Social Science Research最新文献

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Disaggregating the relationship between precarious employment and delayed marriage in Japan: Incorporating non-cohabiting partnerships 分解日本不稳定就业与延迟结婚之间的关系：纳入非同居伴侣关系

IF 3.2 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2024-10-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103093

Ryota Mugiyama

Precarious employment is argued to have led to delayed marriage and increased cohabitation in place of marriage. However, delayed marriage entry has also occurred in countries without an accompanying increase in cohabitation, suggesting that precarious employment may hinder the preceding stages of union formation. This study examines the influence of nonstandard employment and unemployment on later marriage entry for men and women in Japan by analyzing two distinct processes: entry into non-cohabiting partnerships and entry into marriage from non-cohabiting partnerships. The results show that nonstandard employment and unemployment are negatively associated with non-cohabiting partnership entry, in addition to marriage entry from non-cohabiting partnerships. While the negative association between unemployment and marriage entry is stronger for men than for women, there are no significant gender differences in the association between employment and non-cohabiting partnerships entry. The results suggest that the influence of precarious employment appears at earlier stages of union formation.

不稳定的就业被认为导致了延迟结婚和以同居代替婚姻的情况增加。然而，在同居现象没有随之增加的国家也出现了延迟结婚的现象，这表明不稳定的就业可能会阻碍婚姻形成的前几个阶段。本研究通过分析两个不同的过程：进入非同居伴侣关系和从非同居伴侣关系进入婚姻关系，研究了非标准就业和失业对日本男女晚婚的影响。结果表明，非标准就业和失业与非同居伴侣关系的缔结以及非同居伴侣关系的婚姻缔结呈负相关。虽然男性失业与结婚之间的负相关关系比女性更强，但就业与非同居伴侣关系之间的关系没有明显的性别差异。结果表明，不稳定就业的影响出现在婚姻形成的早期阶段。

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引用次数: 0

The STEM leaky pipeline at labor market entry in Spain: The role of job competition and social origin 西班牙进入劳动力市场时的 STEM 渗漏管道：就业竞争和社会出身的作用

IF 3.2 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2024-10-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103092

Manuel T. Valdés , Heike Solga

The underrepresentation of women in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) majors is well documented. Using high-quality Spanish data, this study examines whether female STEM graduates are less likely to pursue STEM careers than their male counterparts and considers the moderating role of labor market conditions and social origin. We find a pronounced gender effect in initial and subsequent job placement (4–5 years after graduation). Notably, female STEM graduates are less likely to work in STEM occupations, even if they started their careers in STEM. Exploiting the significant impact of the Great Recession on the Spanish labor market, our study reveals a significantly larger gender effect among individuals who graduated during the crisis compared to those who graduated during the subsequent economic recovery. Thus, job competition influences the magnitude of the gender effect. Finally, our intersectional analysis of gender and social origin suggests that the gender difference is larger among STEM graduates from low-SES backgrounds.

女性在 STEM（科学、技术、工程和数学）专业中的代表性不足是有据可查的。本研究利用高质量的西班牙数据，考察了女性 STEM 毕业生从事 STEM 职业的可能性是否低于男性，并考虑了劳动力市场条件和社会出身的调节作用。我们发现，在初次就业和后续就业（毕业后 4-5 年）方面，性别效应非常明显。值得注意的是，女性 STEM 毕业生从事 STEM 职业的可能性较小，即使她们的职业生涯是从 STEM 开始的。利用大衰退对西班牙劳动力市场的重大影响，我们的研究显示，与随后经济复苏期间毕业的学生相比，危机期间毕业的学生的性别效应明显更大。因此，就业竞争影响了性别效应的大小。最后，我们对性别和社会出身的交叉分析表明，来自低社会经济地位背景的 STEM 毕业生的性别差异更大。

引用次数: 0

Falling sideways? Social status and the true nature of elite downward mobility 横向下滑？社会地位与精英向下流动的真正本质

IF 3.2 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103089

Robert de Vries

Downward mobility is an essential, but commonly overlooked component of social mobility. Existing estimates of downward mobility are routinely based on unidimensional measures of income and social class. This ignores the potential for substantial retention of advantage in other domains of stratification – particularly social status.

In this paper, I use highly detailed occupational data from a representative UK sample to examine patterns of multidimensional mobility among those from the most advantaged backgrounds. I find that multidimensional measures reveal dramatically different patterns of downward mobility – particularly for women, who, when downwardly mobile in terms of social class, often retain privileged social status positions.

I also find that those whose parents held jobs at the very top of the status distribution were much less likely to be downwardly mobile than previous mobility estimates have suggested – consistent with public perceptions of a ‘glass floor’.

向下流动是社会流动性的一个重要组成部分，但通常被忽视。现有的对向下流动性的估计通常基于收入和社会阶层的单维度衡量。在本文中，我使用了来自英国代表性样本的高度详尽的职业数据，研究了来自最有利背景的人群的多维流动模式。我还发现，那些父母在社会地位分布最顶端工作的人，其向下流动的可能性比以往的流动性估计值要小得多--这与公众对 "玻璃地板 "的看法是一致的。

引用次数: 0

When does criminal victimization undermine generalized trust? A weighted panel analysis of the effects of crime type, frequency, and variety 刑事受害何时会破坏普遍信任？对犯罪类型、频率和种类影响的加权面板分析

IF 3.2 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103086

Florian Kaiser , Dietrich Oberwittler , Isabel Thielmann , Kristian Kleinke , Noah Greifer

Scholars from various fields have suggested that criminal victimization can shatter generalized trust. Whereas small average effects in longitudinal studies provide only weak support for this claim, victimization effects may be stronger for specific crime types and multiple victimization. To test this assumption, we estimated various victimization effects by combining Energy weighting with lagged dependent variable models, using data from two-wave panel surveys conducted in 2014/2015 (cohort 1; N = 3401) and 2020/2021 (cohort 2; N = 2932) in two German cities. We found weak evidence that trust-undermining effects of victimization were more pronounced for severe crime types or multiple victimization. Effects were only stronger for violent crimes and some forms of multiple victimization in 2014/2015 but not in 2020/2021. Besides, our weighting procedure implies that our (and probably others’) findings for more intense victimization conditions must be viewed with caution, as they suffer from lower internal validity.

来自不同领域的学者认为，刑事受害可能会打破普遍信任。纵向研究中的小平均效应只能为这一观点提供微弱的支持，而受害效应对于特定犯罪类型和多次受害可能更强。为了验证这一假设，我们利用 2014/2015 年（第一组；N = 3401）和 2020/2021 年（第二组；N = 2932）在德国两个城市进行的两波面板调查数据，结合能量加权和滞后因变量模型，估计了各种受害效应。我们发现，有微弱证据表明，受害对信任的破坏作用在严重犯罪类型或多重受害中更为明显。只有在 2014/2015 年，暴力犯罪和某些形式的多重受害的影响更强，而在 2020/2021 年则没有。此外，我们的加权程序意味着，我们（可能还有其他人）对更严重受害情况的研究结果必须谨慎看待，因为它们的内部有效性较低。

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引用次数: 0

Inequality and the eroding base of liberal democracy 不平等与自由民主基础的削弱

IF 3.2 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103087

Sang Kyung Lee

Previous studies broadly agree that economic inequality is negatively associated with popular support for democracy. This paper tackles this belief, testing it with more informative hypotheses. Capturing the insight from the theories of democratic attitudes and learning, this paper posits that increasing inequality would have differential effects on citizens’ normative support for democracy and their authoritarian inclination, and that those effects would also differ across the democratic regimes. Analyzing World Values Survey data covering 41 democracies over up to 25 years (1995–2020), this paper finds very little evidence for the association between inequality and normative support for democracy, whereas unearthing strong evidence for a varying effect of inequality on authoritarian inclination across the democratic regimes. It turns out where inequality is more severe, citizens in liberal democracies are more attracted to authoritarian leaders, whereas those in electoral democracies are less so. My findings refine the predominant thesis on the negative relationship between inequality and democratic support, detecting the complexities underlying it. My findings also shed new light on the theory of democratic learning and socialization by revealing the potential role of democratic regimes that remained unexplored in prior study. Lastly, this study provides a concrete explanation for how authoritarian leaders could win growing popular support in recent years where liberal democracy had most flourished.

以往的研究普遍认为，经济不平等与民众对民主的支持呈负相关。本文针对这一观点，提出了更具参考价值的假设进行检验。本文从民主态度和学习理论出发，假设不平等的加剧会对公民对民主的规范性支持和专制倾向产生不同的影响，而且这些影响在不同的民主制度下也会有所不同。通过分析世界价值观调查（World Values Survey）涵盖的 41 个民主国家长达 25 年（1995-2020 年）的数据，本文发现几乎没有证据表明不平等与对民主的规范性支持之间存在关联，但却发现了强有力的证据，表明在不同的民主制度下，不平等对专制倾向的影响各不相同。事实证明，在不平等现象更为严重的地方，自由民主国家的公民更受独裁领导人的青睐，而选举民主国家的公民则不那么受青睐。我的研究结果完善了关于不平等与民主支持之间负相关关系的主要论点，发现了其背后的复杂性。我的研究结果还揭示了民主制度的潜在作用，从而为民主学习和社会化理论提供了新的启示。最后，本研究提供了一个具体的解释，说明在自由民主最兴盛的地方，近年来独裁领导人为何能赢得越来越多的民众支持。

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引用次数: 0

COVID-19 employment shocks and safety net expansion: Health effects on displaced workers COVID-19 就业冲击和安全网扩张：对流离失所工人的健康影响

IF 3.2 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103059

Daniel Schneider , Kristen Harknett , Annette Gailliot

COVID-19 precipitated sharp job losses, concentrated in the service sector. Prior research suggests that such shocks would negatively affect health and wellbeing. However, the nature of the pandemic crisis was distinct in ways that may have mitigated any such negative effects, and historic expansions in unemployment insurance (UI) may have buffered workers from negative health consequences. We draw on employer-employee linked cross-sectional (N = 15,219) and panel (N = 3307) data from service sector workers to estimate the effects of job loss on health and wellbeing during COVID-19. Using employer fixed-effects, lagged dependent variables, and models that focus on job loss due to establishment closure to minimize confounding, we find negative effects of unemployment on health and wellbeing. However, in periods when UI was most generous or in cases where UI fully replaced pre-job loss wages, unemployed workers who received UI were no worse off than those who remained employed. Although UI protected against worsening health, receiving generous UI benefits did not confer a health advantage relative to working at the height of the pandemic.

COVID-19 导致就业机会急剧减少，主要集中在服务业。先前的研究表明，这种冲击会对健康和福利产生负面影响。然而，大流行病危机的性质与众不同，可能减轻了任何此类负面影响，失业保险（UI）的历史性扩张可能使工人免受负面健康后果的影响。我们利用服务业工人的雇主-雇员关联横截面数据（N = 15219）和面板数据（N = 3307）来估计 COVID-19 期间失业对健康和福利的影响。通过使用雇主固定效应、滞后因变量以及关注因机构倒闭而导致的失业的模型来最大程度地减少混杂因素，我们发现失业对健康和幸福有负面影响。然而，在失业保险最慷慨的时期，或者在失业保险完全取代失业前工资的情况下，领取失业保险的失业工人的情况并不比继续就业的工人差。尽管失业保险可以防止健康状况恶化，但相对于在大流行病高峰期工作而言，领取丰厚的失业保险福利并不会带来健康优势。

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引用次数: 0

Trends in the retirement security of Black and Hispanic households in the US: A setback for Black Americans but continued progress for Hispanics 美国黑人和西班牙裔家庭的退休保障趋势：美国黑人遭受挫折，但西班牙裔继续取得进步

IF 3.2 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2024-09-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103088

Edward N. Wolff

Retirement income security refers to the ability of households to provide an adequate stream of income during the period of their retirement from the labor force. Expected retirement income is based of four components: (i) standard non-pension wealth holdings, (ii) defined contribution (DC) pension holdings, (iii) actual or expected defined benefit (DB) pension entitlements, and (iv) actual or expected Social Security benefits. The first two components are converted into an annuity. All the data (except rates of return) for these calculations are available from the Survey of Consumer Finances. Results indicate that both Black and Hispanic households made remarkable progress in terms of mean and median retirement income, poverty reduction, and replacement rates from 1989 to 2007 in both absolute terms and relative to whites. However, for Black households, this was followed by a reversal of fortune from 2007 to 2019, with expected median retirement income declining, the projected poverty rate rising, and the projected replacement rate falling, though expected mean retirement income does rise. Hispanics also experienced a setback in mean retirement income but continued progress in replacement rates and reducing poverty from 2007 to 2019.

退休收入保障是指家庭在从劳动力队伍退休期间提供充足收入流的能力。预期退休收入由四个部分组成：(i) 持有的标准非养老金财富，(ii) 持有的固定缴费（DC）养老金，(iii) 实际或预期的固定福利（DB）养老金权利，以及 (iv) 实际或预期的社会保障福利。前两个部分转换为年金。用于这些计算的所有数据（回报率除外）均可从消费者财务状况调查中获得。结果表明，从 1989 年到 2007 年，黑人家庭和西班牙裔家庭在退休收入的平均值和中位数、减少贫困和替代率方面都取得了显著进步，无论是绝对值还是相对于白人而言。然而，对于黑人家庭来说，从 2007 年到 2019 年，情况发生了逆转，预期退休收入中位数下降，预计贫困率上升，预计替代率下降，尽管预期平均退休收入确实有所上升。西班牙裔的平均退休收入也出现倒退，但从 2007 年到 2019 年，在替代率和减少贫困方面继续取得进展。

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引用次数: 0

The stricter the better? The impact of early teacher grading standards on students’ competences development and academic track enrollment 越严格越好？早期教师评分标准对学生能力发展和升学的影响

IF 3.2 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103085

Ilaria Lievore , Emanuele Fedeli , Moris Triventi

Despite the growing attention on teachers' grading practices in educational research, less attention has been dedicated to understanding the consequences of teachers' grading standards, especially in early stages of their scholastic career, on later students' educational outcomes. This paper aims at filling this gap, analyzing the impact of teacher's severity in grading on students' competences development and academic track enrollment, and how it varies according to students' gender and socio-economic background. The analysis relies on Italian INVALSI-SNV data: information on 5th graders and their teachers are linked, and pupils are followed up to 8th and 10th grade, in which their competences and school track are recorded. Results show that being exposed to stricter grading in 5th grade leads to higher students' competences later, and to higher probability to enroll in the most prestigious academic track, with no notable heterogeneous effects across students with different sociodemographic characteristics.

尽管教育研究中对教师评分做法的关注与日俱增，但却较少关注教师评分标准对学生日后教育成果的影响，尤其是在学业生涯的早期阶段。本文旨在填补这一空白，分析教师评分的严格程度对学生能力发展和学业成绩的影响，以及这种影响因学生的性别和社会经济背景而异。分析依据的是意大利 INVALSI-SNV 数据：五年级学生及其教师的信息被链接起来，学生被跟踪到八年级和十年级，在这两个年级，他们的能力和学业轨迹被记录下来。结果表明，在五年级时接受更严格的分级会提高学生日后的能力，并提高进入最负盛名的学业轨道的概率，但对具有不同社会人口特征的学生没有明显的异质性影响。

引用次数: 0

Tracking and social inequalities in school belonging - A difference-in-differences approach 学校归属感的追踪和社会不平等--差异法

IF 3.2 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103075

Maximilian Brinkmann , Nora Huth-Stöckle , Reinhard Schunck , Janna Teltemann

Drawing on ten studies from PIRLS, PISA and TIMSS, we study social inequalities in school belonging in the context of early tracking. We investigate whether a) there are social inequalities in school belonging b) early tracking has an effect on levels of school belonging c) tracking exacerbates social inequalities with respect to school belonging. We constructed a large database which covers a wide range of countries and representative student populations in both primary and secondary schools. We exploit that no country tracks their students in primary school and use a difference-in-differences approach to study the effect of tracking. Our findings show a positive association between students’ socioeconomic status and school belonging but no effect for tracking. Likewise, we found no evidence that tracking exacerbates social inequalities in school belonging. Multiverse analysis underlines the general robustness of these findings.

通过对 PIRLS、PISA 和 TIMSS 的十项研究，我们研究了早期追踪背景下学校归属的社会不平等。我们调查了 a) 在学校归属感方面是否存在社会不平等 b) 早期分班对学校归属感水平是否有影响 c) 分班是否加剧了学校归属感方面的社会不平等。我们建立了一个大型数据库，涵盖了多个国家和具有代表性的中小学学生群体。我们利用没有国家在小学阶段对学生进行追踪这一特点，采用差分法研究追踪的影响。我们的研究结果表明，学生的社会经济地位与学校归属感之间存在正相关，但跟踪调查没有影响。同样，我们也没有发现任何证据表明追踪会加剧学校归属感方面的社会不平等。多元分析强调了这些发现的普遍稳健性。

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引用次数: 0

Gender, credentials & success: An examination of educational attainment in top management teams 性别、资历与成功：对高层管理团队受教育程度的考察

IF 3.2 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2024-09-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103078

Alicia R. Ingersoll , Christy Glass , Alison Cook

In recent decades, women have made historic gains in educational attainment, now outpacing men in terms of college enrollment and degree completion. Yet, despite the ubiquity of policies and programs aimed at advancing women in work organizations, women's educational gains have not yet translated into greater representation in elite corporate roles. The current study seeks to address this puzzle by analyzing the conditions under which women's educational attainment and credentials enable them to overcome gendered barriers to entry into executive positions. Specifically, we analyze the conditions under which women's educational attainment and credentials facilitate entry into executive roles and provide access to network ties necessary for gaining entrance into male-dominated positions. To answer our research questions we analyze a unique, author-constructed dataset that includes all top executives of the S&P 500 over a 5-year period. We use ordered logistic regression to analyze both the educational attainment and educational networks of executives. Findings suggest that key differences between women and men executives' networks and credentials exist, which contribute to disparities in access to organizational leadership opportunities.

近几十年来，女性在受教育程度方面取得了历史性的进步，目前在大学入学率和学位完成率方面已超过男性。然而，尽管旨在提高女性在工作组织中的地位的政策和计划无处不在，但女性在教育方面的进步尚未转化为更多女性在精英企业中任职。本研究试图通过分析女性的受教育程度和学历能够使她们克服进入高管职位的性别障碍的条件，来解决这一难题。具体来说，我们分析了女性的教育程度和资历在哪些条件下有助于进入高管职位，并为进入男性主导的职位提供必要的网络关系。为了回答我们的研究问题，我们分析了作者构建的一个独特的数据集，该数据集包括 S&P 500 指数在 5 年内的所有高层管理人员。我们使用有序逻辑回归分析了高管的教育程度和教育网络。研究结果表明，女性和男性高管在网络和资历方面存在关键差异，这导致了在获得组织领导机会方面的差距。

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