worldview – that is, pre-political beliefs about individualism and egalitarianism – are associated with gun attitudes in a nationally representative sample of younger Americans ages 10–34. First, we used latent profile analysis to classify respondents into one of three discrete worldview profiles. We then used linear regression to examine the association between worldview profile and gun attitudes, finding that worldview profiles characterized by individualistic and hierarchical attitudes are positively associated with pro-gun attitudes. Finally, we explored whether the association between worldview and gun attitudes varied by age, observing stronger associations among the older individuals in the sample. These findings highlight the importance of considering worldview when developing prevention approaches to reduce gun violence among youth and young adults.
{"title":"Worldview and gun attitudes among American youth and young adults","authors":"Caroline Lancaster, Mireim Alibrahim, Chandler C. Carter, Elizabeth A. Mumford, Jackie Sheridan-Johnson","doi":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103180","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103180","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pro-gun attitudes among youth and young adults are associated with both current and future gun carrying, as well as future involvement in gun violence. However, there has been limited research into the correlates and predictors of pro-gun attitudes in these age groups, even though youth and young adults are the age groups most at risk of gun violence. We examined the extent to which worldview – that is, pre-political beliefs about individualism and egalitarianism – are associated with gun attitudes in a nationally representative sample of younger Americans ages 10–34. First, we used latent profile analysis to classify respondents into one of three discrete worldview profiles. We then used linear regression to examine the association between worldview profile and gun attitudes, finding that worldview profiles characterized by individualistic and hierarchical attitudes are positively associated with pro-gun attitudes. Finally, we explored whether the association between worldview and gun attitudes varied by age, observing stronger associations among the older individuals in the sample. These findings highlight the importance of considering worldview when developing prevention approaches to reduce gun violence among youth and young adults.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48338,"journal":{"name":"Social Science Research","volume":"129 ","pages":"Article 103180"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143785969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-01Epub Date: 2025-04-23DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103191
Jisu Park
Using data from the 2015–2019 American Community Survey, this study examines occupational segregation—specifically intergroup differences in occupation-level gender composition, earnings, and prestige—between heterosexual and sexual minority workers in the United States, focusing on workers in same-sex marriages (SSM) compared to those in different-sex marriages (DSM). The study also investigates the role of state-level contexts, such as anti-discrimination laws and public attitudes toward homosexuality, in moderating occupational segregation. Findings indicate significant patterns of segregation: SSM men are more likely to work in female-dominated, lower-paying, lower-prestige occupations, while SSM women tend to work in male-dominated, higher-paying, lower-prestige occupations compared to their heterosexual counterparts. State-level legal protections and supportive cultural attitudes toward sexual minorities are associated with reduced segregation, particularly in gender composition and prestige for both men and women. This research contributes to understanding the occupational experiences of sexual minorities and underscores the importance of legal and cultural factors in shaping their career outcomes.
{"title":"State-level contexts and sexual minority occupational segregation in the United States: Assessing legal protections and public attitudes","authors":"Jisu Park","doi":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103191","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103191","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Using data from the 2015–2019 American Community Survey, this study examines occupational segregation—specifically intergroup differences in occupation-level gender composition, earnings, and prestige—between heterosexual and sexual minority workers in the United States, focusing on workers in same-sex marriages (SSM) compared to those in different-sex marriages (DSM). The study also investigates the role of state-level contexts, such as anti-discrimination laws and public attitudes toward homosexuality, in moderating occupational segregation. Findings indicate significant patterns of segregation: SSM men are more likely to work in female-dominated, lower-paying, lower-prestige occupations, while SSM women tend to work in male-dominated, higher-paying, lower-prestige occupations compared to their heterosexual counterparts. State-level legal protections and supportive cultural attitudes toward sexual minorities are associated with reduced segregation, particularly in gender composition and prestige for both men and women. This research contributes to understanding the occupational experiences of sexual minorities and underscores the importance of legal and cultural factors in shaping their career outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48338,"journal":{"name":"Social Science Research","volume":"129 ","pages":"Article 103191"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143863784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-01Epub Date: 2025-03-26DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103175
Daniel Trovato, Gregory M. Zimmerman
{"title":"Suspended by association: Does vicarious suspension increase the odds of adolescent school discipline?","authors":"Daniel Trovato, Gregory M. Zimmerman","doi":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103175","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103175","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48338,"journal":{"name":"Social Science Research","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 103175"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143705749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-01Epub Date: 2025-04-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103163
Avery E. Warner
Recent research argues that the criminalization of immigration reflects broader social processes of membership and belonging, making some noncitizens deportable and others worthy of protection. Yet, while scholars suggest that both immigration and punishment are gendered, limited research scrutinizes gendered crimmigration on a large scale or explores how it operates in state courts. Using comprehensive data on all arrests in Texas from 2006 to 2018, I examine the role of gender, citizenship status, legal status, and race/ethnicity in the likelihood of being charged, convicted, and sentenced to incarceration among similarly situated defendants. Results indicate that in Texas courts, citizenship and legal status operate differently across gender categories. Among men, noncitizen status serves as a penalty in case processing, but women noncitizens, on average, receive leniency and have lower likelihood of conviction and incarceration than citizen women counterparts. I find that this result is largely driven by leniency for legal noncitizen women arrested for misdemeanor offenses. Undocumented women, however, receive a penalty relative to citizen women for felony offenses. I also find that among noncitizen defendants, Hispanic and white noncitizen men fare the worst in criminal case processing. These findings suggest both gendered and ethnoracialized pathways of noncitizen punishment.
{"title":"Crimmigration and the punishment of women: Evidence from Texas courts","authors":"Avery E. Warner","doi":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103163","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103163","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent research argues that the criminalization of immigration reflects broader social processes of membership and belonging, making some noncitizens deportable and others worthy of protection. Yet, while scholars suggest that both immigration and punishment are gendered, limited research scrutinizes gendered crimmigration on a large scale or explores how it operates in state courts. Using comprehensive data on all arrests in Texas from 2006 to 2018, I examine the role of gender, citizenship status, legal status, and race/ethnicity in the likelihood of being charged, convicted, and sentenced to incarceration among similarly situated defendants. Results indicate that in Texas courts, citizenship and legal status operate differently across gender categories. Among men, noncitizen status serves as a penalty in case processing, but women noncitizens, on average, receive leniency and have lower likelihood of conviction and incarceration than citizen women counterparts. I find that this result is largely driven by leniency for legal noncitizen women arrested for misdemeanor offenses. Undocumented women, however, receive a penalty relative to citizen women for felony offenses. I also find that among noncitizen defendants, Hispanic and white noncitizen men fare the worst in criminal case processing. These findings suggest both gendered and ethnoracialized pathways of noncitizen punishment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48338,"journal":{"name":"Social Science Research","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 103163"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143738371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-01Epub Date: 2025-02-27DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103156
Patrick Ishizuka
Cultural norms that define “good” parenting are central to sociological explanations of gender inequality among parents and social class differences in parental investments in children. Yet, little is known about how mothers and fathers of different social classes evaluate their success as parents and what predicts those assessments. Using data from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study, this study examines how caregiving and breadwinning are tied to parents’ self-evaluations by gender and social class. Results show that intensive parenting activities and full-time employment strongly predict more positive self-evaluations for mothers and fathers, reflecting gender symmetry in core cultural expectations of parents. However, earnings, homeownership, and overwork positively predict self-evaluations for fathers only, and mothers evaluate themselves more negatively than fathers at the same level of involvement and financial provision. Finally, intensive parenting activities similarly positively predict self-evaluations for more- and less-educated parents. Findings highlight challenges to meeting cultural expectations of modern parenthood, particularly for mothers and economically disadvantaged parents.
{"title":"Parental self-evaluations by gender and social class: Shared parenting ideals, male breadwinner norms, and mothers’ higher evaluation standards","authors":"Patrick Ishizuka","doi":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103156","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103156","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cultural norms that define “good” parenting are central to sociological explanations of gender inequality among parents and social class differences in parental investments in children. Yet, little is known about how mothers and fathers of different social classes evaluate their success as parents and what predicts those assessments. Using data from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study, this study examines how caregiving and breadwinning are tied to parents’ self-evaluations by gender and social class. Results show that intensive parenting activities and full-time employment strongly predict more positive self-evaluations for mothers and fathers, reflecting gender symmetry in core cultural expectations of parents. However, earnings, homeownership, and overwork positively predict self-evaluations for fathers only, and mothers evaluate themselves more negatively than fathers at the same level of involvement and financial provision. Finally, intensive parenting activities similarly positively predict self-evaluations for more- and less-educated parents. Findings highlight challenges to meeting cultural expectations of modern parenthood, particularly for mothers and economically disadvantaged parents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48338,"journal":{"name":"Social Science Research","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 103156"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143507980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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