Social Science Research最新文献

英文中文

Compensating or boosting genetic propensities? Gene-family socioeconomic status interactions by educational outcome selectivity 补偿还是增强遗传倾向？基因-家庭-社会经济地位对教育结果选择性的影响

IF 3.2 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2025-03-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103174

Gaia Ghirardi , Fabrizio Bernardi

This study investigates the extent to which the genetic propensity for education - measured using the polygenic index (PGI) for educational attainment – matters more for the final educational attainment of high or low socio-economic status (SES) students. We propose a model integrating social stratification theories, such as the compensatory and boosting advantage models, into sociogenomics, highlighting the role of educational outcome selectivity. Our model predicts that for low selective educational outcomes (e.g., high school completion), the PGI for education matters more for low-SES individuals, while for highly selective outcomes (e.g., graduate school completion), it matters more for high-SES individuals. We test our model using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, the Health and Retirement Study, and the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study. The results corroborate our predictions and are robust to alternative models’ specifications. Our theoretical model based on the selectivity of the considered outcome explains previous heterogeneous findings and can be generalized to develop testable hypotheses for other cohorts in the US and other countries. It can also be generalized to other studies on compensatory and boosting advantage based on other traits and events and not on PGI.

这项研究调查了受教育的遗传倾向在多大程度上对高社会经济地位（SES）或低社会经济地位（SES）学生的最终受教育程度有更大的影响。这种倾向是用受教育程度的多基因指数（PGI）衡量的。我们提出了一个将社会分层理论（如补偿和促进优势模型）整合到社会基因组学中的模型，突出了教育结果选择性的作用。我们的模型预测，对于低选择性的教育成果（例如，高中毕业），教育的PGI对低社会地位个体更重要，而对于高选择性的结果（例如，研究生毕业），它对高社会地位个体更重要。我们使用国家青少年到成人健康纵向研究、健康与退休研究和威斯康辛纵向研究来测试我们的模型。结果证实了我们的预测，并且对替代模型的规格具有鲁棒性。我们的理论模型基于所考虑的结果的选择性，解释了以前的异质性发现，可以推广到美国和其他国家的其他队列中开发可测试的假设。这也可以推广到其他基于其他性状和事件的补偿和促进优势的研究，而不是基于PGI。

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引用次数: 0

A real effort vs. standard public goods experiment: Asking for effort does make a difference 真正的努力与标准的公共物品实验：要求付出确实会产生影响

IF 3.2 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2025-03-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103171

Tobias Schütze , Philipp C. Wichardt

This paper reports results from an exploratory experimental study (N

=

181) comparing an effort based public good game to a standard public good game — each presented in a gain and a loss frame. The data show lower average contributions and more free-riders in the effort treatments, with the most notable effect showing for men in the loss frame (comparing standard vs. effort, contributions drop from 76.7% to 17.0%, free-riders increase from 8.3% to 82.6%, full-contributors drop from 50.0% to 13.0%). The findings suggest that the provision of public goods might face more impediments than common experimental findings from the lab would indicate. Moreover, they suggest that especially men become more self-focused when required to mitigate a loss with effort. Given that many environmental public goods are about avoiding losses by taking action, the latter result seems to be relevant from a policy perspective.

本文报告了一项探索性实验研究（N = 181）的结果，该研究将基于努力的公共利益博弈与标准公共利益博弈进行了比较——每一种博弈都以收益和损失的形式呈现。数据显示，在努力组中，平均贡献更低，更多的是“搭便车”，其中最显著的影响表现在损失组的男性身上（比较标准组和努力组，贡献从76.7%下降到17.0%，“搭便车”从8.3%上升到82.6%，全额贡献从50.0%下降到13.0%）。研究结果表明，公共产品的提供可能面临比实验室常见实验结果所显示的更多的障碍。此外，他们还指出，当需要通过努力来减轻损失时，男性尤其会变得更加关注自我。鉴于许多环境公共产品都是通过采取行动来避免损失，从政策角度来看，后一个结果似乎是相关的。

引用次数: 0

Sisterhood and credible narratives: Gender-based ingroup bias in the asylum courtroom 姐妹情谊与可信叙述：庇护法庭中基于性别的群体偏见

IF 3.2 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2025-03-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103162

Diego Vaes , Samantha Bielen , Peter Grajzl

Asylum processes are often portrayed as influenced by gender-related factors. However, empirically ascertaining gender effects in asylum decisions has proven challenging. We study the presence of gender-based ingroup bias, the tendency of decision-makers to treat individuals of their own gender differently, in granting international protection status. Investigating Belgian data on 23,248 asylum appeals in Dutch-language proceedings between 2007 and 2020, we find evidence of positive gender-based ingroup bias (preferential treatment of applicants of the same gender) in judicial decisions. Remarkably, this positive ingroup bias is exclusively due to the favorable treatment of female asylum seekers by female judges. We find no evidence of preferential treatment of male applicants by male judges. Upon generating a machine-learning summary of the content of the verdict texts, we further show that the positive gender-based ingroup bias manifests most prominently when case circumstances require judges to pay particular attention to the credibility of the asylum seeker's narrative, that is, when the scope for judicial discretion is comparatively greatest. Our analysis therefore reveals a hitherto unexplored consequence of credibility considerations in asylum decision-making.

庇护程序常常被描述为受到与性别有关的因素的影响。然而，从经验上确定庇护决定中的性别影响已被证明具有挑战性。我们研究了基于性别的内群体偏见的存在，即决策者在授予国际保护地位时对与自己性别不同的个体的倾向。我们调查了比利时2007年至2020年期间以荷兰语审理的23248宗庇护上诉的数据，发现司法裁决中存在基于性别的积极群体偏见（对同性申请人的优先待遇）的证据。值得注意的是，这种积极的内团体偏见完全是由于女性法官对女性寻求庇护者的优待。我们没有发现男性法官对男性申请人给予优待的证据。在生成判决文本内容的机器学习摘要后，我们进一步表明，当案件情况要求法官特别注意寻求庇护者叙述的可信度时，也就是说，当司法自由裁量权的范围相对最大时，基于性别的积极内群体偏见表现得最为突出。因此，我们的分析揭示了在庇护决策中考虑可信度的一个迄今未被探索的后果。

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引用次数: 0

Birth order and upper-secondary school track choice in Sweden: A mechanism for birth order inequality in educational attainment 瑞典的出生顺序和高中轨道选择：教育成就中出生顺序不平等的机制

IF 3.2 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2025-03-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103164

Marco Santacroce , Kieron Barclay

Using Swedish register data, this study investigates the association between birth order and upper-secondary school track choice. A large body of research has shown that ordinal position within the sibling group matters for development trajectories and attainment processes. Researchers have also long been interested in the effects of secondary school tracking, showing that it can reinforce the effect of social origins. Using data for over 2 million pupils transitioning from compulsory to non-compulsory upper-secondary school from 1996 to 2019, and sibling fixed-effects, we find that later birth order is negatively associated with the probability of enrolling in university-preparatory academic tracks, known for having higher expected earnings and professional opportunities. These findings persist net of earlier educational performance, gender, parental education, or migration background. Later-born children are more likely to complete vocational programs. These findings shed light on some of the potential mechanisms driving the higher educational attainment, earnings, and employment stability of first- and earlier-born children, as they tend to complete secondary school tracks that provide greater future opportunities. The influence of birth order on completed years of education at age 30 diminishes by half when adjusting for track choices (i.e., secondary effects) and loses statistical significance when GPA (i.e., primary effects) is introduced as an additional control. While an unequivocal explanation for the origins of divergent tracking choices eludes us, existing literature suggests variation in parenting practices, child investments, and the familial environment contribute to these aspirational differences.

本研究利用瑞典的登记数据，调查了出生顺序与高中升学选择之间的关系。大量研究表明，兄弟姐妹群体中的顺序位置对发展轨迹和学业进程至关重要。长期以来，研究人员对中学升学率的影响也很感兴趣，研究表明，中学升学率会加强社会出身的影响。利用 1996 年至 2019 年期间 200 多万名从义务教育阶段升入非义务教育阶段高中的学生的数据和兄弟姐妹固定效应，我们发现，较晚的出生顺序与进入大学预科学业轨道的概率呈负相关，而大学预科学业轨道以具有较高的预期收入和职业机会而著称。如果不考虑先前的教育表现、性别、父母教育或移民背景，这些发现依然存在。出生较晚的儿童更有可能完成职业课程。这些发现揭示了促使头胎和早产儿获得较高教育程度、收入和就业稳定性的一些潜在机制，因为他们倾向于完成能提供更多未来机会的中学课程。出生顺序对 30 岁时完成教育年数的影响，在调整学业选择（即次要效应）后减少了一半，而在引入 GPA（即主要效应）作为额外控制时，则失去了统计意义。虽然我们无法明确解释不同升学选择的起源，但现有文献表明，父母养育方式、子女投资和家庭环境的差异导致了这些志向上的差异。

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引用次数: 0

Does volunteering reduce antidepressant use among older adults? Longitudinal register-based evidence from Denmark 志愿活动是否能减少老年人抗抑郁药的使用？来自丹麦的纵向登记证据

IF 3.2 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2025-03-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103172

Hans-Peter Y. Qvist , Jeevitha Yogachandiran Qvist , Dingeman Wiertz

Antidepressant use among older adults has surged in recent years. This is concerning since antidepressants have serious side effects and limited efficacy when used as a stand-alone treatment. Against this background, it has been claimed that volunteering may reduce antidepressant use, by preventing depressive symptoms and offering alternative ways to manage them. To test this claim, we merge the Danish Longitudinal Study of Aging with register data about redeemed antidepressant prescriptions from 1995 to 2018. Using this data, we estimate the effect of volunteering on antidepressant use with event-history models that correct for many possible confounders, including prior histories of antidepressant use. Our main finding is that moderate-intensity volunteering reduces antidepressant use among older adults. This effect persists when symptoms of poor mental health are adjusted for, and it does not depend on the type of organization volunteered for. By contrast, we find no effects of low- or high-intensity volunteering.

近年来，老年人使用抗抑郁药的人数激增。这是令人担忧的，因为抗抑郁药有严重的副作用，而且作为单独治疗时疗效有限。在这种背景下，有人声称志愿服务可以通过预防抑郁症状和提供管理抑郁症状的替代方法来减少抗抑郁药的使用。为了验证这一说法，我们将丹麦老龄化纵向研究与1995年至2018年的抗抑郁药处方登记数据合并在一起。利用这些数据，我们使用事件历史模型来估计志愿活动对抗抑郁药物使用的影响，该模型纠正了许多可能的混杂因素，包括先前使用抗抑郁药物的历史。我们的主要发现是，中等强度的志愿活动减少了老年人抗抑郁药的使用。在调整了心理健康状况不佳的症状后，这种影响仍然存在，而且与志愿者参加的组织类型无关。相比之下，我们发现低强度或高强度的志愿活动没有影响。

引用次数: 0

Retention in the early STEM career: The role of gendered intentions and first STEM employment 早期STEM职业生涯中的保留：性别意向和第一次STEM就业的作用

IF 3.2 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2025-03-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103161

Rachel Karen , Rui Jie Peng , Jennifer Glass

There have been numerous policy initiatives and federal investments in the United States over the past twenty years to increase the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) labor force. Prior research has investigated how STEM career aspirations are formed, and how experiences in STEM workplaces influence retention in a STEM career. This study uses a unique longitudinal dataset that surveyed graduating chemistry and chemical engineering majors at two prestigious universities in the United States, following up with those graduates four years later. This data allows us to observe processes that create intentions to remain in STEM while still in school, along with actual retention in the STEM workforce four years after graduation. Results indicate that while intentions to remain in STEM help predict actual retention, they do so primarily by increasing the likelihood STEM graduates’ first job will be in a STEM field. While we saw little gender or race differences in early retention, we did find evidence that those whose first job was not in STEM and those changing jobs more frequently were less likely to be retained in the STEM labor force. Moreover, those who never worked in the STEM sector or left a STEM job in their early career earned more money on average four years after graduation than those who were retained in STEM jobs. This suggests STEM graduates are finding their skills can command higher earnings over time in non-STEM employment sectors.

在过去的二十年里，美国有许多政策举措和联邦投资来增加科学、技术、工程和数学（STEM）领域的劳动力。之前的研究已经调查了STEM职业抱负是如何形成的，以及STEM工作场所的经历如何影响STEM职业生涯的保留。这项研究使用了一个独特的纵向数据集，调查了美国两所著名大学化学和化学工程专业的毕业生，并在四年后对这些毕业生进行了跟踪调查。这些数据使我们能够观察到那些在学校期间仍留在STEM领域的意向，以及毕业四年后STEM劳动力的实际留存率。研究结果表明，尽管留在STEM领域的意愿有助于预测实际留存率，但这主要是通过增加STEM毕业生的第一份工作在STEM领域的可能性来实现的。虽然我们发现早期保留的性别或种族差异很小，但我们确实发现，那些第一份工作不是STEM的人，以及那些经常换工作的人，不太可能留在STEM劳动力队伍中。此外，那些从未在STEM领域工作过或在早期职业生涯中离开STEM工作的人在毕业四年后的平均收入高于那些留在STEM工作岗位上的人。这表明STEM毕业生发现，随着时间的推移，他们的技能可以在非STEM就业部门获得更高的收入。

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引用次数: 0

Diverse representation in entertainment awards and racial inequality beliefs 娱乐奖项的多元化代表和种族不平等信念

IF 3.2 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2025-03-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103159

Rio Ikeuchi

This study examines how heightened racial representation shapes beliefs about the causes of racial inequality. To explore this, it focuses on the unprecedented diverse racial representation in the 2016 Tony Awards, a prominent American entertainment award celebrating excellence in Broadway theater. Leveraging the 2016 General Social Survey data in a quasi-experimental setting, the analysis investigates the change in beliefs among respondents interviewed before and after the Tony Awards. The results indicate that individuals are less likely to perceive discrimination as the primary cause of African Americans’ social disadvantage after the Awards. This effect is heterogeneous across demographic and social groups, particularly impacting white individuals and Republicans. This study suggests that engagement with cultural products high-lighting progress toward diverse racial representation may lead to a temporary underestimation of persistent racial discrimination, even in the presence of enduring inequality.

这项研究探讨了种族代表性的提高如何影响人们对种族不平等原因的看法。为了探讨这一点，本文将重点放在2016年托尼奖（Tony Awards）中前所未有的多元化种族代表上。托尼奖是美国著名的娱乐奖项，旨在表彰百老汇戏剧的卓越表现。利用2016年综合社会调查数据在准实验环境中，分析调查了托尼奖前后受访者的信仰变化。结果表明，获奖后，人们不太可能将歧视视为非裔美国人社会劣势的主要原因。这种影响在不同的人口和社会群体中是不同的，尤其是白人和共和党人。这项研究表明，即使在存在长期不平等的情况下，与强调种族多元化进展的文化产品的接触可能会导致对持续存在的种族歧视的暂时低估。

引用次数: 0

Career types and labor market structure: Intragenerational mobility in the United States 职业类型与劳动力市场结构：美国的代际流动

IF 3.2 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2025-03-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103153

Arne L. Kalleberg , Ted Mouw , Michael A. Schultz

This article contributes to research on intragenerational mobility and careers by conceptualizing and measuring three types of orderly careers defined by patterns of attachment to and mobility among organizations and occupations: those that are focused on a particular employer; those centered in a single occupation; and those that span occupations. The latter is the most complex and we identify orderly careers that traverse occupations in two ways: (1) as sequential movement in occupational internal labor markets (OILMs), which are structures that enable upward job and wage mobility that we measure using data from the CPS and O∗NET; and (2) as movement among occupational networks. We classify workers into career types from the bottom up, using their work histories in the NLSY. Our conceptualization of career types provides a link between labor market structures and intragenerational mobility by showing that orderly career types are associated with higher wages than disorderly careers and that OILM careers are related to greater wage growth.

这篇文章通过概念化和测量三种由组织和职业之间的依恋和流动模式定义的有序职业，为代际流动和职业的研究做出了贡献：那些专注于特定雇主的；专注于一种职业的人；还有那些跨越职业的。后者是最复杂的，我们通过两种方式确定有序的职业：(1)作为职业内部劳动力市场（OILMs）的顺序运动，这是我们使用CPS和O * NET数据测量的向上工作和工资流动性的结构；(2)职业网络之间的流动。我们使用NLSY中的工作经历，从下往上将员工划分为职业类型。我们对职业类型的概念化提供了劳动力市场结构和代际流动之间的联系，表明有序的职业类型比无序的职业类型与更高的工资相关，而OILM职业与更高的工资增长相关。

引用次数: 0

Extending the strategic adaptation framework: The children of immigrants’ pursuit of postsecondary STEM education 扩展战略适应框架：移民子女对高等STEM教育的追求

IF 3.2 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2025-03-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103157

Samuel H. Fishman, Jerry Z. Park, Michael Ervin

The strategic adaptation framework is a popular explanation for the children of Asian American immigrants’ high participation rates in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) education. The present study tests if this strategic adaptation framework applies to children of immigrants across race/ethnicity. Using postsecondary transcript data (2017–2018) from the High School Longitudinal Study of 2009 (HSLS), the analysis models the relationship between race/ethnicity and nativity with STEM credits completed among college attenders. The children of White, Black, and Asian American immigrants complete more STEM credits than later generation—children of US-born—White respondents. Later generation Black, Hispanic, and multiracial respondents complete less STEM credits than their White peers. A subsample analysis finds that these patterns are partially accounted for by adolescent beliefs that mathematics and science courses are important for their careers. However, we find no immigrant advantage in grade point average (GPA) in STEM courses relative to later generation White respondents. Rather, Black respondents—across generation—average slightly lower GPAs. These results suggest that the pursuit of STEM education is—in part—a pragmatic mobility strategy for the children of immigrants.

战略适应框架是对亚裔美国移民子女在STEM（科学、技术、工程和数学）教育中的高参与率的一种流行解释。本研究测试了这种战略适应框架是否适用于不同种族/民族的移民子女。利用2009年高中纵向研究（HSLS）的高中后成绩单数据（2017-2018），分析了种族/民族和出生与大学参与者完成STEM学分之间的关系。白人、黑人和亚裔美国移民的孩子比美国出生的白人受访者的后代完成了更多的STEM学分。后来的黑人、西班牙裔和多种族受访者完成的STEM学分比他们的白人同龄人少。一项子样本分析发现，这些模式的部分原因是青少年认为数学和科学课程对他们的职业生涯很重要。然而，我们发现移民在STEM课程的平均绩点（GPA）上相对于后来的白人受访者没有优势。相反，黑人受访者——跨越几代人——平均绩点略低。这些结果表明，对移民子女来说，追求STEM教育在某种程度上是一种实用的流动性策略。

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引用次数: 0

Adolescent gender beliefs in India: Does mothers' empowerment matter? 印度青少年的性别信仰：母亲的赋权重要吗？

IF 3.2 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103132

Hope Xu Yan, Feinian Chen

Abundant studies have documented the positive impact of mothers' empowerment on children's health and education in the Global South, but little is known about how maternal empowerment shapes children's gender beliefs. Using data from the India Human Development Survey, this study examines the relationship between mothers' empowerment and adolescent children's gender beliefs in India. Recognizing the multidimensionality of women's empowerment, we conduct latent class analysis to identify a six-class empowerment typology based on mothers' education, employment, decision-making power at home, mobility outside the home, and memberships in women's organizations. The results reveal unevenness in different dimensions of mothers' empowerment. Maternal empowerment's association with egalitarian gender beliefs is salient among adolescent girls, but not boys. Adolescent girls with mothers labeled as proactive workers in our empowerment typology hold the most egalitarian gender beliefs, whereas low agency and underprivileged worker mothers' daughters are the least egalitarian. By illustrating the complex interplay between multiple dimensions of maternal empowerment and children's gender beliefs in India, this study advances the empirical and theoretical understanding of women's empowerment and the effects of mothers' behaviors on children's gender beliefs.

大量研究记录了母亲赋权对全球南方国家儿童健康和教育的积极影响，但对母亲赋权如何影响儿童的性别信仰知之甚少。利用印度人类发展调查的数据，本研究考察了印度母亲赋权与青少年儿童性别信仰之间的关系。认识到妇女赋权的多维性，我们基于母亲的教育、就业、家庭决策权、家庭外流动性和妇女组织成员资格进行潜在阶级分析，确定了六个阶级的赋权类型。研究结果揭示了母亲赋权在不同维度上的不均衡。在青春期的女孩中，母亲赋权与平等主义性别信仰的关联是显著的，而在男孩中则不是。在我们的赋权类型中，母亲被标记为积极主动的工人的青春期女孩拥有最平等的性别信仰，而低能动性和弱势工人母亲的女儿是最不平等的。本研究通过说明印度母亲赋权与儿童性别信仰的多个维度之间复杂的相互作用，推进了对妇女赋权和母亲行为对儿童性别信仰影响的实证和理论认识。

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