Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103130
Scott V. Savage , Monica M. Whitham
Reciprocal exchange is the foundation of many of our social relationships. Research accounts for inequality in reciprocal exchange via a process of resource withholding, in which advantaged actors—either strategically or not—withhold valued resources from more dependent partners to instead invest in the self or in other relationships. In this study, we examine how contexts and experiences of transparent acceptances and refusals affect the tendency to withhold resources and consequently the emergence of inequality in reciprocal exchange networks. We argue processes that lead to inequality may be disrupted in situational contexts that remove uncertainty about whether reciprocal exchange offers are accepted or refused. Namely, structural pressures toward inequality should weaken as advantaged actors, who have more resources to contribute, become more likely to give and to give more abundantly. Results from an experiment generally support our predictions and provide novel insights into how contexts and experiences of refusal and acceptance affect inequality by modifying giving.
{"title":"Give and (Not) take: How transparency of refusals and acceptances in reciprocal exchange affects inequality","authors":"Scott V. Savage , Monica M. Whitham","doi":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103130","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103130","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reciprocal exchange is the foundation of many of our social relationships. Research accounts for inequality in reciprocal exchange via a process of resource withholding, in which advantaged actors—either strategically or not—withhold valued resources from more dependent partners to instead invest in the self or in other relationships. In this study, we examine how contexts and experiences of transparent acceptances and refusals affect the tendency to withhold resources and consequently the emergence of inequality in reciprocal exchange networks. We argue processes that lead to inequality may be disrupted in situational contexts that remove uncertainty about whether reciprocal exchange offers are accepted or refused. Namely, structural pressures toward inequality should weaken as advantaged actors, who have more resources to contribute, become more likely to give and to give more abundantly. Results from an experiment generally support our predictions and provide novel insights into how contexts and experiences of refusal and acceptance affect inequality by modifying giving.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48338,"journal":{"name":"Social Science Research","volume":"126 ","pages":"Article 103130"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143178364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103126
Florencia Torche , Claire Daviss
Becoming unemployed is a disruptive event with negative consequences for psychological wellbeing. Yet, the harmful effect of unemployment might vary depending on the social context. The literature offers two opposing hypotheses about contextual variation: The economic strain approach suggests that becoming unemployed is more harmful during an economic downturn because of reduced employment opportunities and sources of support. In contrast, the social normativity approach suggests that unemployment is less harmful when unemployment is pervasive because of reduced stigma, shame, and guilt. We examine contextual variation in the effect of unemployment in the United States using longitudinal data and individual fixed effects models. We find a U-shaped pattern of contextual variation. The effect of unemployment on psychological wellbeing is smaller at very low and very high state unemployment rates and larger at moderate state unemployment rates. The decline in the harmful effect of unemployment as aggregate unemployment rises from moderate to high is consistent with the normativity hypothesis. While some variation exists across specifications, differences across aggregate levels of unemployment are significant in our preferred specifications. This pattern is similar across gender, suggesting that normative expectations about employment are relatively similar for men and women in the early 21st century. The impact of unemployment on subjective wellbeing depends on how prevalent and normative the experience of unemployment is in society.
{"title":"Contextual variation in the effect of unemployment on subjective wellbeing in the United States","authors":"Florencia Torche , Claire Daviss","doi":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103126","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103126","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Becoming unemployed is a disruptive event with negative consequences for psychological wellbeing. Yet, the harmful effect of unemployment might vary depending on the social context. The literature offers two opposing hypotheses about contextual variation: The <em>economic strain</em> approach suggests that becoming unemployed is <em>more</em> harmful during an economic downturn because of reduced employment opportunities and sources of support. In contrast, the <em>social normativity</em> approach suggests that unemployment is <em>less</em> harmful when unemployment is pervasive because of reduced stigma, shame, and guilt. We examine contextual variation in the effect of unemployment in the United States using longitudinal data and individual fixed effects models. We find a U-shaped pattern of contextual variation. The effect of unemployment on psychological wellbeing is smaller at very low and very high state unemployment rates and larger at moderate state unemployment rates. The decline in the harmful effect of unemployment as aggregate unemployment rises from moderate to high is consistent with the normativity hypothesis. While some variation exists across specifications, differences across aggregate levels of unemployment are significant in our preferred specifications. This pattern is similar across gender, suggesting that normative expectations about employment are relatively similar for men and women in the early 21st century. The impact of unemployment on subjective wellbeing depends on how prevalent and normative the experience of unemployment is in society.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48338,"journal":{"name":"Social Science Research","volume":"126 ","pages":"Article 103126"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143178343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103096
Dara Shifrer , Angela Frederick , Daniel Mackin Freeman , Hannah Sean Ellefritz , Rachel Springer
Completing advanced high school math coursework relates to better adulthood outcomes. Our understanding of why youth with learning disabilities (LDs) and/or ADHD have less access to high math course attainment is limited. Using data on around 20,000 adolescents from the High School Longitudinal Study of 2009, results indicate that, regardless of disability status, structural inequities in family social position are more salient for youth's math course attainment than formal disability programming, universal supports, or structural inequities in how students are sorted across schools. Among youth with the same disability status, youth from higher SES families, or whose parents have a STEM degree, have heightened access to high math course attainment even after accounting for prior achievement. Disparities in access to high math course attainment that persist net of controls for both youth with an LD and youth with ADHD present the possibility of disability-related stratification and stigma during high school.
完成高中高等数学课程与更好的成年结果有关。我们对有学习障碍（LDs）和/或多动症（ADHD）的青少年较难完成高中数学课程的原因了解有限。利用 2009 年高中纵向研究（High School Longitudinal Study of 2009）中约 20,000 名青少年的数据，结果表明，无论残疾状况如何，家庭社会地位的结构性不平等对青少年数学课程学习成绩的影响比正式的残疾计划、普遍支持或学校对学生分类的结构性不平等更为显著。在具有相同残疾状况的青少年中，来自社会经济地位较高家庭的青少年，或其父母拥有 STEM 学位的青少年，即使在考虑了先前的成绩之后，也更容易获得较高的数学课程成绩。在对患有 LD 的青少年和患有 ADHD 的青少年进行控制后，获得高数学课程的机会仍然存在差异，这说明在高中阶段可能存在与残疾相关的分层和污名化现象。
{"title":"Social contributors to differences in math course attainment among adolescents with and without learning disabilities and ADHD","authors":"Dara Shifrer , Angela Frederick , Daniel Mackin Freeman , Hannah Sean Ellefritz , Rachel Springer","doi":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103096","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103096","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Completing advanced high school math coursework relates to better adulthood outcomes. Our understanding of why youth with learning disabilities (LDs) and/or ADHD have less access to high math course attainment is limited. Using data on around 20,000 adolescents from the High School Longitudinal Study of 2009, results indicate that, regardless of disability status, structural inequities in family social position are more salient for youth's math course attainment than formal disability programming, universal supports, or structural inequities in how students are sorted across schools. Among youth with the same disability status, youth from higher SES families, or whose parents have a STEM degree, have heightened access to high math course attainment even after accounting for prior achievement. Disparities in access to high math course attainment that persist net of controls for both youth with an LD and youth with ADHD present the possibility of disability-related stratification and stigma during high school.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48338,"journal":{"name":"Social Science Research","volume":"126 ","pages":"Article 103096"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142819590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103125
Inmaculada Garcia-Mainar , Víctor M. Montuenga
It is recurrently claimed that occupational prestige scales are invariant over time (the so-called Treiman constant). However, the changes experienced in recent decades in terms of globalization, automation, polarization, or migratory movements, among others, may have modified the occupational structure of the country's labor market and its citizens' perception toward the valuation of occupations. This study aims to evaluate the (in)-variance of occupational sorting with Spanish data using two scales elaborated at two different moments in time separated by more than 20 years. The results indicate that occupations related to financial, managerial, and political activities reduced their level of prestige whereas occupations on social care or occupations with a manual component improved over this period. Additional exercises on the relationship between occupational characteristics and variation in occupational prestige reveal the relevance of the proportion of migrants or public sector workers in the social recognition of an occupation.
{"title":"Is the “Treiman constant” actually constant? An assessment using two Spanish occupational prestige scales: 1991 and 2013","authors":"Inmaculada Garcia-Mainar , Víctor M. Montuenga","doi":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103125","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is recurrently claimed that occupational prestige scales are invariant over time (the so-called Treiman constant). However, the changes experienced in recent decades in terms of globalization, automation, polarization, or migratory movements, among others, may have modified the occupational structure of the country's labor market and its citizens' perception toward the valuation of occupations. This study aims to evaluate the (in)-variance of occupational sorting with Spanish data using two scales elaborated at two different moments in time separated by more than 20 years. The results indicate that occupations related to financial, managerial, and political activities reduced their level of prestige whereas occupations on social care or occupations with a manual component improved over this period. Additional exercises on the relationship between occupational characteristics and variation in occupational prestige reveal the relevance of the proportion of migrants or public sector workers in the social recognition of an occupation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48338,"journal":{"name":"Social Science Research","volume":"126 ","pages":"Article 103125"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143179378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103128
Seulki Kim
This study aims to understand the associations between social infrastructure and deaths of despair (DoD), with special attention to the role of concentrated disadvantage. I assembled a county-level dataset in the United States from various sources. A series of multilevel regression results indicate that (1) social infrastructure is associated with DoD; a higher density of public institutions (e.g., libraries) and religious organizations are associated with a lower prevalence of DoD; and (3) the associations between social infrastructure and DoD vary by concentrated disadvantage in that the protective effects of social infrastructure are observed only in less disadvantaged countries.
{"title":"Social infrastructure and the prevalence of deaths of despair: The role of concentrated disadvantage","authors":"Seulki Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103128","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103128","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to understand the associations between social infrastructure and deaths of despair (DoD), with special attention to the role of concentrated disadvantage. I assembled a county-level dataset in the United States from various sources. A series of multilevel regression results indicate that (1) social infrastructure is associated with DoD; a higher density of public institutions (e.g., libraries) and religious organizations are associated with a lower prevalence of DoD; and (3) the associations between social infrastructure and DoD vary by concentrated disadvantage in that the protective effects of social infrastructure are observed only in less disadvantaged countries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48338,"journal":{"name":"Social Science Research","volume":"126 ","pages":"Article 103128"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143178344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01Epub Date: 2024-12-07DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103096
Dara Shifrer, Angela Frederick, Daniel Mackin Freeman, Hannah Sean Ellefritz, Rachel Springer
Completing advanced high school math coursework relates to better adulthood outcomes. Our understanding of why youth with learning disabilities (LDs) and/or ADHD have less access to high math course attainment is limited. Using data on around 20,000 adolescents from the High School Longitudinal Study of 2009, results indicate that, regardless of disability status, structural inequities in family social position are more salient for youth's math course attainment than formal disability programming, universal supports, or structural inequities in how students are sorted across schools. Among youth with the same disability status, youth from higher SES families, or whose parents have a STEM degree, have heightened access to high math course attainment even after accounting for prior achievement. Disparities in access to high math course attainment that persist net of controls for both youth with an LD and youth with ADHD present the possibility of disability-related stratification and stigma during high school.
{"title":"Social contributors to differences in math course attainment among adolescents with and without learning disabilities and ADHD.","authors":"Dara Shifrer, Angela Frederick, Daniel Mackin Freeman, Hannah Sean Ellefritz, Rachel Springer","doi":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103096","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Completing advanced high school math coursework relates to better adulthood outcomes. Our understanding of why youth with learning disabilities (LDs) and/or ADHD have less access to high math course attainment is limited. Using data on around 20,000 adolescents from the High School Longitudinal Study of 2009, results indicate that, regardless of disability status, structural inequities in family social position are more salient for youth's math course attainment than formal disability programming, universal supports, or structural inequities in how students are sorted across schools. Among youth with the same disability status, youth from higher SES families, or whose parents have a STEM degree, have heightened access to high math course attainment even after accounting for prior achievement. Disparities in access to high math course attainment that persist net of controls for both youth with an LD and youth with ADHD present the possibility of disability-related stratification and stigma during high school.</p>","PeriodicalId":48338,"journal":{"name":"Social Science Research","volume":"126 ","pages":"103096"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143257068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103136
Catalina Anampa Castro , John Robert Warren , Jonas Helgertz
What were the effects of having a distinctively African American-sounding name on educational attainment, occupation, income, marital status, and longevity in early 20th century America? How did those effects differ for people based on their phenotypical race/ethnicity? The findings of contemporary research have shown racialized names to be related to negative outcomes such as job interview callbacks, birth outcomes, and teacher expectations. Furthermore, previous research has shown that the consequences of race-specific names explain as much as 10% of the historical between-race mortality gap (Cook et al., 2016). Theoretically, we argue, names should have been less of a mechanism for racial discrimination in earlier eras of American history. Using a sibling comparison design and linked administrative records, we hypothesize that there was little racial discrimination based on people's names in early 20th century America. We find that men with more African American-sounding names do no worse (or better) with respect to education, wages, occupation, or longevity than their brothers with less African American-sounding names; this finding holds for white and black men. This does not imply the absence of race-based discrimination in early 20th century America. Instead, it implies that people in this era discriminated based on something other than names and the race implied by those names.
{"title":"Distinctively black names and mechanisms of discrimination: Evidence from the early 20th century","authors":"Catalina Anampa Castro , John Robert Warren , Jonas Helgertz","doi":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103136","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103136","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>What were the effects of having a distinctively African American-sounding name on educational attainment, occupation, income, marital status, and longevity in early 20th century America? How did those effects differ for people based on their phenotypical race/ethnicity? The findings of contemporary research have shown racialized names to be related to negative outcomes such as job interview callbacks, birth outcomes, and teacher expectations. Furthermore, previous research has shown that the consequences of race-specific names explain as much as 10% of the historical between-race mortality gap (Cook et al., 2016). Theoretically, we argue, names should have been less of a mechanism for racial discrimination in earlier eras of American history. Using a sibling comparison design and linked administrative records, we hypothesize that there was little racial discrimination based on people's names in early 20th century America. We find that men with more African American-sounding names do no worse (or better) with respect to education, wages, occupation, or longevity than their brothers with less African American-sounding names; this finding holds for white and black men. This does not imply the absence of race-based discrimination in early 20th century America. Instead, it implies that people in this era discriminated based on something other than names and the race implied by those names.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48338,"journal":{"name":"Social Science Research","volume":"126 ","pages":"Article 103136"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143178341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103145
Christoph Randler , Jukka Jokimäki , Nadine Kalb , Maria de Salvo , Renan de Almeida Barbosa , Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki , Jo-Szu Tsai , Raúl Ortiz-Pulido , Piotr Tryjanowski
The COVID-19 pandemic severely influenced human behavior due to governmental restrictions. In addition to administrative restrictions, other factors, like historical disease prevalence and culture might impact on recent behavior. The parasite stress theory of values and sociality predicts an influence of historical diseases on human culture and may be of important influence on current human behavioral responses towards the pandemic. To address the influence on behavior, we studied mask use in outdoor recreationists (N = 4863) from 53 cultures. Studying outdoor recreationists is advantageous because people have at least some choices over their mask use, and it is less strictly controlled. We hypothesize that pathogen prevalence and cultural values of a society predict mask usage above and beyond the simplistic explanation of the strength of the governmental pandemic-related restrictions. Our results indicate that societal variables, especially individualism, contribute to the mask use during leisure activities, with people from more individualistic societies reporting lesser mask usage. Further, historic pathogen prevalence has a significant influence on mask use, even when controlling for the stringency measures of the government, HDI and population density. Zoonotic disease richness, however, did not receive significance. A mediation model showed that historical pathogen prevalence had an indirect effect on mask use, via the two pathways collectivism-individualism and governmental regulations. The total effect size of pathogen prevalence on mask use was 0.61, and with 0.24 as direct, and 0.37 indirect effects. Our data fit into the parasite stress theory of values and sociality. Our results provide evidence that the governmental decisions and restrictions themselves are influenced by the historical pathogens.
{"title":"COVID-19 facial covering during outdoor recreation reflects historical disease prevalence and culture above and beyond governmental measures – A study in 53 countries","authors":"Christoph Randler , Jukka Jokimäki , Nadine Kalb , Maria de Salvo , Renan de Almeida Barbosa , Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki , Jo-Szu Tsai , Raúl Ortiz-Pulido , Piotr Tryjanowski","doi":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103145","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103145","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The COVID-19 pandemic severely influenced human behavior due to governmental restrictions. In addition to administrative restrictions, other factors, like historical disease prevalence and culture might impact on recent behavior. The parasite stress theory of values and sociality predicts an influence of historical diseases on human culture and may be of important influence on current human behavioral responses towards the pandemic. To address the influence on behavior, we studied mask use in outdoor recreationists (N = 4863) from 53 cultures. Studying outdoor recreationists is advantageous because people have at least some choices over their mask use, and it is less strictly controlled. We hypothesize that pathogen prevalence and cultural values of a society predict mask usage above and beyond the simplistic explanation of the strength of the governmental pandemic-related restrictions. Our results indicate that societal variables, especially individualism, contribute to the mask use during leisure activities, with people from more individualistic societies reporting lesser mask usage. Further, historic pathogen prevalence has a significant influence on mask use, even when controlling for the stringency measures of the government, HDI and population density. Zoonotic disease richness, however, did not receive significance. A mediation model showed that historical pathogen prevalence had an indirect effect on mask use, via the two pathways collectivism-individualism and governmental regulations. The total effect size of pathogen prevalence on mask use was 0.61, and with 0.24 as direct, and 0.37 indirect effects. Our data fit into the parasite stress theory of values and sociality. Our results provide evidence that the governmental decisions and restrictions themselves are influenced by the historical pathogens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48338,"journal":{"name":"Social Science Research","volume":"127 ","pages":"Article 103145"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143093904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103127
Wei Xu , Qi Xu
This study utilizes three large-scale survey datasets and multiple APC models to analyze the trends of the college wage premium in urban China across different temporal dimensions. The findings reveal that the economic returns to higher education increase continuously with age. In addition, the period effect also demonstrates an upward trend, which is attributed to the rapid economic modernization and market-oriented economic reform in urban China. Furthermore, the cohort effect declines significantly in cohorts born after 1980, primarily due to the rapid increase in higher education enrollments after the massive university expansion policy in 1999. It is suggested that scholars should focus on age, period, and cohort trends simultaneously and explore their driving forces when studying countries where economic reform and higher education expansion concurrently exert significant effects on the change of economic returns to higher education.
{"title":"Higher education expansion, economic reform, and the change of college wage premium in urban China (1986–2019): An age-period-cohort analysis","authors":"Wei Xu , Qi Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103127","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study utilizes three large-scale survey datasets and multiple APC models to analyze the trends of the college wage premium in urban China across different temporal dimensions. The findings reveal that the economic returns to higher education increase continuously with age. In addition, the period effect also demonstrates an upward trend, which is attributed to the rapid economic modernization and market-oriented economic reform in urban China. Furthermore, the cohort effect declines significantly in cohorts born after 1980, primarily due to the rapid increase in higher education enrollments after the massive university expansion policy in 1999. It is suggested that scholars should focus on age, period, and cohort trends simultaneously and explore their driving forces when studying countries where economic reform and higher education expansion concurrently exert significant effects on the change of economic returns to higher education.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48338,"journal":{"name":"Social Science Research","volume":"126 ","pages":"Article 103127"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143178345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103135
Jeevitha Yogachandiran Qvist, Christian Albrekt Larsen
In a preregistered nationwide factorial survey experiment among 5017 Danish employers and 20,068 vignettes, we examined the interplay between applicant age (45–75 years) and other applicant characteristics in hiring discrimination. The experiment enabled us to examine the relative importance of age compared to other forms of hiring discrimination, as well as the additive and multiplicative effects. First, regarding relative importance, our study reveals that discrimination against older applicants outweighs other characteristics and persists regardless of the employer's age. Across all industries and sectors, no other applicant characteristics were found to be statistically significantly more important than age. Second, we identified three multiplicative effects that weaken age discrimination: the employers discriminated less against older applicants in terms of previous unemployment, preference for not working full-time, and being male with a Muslim background. We did not find any multiplicative effects between age and other applicant characteristics that strengthen age discrimination in hiring. Third, after accounting for all multiplicative effects, we found strong additive effects, as applicants who are older and have other disadvantaged characteristics have a likelihood of recruitment that is close to zero.
{"title":"Age discrimination in hiring: Relative importance and additive and multiplicative effects","authors":"Jeevitha Yogachandiran Qvist, Christian Albrekt Larsen","doi":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103135","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103135","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In a preregistered nationwide factorial survey experiment among 5017 Danish employers and 20,068 vignettes, we examined the interplay between applicant age (45–75 years) and other applicant characteristics in hiring discrimination. The experiment enabled us to examine the relative importance of age compared to other forms of hiring discrimination, as well as the additive and multiplicative effects. First, regarding relative importance, our study reveals that discrimination against older applicants outweighs other characteristics and persists regardless of the employer's age. Across all industries and sectors, no other applicant characteristics were found to be statistically significantly more important than age. Second, we identified three multiplicative effects that weaken age discrimination: the employers discriminated less against older applicants in terms of previous unemployment, preference for not working full-time, and being male with a Muslim background. We did not find any multiplicative effects between age and other applicant characteristics that strengthen age discrimination in hiring. Third, after accounting for all multiplicative effects, we found strong additive effects, as applicants who are older and have other disadvantaged characteristics have a likelihood of recruitment that is close to zero.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48338,"journal":{"name":"Social Science Research","volume":"126 ","pages":"Article 103135"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143178342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号