Social Science Research最新文献_第4页

The effect of parenthood on weekly physical activity in four OECD countries – A longitudinal analysis 四个经合组织国家中父母身份对每周体育活动的影响——一项纵向分析

IF 3.5 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103305

Philipp Linden , Nadine Reibling , Michael Kühhirt

This study investigates how parenthood affects weekly physical activity and explores how this effect varies by age of the child, parents’ gender, education, and the country context.

A substantial body of literature reports parenthood to decline weekly physical activity, though with considerable variation across studies. Although sociological scholarships have long emphasized the diversity of parenthood, few studies have specifically examined the dynamic nature and heterogeneity of its impact on physical activity. This study advances existing knowledge by addressing these gaps, comparing the effect of parenthood over time and across different social and national contexts. In addition, data and methodological limitations are addressed by analyzing parenthood from three years before to ten and more years after birth and by using difference-in-difference estimation.

The study harmonized household data for four countries (Australia, Germany, Switzerland, and the United States) from 2001 to 2019. Country-specific longitudinal group trend regression models were used to account for unobserved heterogeneity between parents and childless adults.

Entering parenthood significantly decreases the likelihood of weekly physical activity, especially among women. The effect declines as the child grows up but persists in all countries for several years. However, the size and duration of the effect vary by country, gender, and educational attainment.

Interventions to promote regular physical activity among parents need to consider the heterogeneity of parenthood including the age of the child, parental gender, and socioeconomic status, as well as the broader country context. More comparative panel studies are needed to better understand the effects of cultural and institutional differences.

这项研究调查了父母身份如何影响每周的体育锻炼，并探讨了这种影响如何随着孩子的年龄、父母的性别、教育程度和国家背景而变化。大量文献报告称，为人父母会减少每周的体育锻炼，尽管在不同的研究中存在很大差异。虽然社会学奖学金长期以来一直强调父母身份的多样性，但很少有研究专门考察其对身体活动影响的动态性质和异质性。本研究通过解决这些差距，比较父母在不同时间和不同社会和国家背景下的影响，推进了现有的知识。此外，通过分析从出生前3年到出生后10年以上的父母关系，并采用差中差估计，解决了数据和方法上的局限性。该研究统一了2001年至2019年四个国家（澳大利亚、德国、瑞士和美国）的家庭数据。国家特定的纵向群体趋势回归模型用于解释父母和无子女成年人之间未观察到的异质性。为人父母大大降低了每周体育锻炼的可能性，尤其是女性。这种影响随着孩子的成长而减弱，但在所有国家都会持续数年。然而，影响的大小和持续时间因国家、性别和教育程度而异。促进父母定期身体活动的干预措施需要考虑父母身份的异质性，包括儿童的年龄、父母的性别和社会经济地位，以及更广泛的国家背景。需要更多的比较小组研究来更好地理解文化和制度差异的影响。

{"title":"The effect of parenthood on weekly physical activity in four OECD countries – A longitudinal analysis","authors":"Philipp Linden , Nadine Reibling , Michael Kühhirt","doi":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103305","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103305","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates how parenthood affects weekly physical activity and explores how this effect varies by age of the child, parents’ gender, education, and the country context.</div><div>A substantial body of literature reports parenthood to decline weekly physical activity, though with considerable variation across studies. Although sociological scholarships have long emphasized the diversity of parenthood, few studies have specifically examined the dynamic nature and heterogeneity of its impact on physical activity. This study advances existing knowledge by addressing these gaps, comparing the effect of parenthood over time and across different social and national contexts. In addition, data and methodological limitations are addressed by analyzing parenthood from three years before to ten and more years after birth and by using difference-in-difference estimation.</div><div>The study harmonized household data for four countries (Australia, Germany, Switzerland, and the United States) from 2001 to 2019. Country-specific longitudinal group trend regression models were used to account for unobserved heterogeneity between parents and childless adults.</div><div>Entering parenthood significantly decreases the likelihood of weekly physical activity, especially among women. The effect declines as the child grows up but persists in all countries for several years. However, the size and duration of the effect vary by country, gender, and educational attainment.</div><div>Interventions to promote regular physical activity among parents need to consider the heterogeneity of parenthood including the age of the child, parental gender, and socioeconomic status, as well as the broader country context. More comparative panel studies are needed to better understand the effects of cultural and institutional differences.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48338,"journal":{"name":"Social Science Research","volume":"134 ","pages":"Article 103305"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145883319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Gendered reporting of housework across relative spousal income 相对配偶收入中家务劳动的性别报告

IF 3.5 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103303

Joanna Syrda

The measured work that wives and husbands perform at home and in the labour market remains strongly gendered. Competing theoretical perspectives offer divergent predictions about how relative spousal income shapes the division of housework: exchange and bargaining models predict that the higher earner performs less domestic labour, whereas sociological accounts emphasize persistent traditional gender norms. Empirical findings mirror this divide, and existing research typically overlooks gendered reporting bias in household survey data.

Using data from the 1999–2023 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), this study examines whether the relationship between relative spousal income and housework depends on the gender of the household respondent. The PSID's rotating respondent design - where either spouse reports for the household - combined with within-household fixed effects and double-demeaned interaction models reveal asymmetries. When wives report, the association between relative income and housework aligns with exchange and bargaining theory. When husbands report, the same households exhibit a curvilinear pattern consistent with gender deviance neutralization. Respondent gender therefore fundamentally shapes empirical conclusions about the income-housework relationship, indicating that gender norms structure not only domestic labour but also its survey representation.

Approximately one quarter of couples switch respondents over time, and these effects are identified from this subset. That strong asymmetries emerge even among more egalitarian households underscores the importance of gendered reporting. Methodologically, the findings show that conventional fixed effects models attenuate respondent-contingent nonlinearities, whereas double-demeaned estimators that control for both unit and time effects recover sharper and theoretically coherent patterns.

妻子和丈夫在家里和劳动力市场上所做的有节制的工作仍然具有强烈的性别差异。相互竞争的理论观点对配偶相对收入如何影响家务劳动分工提出了不同的预测：交换和讨价还价模型预测，收入越高的人从事的家务劳动越少，而社会学理论则强调持久的传统性别规范。实证研究结果反映了这一差异，现有研究通常忽略了家庭调查数据中的性别报告偏见。本研究使用1999-2023年收入动态面板研究（PSID）的数据，探讨配偶相对收入与家务劳动之间的关系是否取决于家庭受访者的性别。PSID的轮换受访者设计——配偶一方为家庭报告——结合家庭内部固定效应和双重降低的相互作用模型揭示了不对称性。当妻子报告时，相对收入和家务劳动之间的关系符合交换和讨价还价理论。当丈夫报告时，同一家庭表现出与性别偏差中和一致的曲线模式。因此，受访者性别从根本上塑造了关于收入-家务关系的实证结论，表明性别规范不仅构成了家务劳动，而且也构成了其调查代表性。随着时间的推移，大约四分之一的夫妇会更换受访者，这些影响是从这个子集中确定的。即使在更平等的家庭中，也出现了强烈的不对称，这突显了性别报告的重要性。在方法上，研究结果表明，传统的固定效应模型减弱了应答者偶然的非线性，而控制单位和时间效应的双重简化估计器恢复了更清晰和理论上连贯的模式。

{"title":"Gendered reporting of housework across relative spousal income","authors":"Joanna Syrda","doi":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103303","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103303","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The measured work that wives and husbands perform at home and in the labour market remains strongly gendered. Competing theoretical perspectives offer divergent predictions about how relative spousal income shapes the division of housework: exchange and bargaining models predict that the higher earner performs less domestic labour, whereas sociological accounts emphasize persistent traditional gender norms. Empirical findings mirror this divide, and existing research typically overlooks gendered reporting bias in household survey data.</div><div>Using data from the 1999–2023 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), this study examines whether the relationship between relative spousal income and housework depends on the gender of the household respondent. The PSID's rotating respondent design - where either spouse reports for the household - combined with within-household fixed effects and double-demeaned interaction models reveal asymmetries. When wives report, the association between relative income and housework aligns with exchange and bargaining theory. When husbands report, the same households exhibit a curvilinear pattern consistent with gender deviance neutralization. Respondent gender therefore fundamentally shapes empirical conclusions about the income-housework relationship, indicating that gender norms structure not only domestic labour but also its survey representation.</div><div>Approximately one quarter of couples switch respondents over time, and these effects are identified from this subset. That strong asymmetries emerge even among more egalitarian households underscores the importance of gendered reporting. Methodologically, the findings show that conventional fixed effects models attenuate respondent-contingent nonlinearities, whereas double-demeaned estimators that control for both unit and time effects recover sharper and theoretically coherent patterns.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48338,"journal":{"name":"Social Science Research","volume":"134 ","pages":"Article 103303"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145839597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Intersecting inequalities in retirement trajectories under a privatized pension system: Gender, labor force status, and occupational prestige 私有化养老金制度下退休轨迹的交叉不平等：性别、劳动力地位和职业声望

IF 3.5 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103264

Martin Rosemblatt-Meta , Ignacio Cabib

This study examines the gendered and de-standardized nature of retirement trajectories in Chile, a country with a long-standing privatized pension system. Drawing on life course theory and using nationally representative panel data from the Social Protection Survey (2004–2020), we apply multichannel sequence analysis to reconstruct retirement pathways based on labor force status and occupational prestige. Our analysis identifies six representative retirement patterns for both men and women, revealing stark gender differences. Men predominantly experience gradual transitions, often through partial retirement or bridge employment, while women's trajectories are marked by abrupt labor market exits and prolonged periods of inactivity. Occupational prestige significantly shapes these patterns. Individuals in high-prestige occupations tend to follow more uniform and delayed retirement paths, whereas those in low-prestige roles exhibit greater diversity and complexity. We find that retirement trajectories in Chile are moderately de-standardized and strongly gendered, with men displaying higher within-group diversity and complexity. These findings highlight the interplay between institutional design, labor market structures, and gender norms in shaping retirement outcomes. In particular, Chile's individual capitalization model reinforces life course inequalities, limiting retirement options for those with fragmented work histories, especially women. Our results underscore the need for policy reforms that address structural disadvantages in labor force participation and pension accumulation, particularly among low-prestige and female workers. This study contributes to broader debates on the de-standardization of the life course, gendered retirement inequalities, and the implications of liberal welfare regimes in aging societies.

本研究考察了智利退休轨迹的性别化和非标准化性质，智利是一个长期实行私有化养老金制度的国家。借鉴生命历程理论，利用2004-2020年社会保障调查（Social Protection Survey）的全国代表性面板数据，运用多通道序列分析重构了基于劳动力地位和职业声望的退休路径。我们的分析确定了男性和女性的六种代表性退休模式，揭示了明显的性别差异。男性主要经历逐渐的转变，通常是通过部分退休或过渡性就业，而女性的轨迹则以突然退出劳动力市场和长时间不活动为特征。职业声望显著地塑造了这些模式。高声望职业的个体倾向于遵循更统一和延迟的退休路径，而低声望职业的个体则表现出更大的多样性和复杂性。我们发现智利的退休轨迹是适度去标准化和强烈的性别化，男性在群体内表现出更高的多样性和复杂性。这些发现强调了制度设计、劳动力市场结构和性别规范在形成退休结果方面的相互作用。特别是，智利的个人资本化模式加剧了生命历程的不平等，限制了那些工作经历分散的人（尤其是女性）的退休选择。我们的研究结果强调，需要进行政策改革，以解决劳动力参与和养老金积累方面的结构性劣势，特别是在低声望和女性工人中。这项研究有助于对生命历程的去标准化、性别退休不平等以及老龄化社会中自由福利制度的影响进行更广泛的讨论。

{"title":"Intersecting inequalities in retirement trajectories under a privatized pension system: Gender, labor force status, and occupational prestige","authors":"Martin Rosemblatt-Meta , Ignacio Cabib","doi":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103264","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103264","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the gendered and de-standardized nature of retirement trajectories in Chile, a country with a long-standing privatized pension system. Drawing on life course theory and using nationally representative panel data from the Social Protection Survey (2004–2020), we apply multichannel sequence analysis to reconstruct retirement pathways based on labor force status and occupational prestige. Our analysis identifies six representative retirement patterns for both men and women, revealing stark gender differences. Men predominantly experience gradual transitions, often through partial retirement or bridge employment, while women's trajectories are marked by abrupt labor market exits and prolonged periods of inactivity. Occupational prestige significantly shapes these patterns. Individuals in high-prestige occupations tend to follow more uniform and delayed retirement paths, whereas those in low-prestige roles exhibit greater diversity and complexity. We find that retirement trajectories in Chile are moderately de-standardized and strongly gendered, with men displaying higher within-group diversity and complexity. These findings highlight the interplay between institutional design, labor market structures, and gender norms in shaping retirement outcomes. In particular, Chile's individual capitalization model reinforces life course inequalities, limiting retirement options for those with fragmented work histories, especially women. Our results underscore the need for policy reforms that address structural disadvantages in labor force participation and pension accumulation, particularly among low-prestige and female workers. This study contributes to broader debates on the de-standardization of the life course, gendered retirement inequalities, and the implications of liberal welfare regimes in aging societies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48338,"journal":{"name":"Social Science Research","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 103264"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145322102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Doing diversity? Analyzing support for diversity policies with a conjoint experiment 多样性干什么?通过联合实验分析对多元化政策的支持

IF 3.5 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103262

Katharina Stückradt , Bram Lancee , Valentina Di Stasio

This study examines hiring managers' (i.e., employees with hiring responsibilities) support for hiring policies aimed at increasing diversity. Research has shown that some policies are more helpful in combating discrimination and increasing diversity than others, but we do not know whether those who apply the policies support them. This is surprising, because hiring managers' support for diversity policies is important for the successful implementation of policies. We discuss three motives underlying policy support: the desire for diversity, the goal of meritocratic hiring, and the maintenance of agency. Using data from an original conjoint experiment collected in the Netherlands (N = 512 individuals), we examine the extent to which hiring managers support diversity policies, whether they prefer other hiring policies, or if they favor the absence of regulations altogether. We find that, rather than policies that increase organizational diversity, hiring managers support policies that preserve their autonomy while maintaining established organizational policies. Marginal means analyses and multilevel regression models show that policy support aligns most strongly with the agency motive alongside concerns about fairness and merit-based selection. Hiring managers prefer an unstructured screening process and are reluctant to support hiring quota and the use of standardized or anonymous application forms. These preferences are particularly pronounced in smaller organizations and where little to no formalized hiring policies are in place. Our findings highlight the need for organizations to address hiring managers' complex motivational concerns, including desires for autonomy, fairness, and status quo maintenance, to ensure effective policy implementation.

本研究考察了招聘经理（即有招聘责任的员工）对旨在增加多样性的招聘政策的支持。研究表明，有些政策在打击歧视和增加多样性方面比其他政策更有帮助，但我们不知道实施这些政策的人是否支持这些政策。这是令人惊讶的，因为招聘经理对多元化政策的支持对于政策的成功实施至关重要。我们讨论了政策支持背后的三个动机：对多样性的渴望、精英招聘的目标和机构的维护。利用在荷兰收集的一项原始联合实验（N = 512个人）的数据，我们研究了招聘经理支持多元化政策的程度，他们是喜欢其他招聘政策，还是喜欢完全没有监管。我们发现，招聘经理支持的政策不是增加组织多样性的政策，而是在维持既定组织政策的同时保留他们的自主权的政策。边际均值分析和多水平回归模型表明，政策支持与代理动机以及对公平和择优选择的关注最为一致。招聘经理更喜欢非结构化的筛选过程，不愿意支持招聘配额和使用标准化或匿名的申请表。这些偏好在规模较小的组织中尤其明显，这些组织几乎没有正式的招聘政策。我们的研究结果强调了组织需要解决招聘经理复杂的动机问题，包括对自主、公平和维持现状的渴望，以确保有效的政策实施。

{"title":"Doing diversity? Analyzing support for diversity policies with a conjoint experiment","authors":"Katharina Stückradt , Bram Lancee , Valentina Di Stasio","doi":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103262","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103262","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines hiring managers' (i.e., employees with hiring responsibilities) support for hiring policies aimed at increasing diversity. Research has shown that some policies are more helpful in combating discrimination and increasing diversity than others, but we do not know whether those who apply the policies support them. This is surprising, because hiring managers' support for diversity policies is important for the successful implementation of policies. We discuss three motives underlying policy support: the desire for diversity, the goal of meritocratic hiring, and the maintenance of agency. Using data from an original conjoint experiment collected in the Netherlands (N = 512 individuals), we examine the extent to which hiring managers support diversity policies, whether they prefer other hiring policies, or if they favor the absence of regulations altogether. We find that, rather than policies that increase organizational diversity, hiring managers support policies that preserve their autonomy while maintaining established organizational policies. Marginal means analyses and multilevel regression models show that policy support aligns most strongly with the agency motive alongside concerns about fairness and merit-based selection. Hiring managers prefer an unstructured screening process and are reluctant to support hiring quota and the use of standardized or anonymous application forms. These preferences are particularly pronounced in smaller organizations and where little to no formalized hiring policies are in place. Our findings highlight the need for organizations to address hiring managers' complex motivational concerns, including desires for autonomy, fairness, and status quo maintenance, to ensure effective policy implementation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48338,"journal":{"name":"Social Science Research","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 103262"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145363804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Online social class cues and employability: Experimental evidence from Germany 网络社会阶层线索与就业能力：来自德国的实验证据

IF 3.5 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103258

Diana Roxana Galos , Joris Frese

Social media platforms, such as Twitter or Instagram, offer easily accessible information – relevant or not – for employers when evaluating candidates for a position. In particular, they tend to be sources of information about individuals’ interests and leisure activities. Because interests are highly stratified by social class (e.g., engagement in highbrow and lowbrow activities), this represents a new way for class to potentially manifest itself in the hiring process. To study discrimination in hiring based on online social class cues, we conducted a pre-registered survey experiment in Germany with samples of employers and non-employers, manipulating job applicants’ class cues on social media (highbrow versus lowbrow). Overall, we found no difference in preferences for the candidates displaying highbrow and lowbrow activities on their social media profiles. However, this masks important differences in the specific activities proxying for class. When these activities have no relevance for the jobs in question, higher-class candidates are preferred. Exploratory analyses show that respondents are more likely to express positive sentiments toward the higher-class profiles, with highbrow activities being positively associated with work-related traits. Our findings highlight the need to consider how digital environments and, more specifically, online social class cues, may contribute to class bias in hiring.

社交媒体平台，如Twitter或Instagram，为雇主在评估职位候选人时提供了很容易获取的信息——无论相关与否。特别是，它们往往是关于个人兴趣和休闲活动的信息来源。因为兴趣是由社会阶层高度划分的（例如，参与高雅和低俗的活动），这代表了阶级在招聘过程中潜在体现自己的一种新方式。为了研究基于在线社会阶层线索的招聘歧视，我们在德国进行了一项预先注册的调查实验，以雇主和非雇主为样本，操纵求职者在社交媒体上的阶级线索（高雅与低俗）。总的来说，我们发现候选人在社交媒体上展示高雅活动和低俗活动的偏好没有差异。然而，这掩盖了类的特定活动代理中的重要差异。当这些活动与所申请的工作无关时，更高级的候选人会被优先考虑。探索性分析表明，受访者更有可能对更高层次的形象表达积极的情绪，高雅的活动与工作相关的特质呈正相关。我们的研究结果强调，有必要考虑数字环境，更具体地说，网上的社会阶级线索，可能会导致招聘中的阶级偏见。

{"title":"Online social class cues and employability: Experimental evidence from Germany","authors":"Diana Roxana Galos , Joris Frese","doi":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103258","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103258","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Social media platforms, such as Twitter or Instagram, offer easily accessible information – relevant or not – for employers when evaluating candidates for a position. In particular, they tend to be sources of information about individuals’ interests and leisure activities. Because interests are highly stratified by social class (e.g., engagement in highbrow and lowbrow activities), this represents a new way for class to potentially manifest itself in the hiring process. To study discrimination in hiring based on online social class cues, we conducted a pre-registered survey experiment in Germany with samples of employers and non-employers, manipulating job applicants’ class cues on social media (highbrow versus lowbrow). Overall, we found no difference in preferences for the candidates displaying highbrow and lowbrow activities on their social media profiles. However, this masks important differences in the specific activities proxying for class. When these activities have no relevance for the jobs in question, higher-class candidates are preferred. Exploratory analyses show that respondents are more likely to express positive sentiments toward the higher-class profiles, with highbrow activities being positively associated with work-related traits. Our findings highlight the need to consider how digital environments and, more specifically, online social class cues, may contribute to class bias in hiring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48338,"journal":{"name":"Social Science Research","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 103258"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Social influence and network structure: How conspiracy theories spread on social media 社会影响与网络结构：阴谋论如何在社交媒体上传播

IF 3.5 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103282

Paweł Matuszewski , Michał Rams-Ługowski

Political conspiracy theories (CTs) pose serious risks to democratic institutions, social trust, and policymaking. While prior research has examined the psychological, cultural, or network-structural correlates of conspiracy beliefs, the social mechanisms underlying their active transmission within online networks remain insufficiently understood. This study offers empirical application of Rogers’s diffusion of innovations theory to conspiracy theory transmission, providing a dynamic account of how individuals adopt, continue, or discontinue sharing such content. Drawing on nearly 15 million tweets, retweets, replies, and quotations produced or encountered by 98 politically active Polish X (formerly Twitter) accounts over 15 months, we investigate how network exposure shape CT diffusion. Using Bayesian unordered categorical regression and network data, we examined the conditions under which these accounts acted as CT spreaders, non-spreaders, converted spreaders, and converted non-spreaders. The results indicate that the proportion of CT-spreading nodes in an account’s immediate network, rather than their absolute number, is the strongest predictor of CT transmission. Even a small fraction (1–5 %) of conspiracy theorists in one’s network significantly increases the likelihood of spreading such content. Contrary to classic diffusion theories, single-contact ties proved more influential than reinforcement from repeated-contact ties in spreading CT content. This result challenges the conventional wisdom in network diffusion theory, suggesting that even complex contagions like conspiracy sharing may spread via minimal reinforcement under certain conditions.

政治阴谋论（CTs）对民主制度、社会信任和政策制定构成严重风险。虽然先前的研究已经检查了阴谋信念的心理、文化或网络结构相关性，但其在在线网络中积极传播的社会机制仍然没有得到充分的理解。本研究提供了罗杰斯的创新扩散理论在阴谋论传播中的实证应用，提供了个人如何接受、继续或停止分享这些内容的动态描述。利用98个政治活跃的波兰X（以前的Twitter）账户在15个月内产生或遇到的近1500万条推文、转发、回复和报价，我们调查了网络曝光如何影响CT扩散。使用贝叶斯无序分类回归和网络数据，我们检查了这些账户作为CT传播者、非传播者、转化传播者和转化非传播者的条件。结果表明，在一个账户的直接网络中，CT传播节点的比例，而不是它们的绝对数量，是CT传播的最强预测因子。即使一个人的网络中有一小部分（1 - 5%）阴谋论者，也会显著增加传播此类内容的可能性。与经典扩散理论相反，在传播CT内容时，单接触联系被证明比重复接触联系的强化更有影响力。这一结果挑战了网络扩散理论中的传统观点，表明即使是阴谋分享这样复杂的传染，在一定条件下也可能通过最小强化传播。

{"title":"Social influence and network structure: How conspiracy theories spread on social media","authors":"Paweł Matuszewski , Michał Rams-Ługowski","doi":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103282","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103282","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Political conspiracy theories (CTs) pose serious risks to democratic institutions, social trust, and policymaking. While prior research has examined the psychological, cultural, or network-structural correlates of conspiracy beliefs, the social mechanisms underlying their active transmission within online networks remain insufficiently understood. This study offers empirical application of Rogers’s diffusion of innovations theory to conspiracy theory transmission, providing a dynamic account of how individuals adopt, continue, or discontinue sharing such content. Drawing on nearly 15 million tweets, retweets, replies, and quotations produced or encountered by 98 politically active Polish X (formerly Twitter) accounts over 15 months, we investigate how network exposure shape CT diffusion. Using Bayesian unordered categorical regression and network data, we examined the conditions under which these accounts acted as CT spreaders, non-spreaders, converted spreaders, and converted non-spreaders. The results indicate that the proportion of CT-spreading nodes in an account’s immediate network, rather than their absolute number, is the strongest predictor of CT transmission. Even a small fraction (1–5 %) of conspiracy theorists in one’s network significantly increases the likelihood of spreading such content. Contrary to classic diffusion theories, single-contact ties proved more influential than reinforcement from repeated-contact ties in spreading CT content. This result challenges the conventional wisdom in network diffusion theory, suggesting that even complex contagions like conspiracy sharing may spread via minimal reinforcement under certain conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48338,"journal":{"name":"Social Science Research","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 103282"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145520425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Between autonomy and interdependence: The changing parental role in adult children's family formation in China 在自主与相互依赖之间：中国成年子女家庭形成中父母角色的变化

IF 3.5 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103279

Shu Hu , Xiaorong Gu

This paper investigates changes in the parental role in family formation in contemporary China. Existing studies often focus narrowly on spouse search or are limited to specific historical periods or locations. Expanding the intergenerational contract framework, we adopt a multidimensional approach that examines both parental influence over spouse choice and monetary support after marriage. Using data from the 2006 and 2017 Chinese General Social Survey, we construct marriage cohorts reflecting China's major social, political, and economic transitions to chart parental involvement in family formation over seven decades. We find a temporary decline in parental influence during the reform era of rapid modernization. Rather than a linear progression toward youth autonomy and independence, we observe lingering parental influence over spouse choice and deepening parental monetary support after marriage, particularly among those married in the 2010s. In addition, gender, hukou status, only child status, and father's education are significant predictors of parental monetary support. In the newly negotiated intergenerational contract, parents selectively retreat from or advance in different aspects of family formation, in response to modernization forces, China's familist culture, and the necessity of intergenerational interdependence in an increasingly neoliberal economy. The continued and divergent roles of parents in family formation have important implications for understanding generational dynamics within families and the reproduction of social inequality.

本文考察了当代中国家庭形成过程中父母角色的变化。现有的研究往往局限于寻找配偶，或者局限于特定的历史时期或地点。为了扩大代际契约框架，我们采用了一种多维度的方法，研究了父母对配偶选择的影响和婚后的金钱支持。利用2006年和2017年中国综合社会调查的数据，我们构建了反映中国主要社会、政治和经济转型的婚姻队列，以图表显示70年来父母对家庭组建的参与。我们发现，在快速现代化的改革时代，父母的影响暂时下降。我们观察到，父母对配偶选择的影响持续存在，婚后父母对经济支持的加深，尤其是在2010年代结婚的年轻人中，而不是朝着青年自主和独立的线性发展。此外，性别、户口状况、独生子女状况和父亲受教育程度是父母金钱支持的显著预测因子。在新协商的代际契约中，父母在家庭形成的不同方面有选择地后退或前进，以应对现代化力量，中国的家庭主义文化，以及日益新自由主义经济中代际相互依存的必要性。父母在家庭形成中的持续和不同的角色对理解家庭内的代际动态和社会不平等的再生产具有重要意义。

{"title":"Between autonomy and interdependence: The changing parental role in adult children's family formation in China","authors":"Shu Hu , Xiaorong Gu","doi":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103279","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103279","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates changes in the parental role in family formation in contemporary China. Existing studies often focus narrowly on spouse search or are limited to specific historical periods or locations. Expanding the intergenerational contract framework, we adopt a multidimensional approach that examines both parental influence over spouse choice and monetary support after marriage. Using data from the 2006 and 2017 Chinese General Social Survey, we construct marriage cohorts reflecting China's major social, political, and economic transitions to chart parental involvement in family formation over seven decades. We find a temporary decline in parental influence during the reform era of rapid modernization. Rather than a linear progression toward youth autonomy and independence, we observe lingering parental influence over spouse choice and deepening parental monetary support after marriage, particularly among those married in the 2010s. In addition, gender, <em>hukou</em> status, only child status, and father's education are significant predictors of parental monetary support. In the newly negotiated intergenerational contract, parents selectively retreat from or advance in different aspects of family formation, in response to modernization forces, China's familist culture, and the necessity of intergenerational interdependence in an increasingly neoliberal economy. The continued and divergent roles of parents in family formation have important implications for understanding generational dynamics within families and the reproduction of social inequality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48338,"journal":{"name":"Social Science Research","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 103279"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145418118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dual language immersion programs and their neighborhoods: Issues of program access and representation within Los Angeles Unified School District 双语浸入式课程及其社区：洛杉矶联合学区课程准入和代表性问题

IF 3.5 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103255

Sarah Asson , Erica Frankenberg , Clémence Darriet , Lucrecia Santibañez , Claudia Cervantes-Soon , Francesca López

School segregation, which is tightly linked to residential segregation, is a pervasive problem across the United States. Two-way dual language immersion programs (TWDL)—specialized bilingual education programs that often act as school choice programs and are meant to serve both non-English language and English speakers—are increasingly recognized as one promising mechanism by which to create integrated learning environments. In this paper, we use quantitative and geospatial methods to study the potential of TWDL to overcome residential segregation and create diverse enrollments. We use unique geospatial data, including school attendance zones and students' census tracts of residence, to analyze the relationship between elementary TWDL program enrollments in Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD) and the composition of their neighborhoods. We find TWDL programs in LAUSD tend to be located in neighborhoods with high proportions of populations who can especially benefit from bilingual education, including racial groups associated with programs’ target languages, non-English speaking populations, and low-income populations. Programs enroll high proportions of students from the demographic groups living within their attendance zones, but they also act as school choice programs that enroll out-of-zone students from more traditionally advantaged groups, helping to make enrollments slightly more diverse. Our evidence suggests TWDL programs in LAUSD are acting as school choice mechanisms and are, to a modest extent, overcoming residential segregation.

学校种族隔离与居住种族隔离密切相关，是美国普遍存在的问题。双向双语沉浸式课程（TWDL）是一种专门的双语教育课程，通常作为学校选择课程，旨在为非英语国家和英语国家提供服务，它越来越被认为是一种有前途的机制，可以创造综合学习环境。在本文中，我们使用定量和地理空间方法来研究TWDL在克服居住隔离和创造多样化入学方面的潜力。我们使用独特的地理空间数据，包括学校出勤区和学生居住的人口普查区域，来分析洛杉矶联合学区（LAUSD）小学TWDL计划入学率与其社区组成之间的关系。我们发现，洛杉矶的TWDL项目往往位于人口比例较高的社区，这些社区特别能从双语教育中受益，包括与项目目标语言相关的种族群体、非英语人群和低收入人群。这些项目招收的大部分学生来自其出勤区域内的人口统计群体，但它们也作为学校选择项目招收来自传统上更有优势群体的区外学生，这有助于使入学人数更加多样化。我们的证据表明，LAUSD的TWDL项目起到了学校选择机制的作用，并且在一定程度上克服了居住隔离。

{"title":"Dual language immersion programs and their neighborhoods: Issues of program access and representation within Los Angeles Unified School District","authors":"Sarah Asson , Erica Frankenberg , Clémence Darriet , Lucrecia Santibañez , Claudia Cervantes-Soon , Francesca López","doi":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103255","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103255","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>School segregation, which is tightly linked to residential segregation, is a pervasive problem across the United States. Two-way dual language immersion programs (TWDL)—specialized bilingual education programs that often act as school choice programs and are meant to serve both non-English language and English speakers—are increasingly recognized as one promising mechanism by which to create integrated learning environments. In this paper, we use quantitative and geospatial methods to study the potential of TWDL to overcome residential segregation and create diverse enrollments. We use unique geospatial data, including school attendance zones and students' census tracts of residence, to analyze the relationship between elementary TWDL program enrollments in Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD) and the composition of their neighborhoods. We find TWDL programs in LAUSD tend to be located in neighborhoods with high proportions of populations who can especially benefit from bilingual education, including racial groups associated with programs’ target languages, non-English speaking populations, and low-income populations. Programs enroll high proportions of students from the demographic groups living within their attendance zones, but they also act as school choice programs that enroll out-of-zone students from more traditionally advantaged groups, helping to make enrollments slightly more diverse. Our evidence suggests TWDL programs in LAUSD are acting as school choice mechanisms and are, to a modest extent, overcoming residential segregation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48338,"journal":{"name":"Social Science Research","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 103255"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mob mentality: Social norms affect the approval and perceived morality of unjustified police violence 暴民心理：社会规范影响警察不正当暴力行为的认同和道德感知

IF 3.5 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103253

Kevin Kryston

Research indicates that people's responses to violence—and the way media portrays said violence—are influenced by intuitive moral judgments shaped by social cues that define right and wrong. Leveraging affective disposition theory (ADT) and social norms research, this study explored how group messaging, specifically the communication of social norms, affects perceptions of moral behavior in the context of police violence. In a preregistered experiment, participants read a news article about a police officer who was punished for unjustified violence, followed by social comments either supporting or opposing the punishment. Exposure to comments that opposed the punishment led readers to view the officer's violent actions more favorably and boosted perceptions of the officer's morality. Findings highlight how social cues influence approval of violence and moral appraisals, and are discussed in terms of their implications for media processing theories, civic discourse, and attitude formation.

研究表明，人们对暴力的反应——以及媒体描绘暴力的方式——受到直觉道德判断的影响，这种道德判断是由定义对错的社会线索形成的。本研究利用情感倾向理论（ADT）和社会规范研究，探讨了群发信息，特别是社会规范的传播，如何影响警察暴力背景下的道德行为感知。在一项预先登记的实验中，参与者阅读了一篇关于一名警察因不正当暴力而受到惩罚的新闻文章，随后是支持或反对惩罚的社会评论。阅读反对惩罚的评论会让读者更积极地看待该警官的暴力行为，并提高对该警官道德的看法。研究结果强调了社会线索如何影响对暴力和道德评价的认可，并就其对媒体处理理论、公民话语和态度形成的影响进行了讨论。

引用次数: 0

Do state-funded “Alternatives to Abortion” programs reduce abortion rates? A longitudinal analysis 国家资助的“替代堕胎”项目能降低堕胎率吗？纵向分析

IF 3.5 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103259

Darci K. Schmidgall

During the era of federal protection of abortion rights in the U.S., many majority-conservative state governments sought to oppose abortion by implementing state-level strategies. I examine the impact of one such approach: tax-funded “Alternatives to Abortion” (A2A) programs, which ostensibly provide resources to support (/coerce) carrying a pregnancy to term. I use Meredith Worthen's Norm-Centered Stigma Theory (NCST), a sociological theory of deviance, to guide analysis of these programs, the sociopolitical environments in which they arise, and the potential effects of both on the reproductive decision making of state residents. I constructed a longitudinal panel dataset of state-level sociopolitical factors, including A2A programs, other abortion opposition policies, and annual abortion rates. Using hybrid linear regression, I estimated associations between states with and without programs as well as within states over time. Results show that A2A programs are significantly positively associated with abortion rates between states. Results regarding other abortion opposition policies (Targeted Regulations of Abortion Providers) were mixed, with some TRAP laws being associated with a significant, positive within-state effect while others were negatively or non-significantly associated. These findings suggest that, rather than reducing abortion, moralistic state efforts like A2A programs may backfire. Through the lens of NCST, such strategies may reinforce narrow, moralized reproductive norms, potentially increasing stigmas around non-normative pregnancies, making abortion more compelling. I discuss how the positive association between A2A programs and abortion rates reflects social contexts shaping reproductive decisions, implications for abortion stigmatization, and theoretical ramifications of policies that aim to affect abortion rates.

在美国联邦政府保护堕胎权的时代，许多多数保守的州政府试图通过实施州级战略来反对堕胎。我研究了其中一种方法的影响：由税收资助的“堕胎替代方案”（A2A）项目，该项目表面上提供支持（/强迫）怀孕至足月的资源。我使用Meredith Worthen的以规范为中心的耻辱理论（NCST），一种越轨行为的社会学理论，来指导这些项目的分析，它们产生的社会政治环境，以及两者对州居民生育决策的潜在影响。我构建了一个州级社会政治因素的纵向面板数据集，包括A2A计划、其他反对堕胎的政策和年度堕胎率。使用混合线性回归，我估计了有和没有程序的状态之间以及状态内随时间的关联。结果显示，A2A计划与各州之间的堕胎率显著正相关。关于其他堕胎反对政策（堕胎提供者的目标法规）的结果好坏参半，一些陷阱法律与显著的、积极的州内效应相关，而其他法律则与负相关或不显著相关。这些发现表明，像A2A计划这样的道德主义国家的努力可能会适得其反，而不是减少堕胎。从NCST的角度来看，这样的策略可能会强化狭隘的、道德化的生殖规范，潜在地增加对不规范怀孕的耻辱感，使堕胎更加引人注目。我讨论了A2A计划和堕胎率之间的正相关关系如何反映了社会环境对生育决策的影响，对堕胎污名化的影响，以及旨在影响堕胎率的政策的理论后果。

{"title":"Do state-funded “Alternatives to Abortion” programs reduce abortion rates? A longitudinal analysis","authors":"Darci K. Schmidgall","doi":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103259","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103259","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During the era of federal protection of abortion rights in the U.S., many majority-conservative state governments sought to oppose abortion by implementing state-level strategies. I examine the impact of one such approach: tax-funded “Alternatives to Abortion” (A2A) programs, which ostensibly provide resources to support (/coerce) carrying a pregnancy to term. I use Meredith Worthen's Norm-Centered Stigma Theory (NCST), a sociological theory of deviance, to guide analysis of these programs, the sociopolitical environments in which they arise, and the potential effects of both on the reproductive decision making of state residents. I constructed a longitudinal panel dataset of state-level sociopolitical factors, including A2A programs, other abortion opposition policies, and annual abortion rates. Using hybrid linear regression, I estimated associations between states with and without programs as well as within states over time. Results show that A2A programs are significantly positively associated with abortion rates between states. Results regarding other abortion opposition policies (Targeted Regulations of Abortion Providers) were mixed, with some TRAP laws being associated with a significant, positive <em>within-state</em> effect while others were negatively or non-significantly associated. These findings suggest that, rather than reducing abortion, moralistic state efforts like A2A programs may backfire. Through the lens of NCST, such strategies may reinforce narrow, moralized reproductive norms, potentially increasing stigmas around non-normative pregnancies, making abortion more compelling. I discuss how the positive association between A2A programs and abortion rates reflects social contexts shaping reproductive decisions, implications for abortion stigmatization, and theoretical ramifications of policies that aim to affect abortion rates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48338,"journal":{"name":"Social Science Research","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 103259"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145160405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0