Social Science Research最新文献_第4页

Cross-cohort employment differences among U.S. mothers of young children: The role of nonparental childcare 美国幼儿母亲的跨群体就业差异：非父母育儿的作用

IF 3.5 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2025-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103261

Rachel M. Shattuck

Following increased mothers' employment since the later 20th century, the majority of U.S. mothers now experience employment with children under age three. Most use nonparental childcare (NPC) while employed. NPC can include care provided in childcare centers and preschools, as well as by nannies, babysitters and relatives, and in family childcare homes. Changes since the 1980s to care costs and availability, labor market conditions, family structures, and public assistance policies may result in differences in the predictive relationship between NPC use and employment among late-20th vs. early-21st century mothers. I use National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979) (“Baby-Boomers”) and 1997 (“Millennials”) data to compare monthly likelihood of full-time employment, part-time employment, and employment exit—and how NPC use differently affects these—among mothers of children under three. A hybrid model including within-person and between-person components compares women to themselves at different points in time when they are employed either with or without NPC. NPC use increases full-time employment, and employment stability, for mothers in both cohorts. However, Millennials use NPC more than Baby-Boomers. Furthermore, NPC increases the likelihood of maintaining full-time employment, and transitioning from part-time to full-time employment, by larger magnitudes for Millennials than for Baby-Boomers. Supplementary descriptive analyses show changed care types, increased care costs, and increased nonstandard employment, all of which may contribute to this cross-cohort difference. Results demonstrate how NPC plays a key role in supporting employment within individual women's life courses, and how these effects may differ across different social and historical settings.

自20世纪后期以来，随着母亲就业人数的增加，大多数美国母亲现在都有三岁以下的孩子。大多数人在受雇期间使用非父母托儿服务。NPC可以包括托儿所、幼儿园、保姆、保姆、亲戚以及家庭托儿所提供的照顾。自20世纪80年代以来，护理成本和可用性、劳动力市场条件、家庭结构和公共援助政策的变化可能导致20世纪末和21世纪初母亲使用NPC与就业之间的预测关系存在差异。我使用国家青年纵向调查（1979年）（“婴儿潮一代”）和1997年（“千禧一代”）的数据来比较全职工作、兼职工作和就业退出的每月可能性，以及NPC使用的不同方式对三岁以下儿童母亲的影响。混合模型包括人与人之间和人与人之间的组件，将女性在有或没有NPC的情况下，在不同的时间点与自己进行比较。NPC的使用增加了两组母亲的全职就业和就业稳定性。然而，千禧一代比婴儿潮一代更常使用NPC。此外，与婴儿潮一代相比，NPC增加了千禧一代维持全职工作并从兼职过渡到全职工作的可能性。补充的描述性分析显示，改变的护理类型、增加的护理成本和增加的非标准就业，所有这些都可能导致这种跨队列差异。结果表明，在女性个体的生命历程中，NPC如何在支持就业方面发挥关键作用，以及这些影响如何在不同的社会和历史背景下有所不同。

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引用次数: 0

Intersecting inequalities in retirement trajectories under a privatized pension system: Gender, labor force status, and occupational prestige 私有化养老金制度下退休轨迹的交叉不平等：性别、劳动力地位和职业声望

IF 3.5 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2025-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103264

Martin Rosemblatt-Meta , Ignacio Cabib

This study examines the gendered and de-standardized nature of retirement trajectories in Chile, a country with a long-standing privatized pension system. Drawing on life course theory and using nationally representative panel data from the Social Protection Survey (2004–2020), we apply multichannel sequence analysis to reconstruct retirement pathways based on labor force status and occupational prestige. Our analysis identifies six representative retirement patterns for both men and women, revealing stark gender differences. Men predominantly experience gradual transitions, often through partial retirement or bridge employment, while women's trajectories are marked by abrupt labor market exits and prolonged periods of inactivity. Occupational prestige significantly shapes these patterns. Individuals in high-prestige occupations tend to follow more uniform and delayed retirement paths, whereas those in low-prestige roles exhibit greater diversity and complexity. We find that retirement trajectories in Chile are moderately de-standardized and strongly gendered, with men displaying higher within-group diversity and complexity. These findings highlight the interplay between institutional design, labor market structures, and gender norms in shaping retirement outcomes. In particular, Chile's individual capitalization model reinforces life course inequalities, limiting retirement options for those with fragmented work histories, especially women. Our results underscore the need for policy reforms that address structural disadvantages in labor force participation and pension accumulation, particularly among low-prestige and female workers. This study contributes to broader debates on the de-standardization of the life course, gendered retirement inequalities, and the implications of liberal welfare regimes in aging societies.

本研究考察了智利退休轨迹的性别化和非标准化性质，智利是一个长期实行私有化养老金制度的国家。借鉴生命历程理论，利用2004-2020年社会保障调查（Social Protection Survey）的全国代表性面板数据，运用多通道序列分析重构了基于劳动力地位和职业声望的退休路径。我们的分析确定了男性和女性的六种代表性退休模式，揭示了明显的性别差异。男性主要经历逐渐的转变，通常是通过部分退休或过渡性就业，而女性的轨迹则以突然退出劳动力市场和长时间不活动为特征。职业声望显著地塑造了这些模式。高声望职业的个体倾向于遵循更统一和延迟的退休路径，而低声望职业的个体则表现出更大的多样性和复杂性。我们发现智利的退休轨迹是适度去标准化和强烈的性别化，男性在群体内表现出更高的多样性和复杂性。这些发现强调了制度设计、劳动力市场结构和性别规范在形成退休结果方面的相互作用。特别是，智利的个人资本化模式加剧了生命历程的不平等，限制了那些工作经历分散的人（尤其是女性）的退休选择。我们的研究结果强调，需要进行政策改革，以解决劳动力参与和养老金积累方面的结构性劣势，特别是在低声望和女性工人中。这项研究有助于对生命历程的去标准化、性别退休不平等以及老龄化社会中自由福利制度的影响进行更广泛的讨论。

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引用次数: 0

Dual language immersion programs and their neighborhoods: Issues of program access and representation within Los Angeles Unified School District 双语浸入式课程及其社区：洛杉矶联合学区课程准入和代表性问题

IF 3.5 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2025-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103255

Sarah Asson , Erica Frankenberg , Clémence Darriet , Lucrecia Santibañez , Claudia Cervantes-Soon , Francesca López

School segregation, which is tightly linked to residential segregation, is a pervasive problem across the United States. Two-way dual language immersion programs (TWDL)—specialized bilingual education programs that often act as school choice programs and are meant to serve both non-English language and English speakers—are increasingly recognized as one promising mechanism by which to create integrated learning environments. In this paper, we use quantitative and geospatial methods to study the potential of TWDL to overcome residential segregation and create diverse enrollments. We use unique geospatial data, including school attendance zones and students' census tracts of residence, to analyze the relationship between elementary TWDL program enrollments in Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD) and the composition of their neighborhoods. We find TWDL programs in LAUSD tend to be located in neighborhoods with high proportions of populations who can especially benefit from bilingual education, including racial groups associated with programs’ target languages, non-English speaking populations, and low-income populations. Programs enroll high proportions of students from the demographic groups living within their attendance zones, but they also act as school choice programs that enroll out-of-zone students from more traditionally advantaged groups, helping to make enrollments slightly more diverse. Our evidence suggests TWDL programs in LAUSD are acting as school choice mechanisms and are, to a modest extent, overcoming residential segregation.

学校种族隔离与居住种族隔离密切相关，是美国普遍存在的问题。双向双语沉浸式课程（TWDL）是一种专门的双语教育课程，通常作为学校选择课程，旨在为非英语国家和英语国家提供服务，它越来越被认为是一种有前途的机制，可以创造综合学习环境。在本文中，我们使用定量和地理空间方法来研究TWDL在克服居住隔离和创造多样化入学方面的潜力。我们使用独特的地理空间数据，包括学校出勤区和学生居住的人口普查区域，来分析洛杉矶联合学区（LAUSD）小学TWDL计划入学率与其社区组成之间的关系。我们发现，洛杉矶的TWDL项目往往位于人口比例较高的社区，这些社区特别能从双语教育中受益，包括与项目目标语言相关的种族群体、非英语人群和低收入人群。这些项目招收的大部分学生来自其出勤区域内的人口统计群体，但它们也作为学校选择项目招收来自传统上更有优势群体的区外学生，这有助于使入学人数更加多样化。我们的证据表明，LAUSD的TWDL项目起到了学校选择机制的作用，并且在一定程度上克服了居住隔离。

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引用次数: 0

Online social class cues and employability: Experimental evidence from Germany 网络社会阶层线索与就业能力：来自德国的实验证据

IF 3.5 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2025-10-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103258

Diana Roxana Galos , Joris Frese

Social media platforms, such as Twitter or Instagram, offer easily accessible information – relevant or not – for employers when evaluating candidates for a position. In particular, they tend to be sources of information about individuals’ interests and leisure activities. Because interests are highly stratified by social class (e.g., engagement in highbrow and lowbrow activities), this represents a new way for class to potentially manifest itself in the hiring process. To study discrimination in hiring based on online social class cues, we conducted a pre-registered survey experiment in Germany with samples of employers and non-employers, manipulating job applicants’ class cues on social media (highbrow versus lowbrow). Overall, we found no difference in preferences for the candidates displaying highbrow and lowbrow activities on their social media profiles. However, this masks important differences in the specific activities proxying for class. When these activities have no relevance for the jobs in question, higher-class candidates are preferred. Exploratory analyses show that respondents are more likely to express positive sentiments toward the higher-class profiles, with highbrow activities being positively associated with work-related traits. Our findings highlight the need to consider how digital environments and, more specifically, online social class cues, may contribute to class bias in hiring.

社交媒体平台，如Twitter或Instagram，为雇主在评估职位候选人时提供了很容易获取的信息——无论相关与否。特别是，它们往往是关于个人兴趣和休闲活动的信息来源。因为兴趣是由社会阶层高度划分的（例如，参与高雅和低俗的活动），这代表了阶级在招聘过程中潜在体现自己的一种新方式。为了研究基于在线社会阶层线索的招聘歧视，我们在德国进行了一项预先注册的调查实验，以雇主和非雇主为样本，操纵求职者在社交媒体上的阶级线索（高雅与低俗）。总的来说，我们发现候选人在社交媒体上展示高雅活动和低俗活动的偏好没有差异。然而，这掩盖了类的特定活动代理中的重要差异。当这些活动与所申请的工作无关时，更高级的候选人会被优先考虑。探索性分析表明，受访者更有可能对更高层次的形象表达积极的情绪，高雅的活动与工作相关的特质呈正相关。我们的研究结果强调，有必要考虑数字环境，更具体地说，网上的社会阶级线索，可能会导致招聘中的阶级偏见。

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引用次数: 0

Do state-funded “Alternatives to Abortion” programs reduce abortion rates? A longitudinal analysis 国家资助的“替代堕胎”项目能降低堕胎率吗？纵向分析

IF 3.5 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2025-09-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103259

Darci K. Schmidgall

During the era of federal protection of abortion rights in the U.S., many majority-conservative state governments sought to oppose abortion by implementing state-level strategies. I examine the impact of one such approach: tax-funded “Alternatives to Abortion” (A2A) programs, which ostensibly provide resources to support (/coerce) carrying a pregnancy to term. I use Meredith Worthen's Norm-Centered Stigma Theory (NCST), a sociological theory of deviance, to guide analysis of these programs, the sociopolitical environments in which they arise, and the potential effects of both on the reproductive decision making of state residents. I constructed a longitudinal panel dataset of state-level sociopolitical factors, including A2A programs, other abortion opposition policies, and annual abortion rates. Using hybrid linear regression, I estimated associations between states with and without programs as well as within states over time. Results show that A2A programs are significantly positively associated with abortion rates between states. Results regarding other abortion opposition policies (Targeted Regulations of Abortion Providers) were mixed, with some TRAP laws being associated with a significant, positive within-state effect while others were negatively or non-significantly associated. These findings suggest that, rather than reducing abortion, moralistic state efforts like A2A programs may backfire. Through the lens of NCST, such strategies may reinforce narrow, moralized reproductive norms, potentially increasing stigmas around non-normative pregnancies, making abortion more compelling. I discuss how the positive association between A2A programs and abortion rates reflects social contexts shaping reproductive decisions, implications for abortion stigmatization, and theoretical ramifications of policies that aim to affect abortion rates.

在美国联邦政府保护堕胎权的时代，许多多数保守的州政府试图通过实施州级战略来反对堕胎。我研究了其中一种方法的影响：由税收资助的“堕胎替代方案”（A2A）项目，该项目表面上提供支持（/强迫）怀孕至足月的资源。我使用Meredith Worthen的以规范为中心的耻辱理论（NCST），一种越轨行为的社会学理论，来指导这些项目的分析，它们产生的社会政治环境，以及两者对州居民生育决策的潜在影响。我构建了一个州级社会政治因素的纵向面板数据集，包括A2A计划、其他反对堕胎的政策和年度堕胎率。使用混合线性回归，我估计了有和没有程序的状态之间以及状态内随时间的关联。结果显示，A2A计划与各州之间的堕胎率显著正相关。关于其他堕胎反对政策（堕胎提供者的目标法规）的结果好坏参半，一些陷阱法律与显著的、积极的州内效应相关，而其他法律则与负相关或不显著相关。这些发现表明，像A2A计划这样的道德主义国家的努力可能会适得其反，而不是减少堕胎。从NCST的角度来看，这样的策略可能会强化狭隘的、道德化的生殖规范，潜在地增加对不规范怀孕的耻辱感，使堕胎更加引人注目。我讨论了A2A计划和堕胎率之间的正相关关系如何反映了社会环境对生育决策的影响，对堕胎污名化的影响，以及旨在影响堕胎率的政策的理论后果。

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引用次数: 0

Teacher bias by student SES or measurement error in ability? A cautionary tale for observational studies 教师偏见是学生的社会地位还是能力的测量误差？观察性研究的警世故事

IF 3.5 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2025-09-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103254

Carlos J. Gil-Hernández , Mar C. Espadafor

Teachers act as judges of academic merit, but unfair evaluations beyond students' true abilities may perpetuate inequality based on socioeconomic status (SES). This article investigates if student SES biases teacher grades and track recommendations, after accounting for measurement error (test scores) and omitted variables (noncognitive skills) in ability—a widespread issue that can lead to overestimating teacher bias in observational studies. Using the German NEPS panel across elementary education, we seek to identify student ability through various cognitive (standardised test scores) and noncognitive (effort) measures, along with an instrumental variable (IV) design. We also examine heterogeneity across the ability distribution to test whether teacher bias is most pronounced among low performers. First, after approximating latent student ability with the IV approach and adjusting for noncognitive skills, the residual effect of student SES drops by over 40 %. This reduction indicates that estimates of teacher bias are substantially inflated when relying solely on snapshot test scores. Second, despite this reduction, the effect size of student SES remains considerable at 6 % of a standard deviation for GPA and five percentage points for track recommendations. Third, residual SES effects are disproportionately seen among low-to-average-performing students, suggesting that high-SES parents use compensatory strategies to influence teacher assessments. We discuss the theoretical and methodological implications of our findings for estimating and interpreting teacher bias as a mechanism of educational reproduction in observational research.

教师是学业成绩的评价者，但超出学生真实能力的不公平评价可能会使基于社会经济地位（SES）的不平等永久化。在考虑了测量误差（考试分数）和能力中遗漏的变量（非认知技能）之后，本文调查了学生的SES是否会影响教师的评分和跟踪建议——这是一个普遍存在的问题，可能导致在观察性研究中高估教师的偏见。在基础教育中使用德国NEPS小组，我们试图通过各种认知（标准化考试成绩）和非认知（努力）措施以及工具变量（IV）设计来确定学生的能力。我们还考察了能力分布的异质性，以检验教师偏见是否在表现不佳的学生中最为明显。首先，在用IV方法近似学生潜在能力并对非认知技能进行调整后，学生SES的残余效应下降了40%以上。这种减少表明，当仅仅依赖于快照测试成绩时，对教师偏见的估计大大夸大了。其次，尽管有所减少，学生社会经济地位的影响仍然相当大，在GPA的标准差中占6%，在跟踪推荐中占5个百分点。第三，社会经济地位的残余影响在表现不佳的学生中不成比例地出现，这表明高社会经济地位的父母使用补偿策略来影响教师的评估。我们讨论了我们的研究结果对估计和解释教师偏见作为观察研究中教育复制机制的理论和方法意义。

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引用次数: 0

Mob mentality: Social norms affect the approval and perceived morality of unjustified police violence 暴民心理：社会规范影响警察不正当暴力行为的认同和道德感知

IF 3.5 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2025-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103253

Kevin Kryston

Research indicates that people's responses to violence—and the way media portrays said violence—are influenced by intuitive moral judgments shaped by social cues that define right and wrong. Leveraging affective disposition theory (ADT) and social norms research, this study explored how group messaging, specifically the communication of social norms, affects perceptions of moral behavior in the context of police violence. In a preregistered experiment, participants read a news article about a police officer who was punished for unjustified violence, followed by social comments either supporting or opposing the punishment. Exposure to comments that opposed the punishment led readers to view the officer's violent actions more favorably and boosted perceptions of the officer's morality. Findings highlight how social cues influence approval of violence and moral appraisals, and are discussed in terms of their implications for media processing theories, civic discourse, and attitude formation.

研究表明，人们对暴力的反应——以及媒体描绘暴力的方式——受到直觉道德判断的影响，这种道德判断是由定义对错的社会线索形成的。本研究利用情感倾向理论（ADT）和社会规范研究，探讨了群发信息，特别是社会规范的传播，如何影响警察暴力背景下的道德行为感知。在一项预先登记的实验中，参与者阅读了一篇关于一名警察因不正当暴力而受到惩罚的新闻文章，随后是支持或反对惩罚的社会评论。阅读反对惩罚的评论会让读者更积极地看待该警官的暴力行为，并提高对该警官道德的看法。研究结果强调了社会线索如何影响对暴力和道德评价的认可，并就其对媒体处理理论、公民话语和态度形成的影响进行了讨论。

引用次数: 0

Arbitrage equilibrium in scale- and venue-mediated socioeconomic segregation: A behavioral microeconomics framework 规模和场所中介的社会经济隔离中的套利均衡：行为微观经济学框架

IF 3.5 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2025-09-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103250

Venkat Venkatasubramanian , Jessica Shi , Leo Goldman , E.M. Arun Sankar , Abhishek Sivaram

Contrary to the widely believed hypothesis that larger, denser cities promote socioeconomic mixing, a recent study reports the opposite behavior, i.e. more segregation. We present a behavioral microeconomics framework that predicts such segregation in multiclass systems. In our framework, every agent tries to maximize its effective utility, a measure of its socioeconomic benefit–cost trade-offs, by making choices about where to live and socialize. Our effective utility model incorporates well-known behavioral elements, such as homophily, congestion costs, venue option benefit, competition costs, and exploration vs. exploitation strategies. We prove that a population of such socioeconomic agents will reach an arbitrage equilibrium under certain general conditions. We derive the mathematical conditions that lead to social segregation. Our theory presents a micro-to-macro mathematical framework that connects individual preferences to neighborhood-level outcomes.

Our key insight is that socioeconomic segregation mechanisms operate differently at different population densities. In low-density environments, agents accept more socioeconomic diversity due to reduced homophily benefits. In high-density environments, the abundance of people and choices enables finer-grained sorting by socioeconomic traits. Furthermore, the arbitrage equilibrium outcome implies the equality of effective utilities among all agents. This intriguing result could be interpreted as all agents being equally “happy” in their respective environments, despite segregation, in our ideal society. This captures the essence of Rawlsian distributive justice and fairness. Our theory contributes towards a deeper philosophical and mathematical understanding of socioeconomic dynamics and behavior as we strive to create more harmonious societies.

与人们普遍认为的更大、更密集的城市促进社会经济混合的假设相反，最近的一项研究报告了相反的行为，即更多的隔离。我们提出了一个行为微观经济学框架来预测多阶级系统中的这种隔离。在我们的框架中，每个主体都试图通过选择在哪里生活和社交来最大化其有效效用，这是衡量其社会经济效益-成本权衡的指标。本实用新型结合了众所周知的行为要素，如同质性、拥堵成本、场地选择效益、竞争成本以及探索与开发策略。我们证明了在一定的一般条件下，这样的社会经济主体群体将达到套利均衡。我们推导出导致社会隔离的数学条件。我们的理论提出了一个微观到宏观的数学框架，将个人偏好与社区水平的结果联系起来。我们的关键观点是，社会经济隔离机制在不同的人口密度下运作不同。在低密度环境中，由于同质性利益的减少，代理人接受更多的社会经济多样性。在高密度的环境中，丰富的人口和选择可以根据社会经济特征进行更细粒度的分类。此外，套利均衡结果意味着所有主体的有效效用相等。这个有趣的结果可以解释为，在我们理想的社会中，尽管存在种族隔离，但所有参与者在各自的环境中都同样“快乐”。这抓住了罗尔斯分配正义和公平的本质。我们的理论有助于在我们努力创造更和谐社会的同时，对社会经济动态和行为有更深层次的哲学和数学理解。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “The uneven effects of gender parity: Trends in gender homophily in scientific publications, 1980–2019” [Soc. Sci. Res. (2025) Volume 132/103228] 《性别平等的不平衡影响：1980-2019年科学出版物中性别同一性的趋势》的勘误表。科学。Res.（2025）卷132/103228]

IF 3.5 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2025-09-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103249

Margarita Torre , Jesús A. Prieto-Alonso , Iñaki Ucar

引用次数: 0

Effects of local labor market conditions at birth on later life health and health behaviors 出生时当地劳动力市场条件对以后生活健康和健康行为的影响

IF 3.5 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2025-09-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103252

Nicardo McInnis , Timothy Waidmann

Context

Social and economic conditions during childhood are linked with various outcomes in adulthood. Research shows that economic and health disparities arise early in life and get larger over time. However, little is known about the link between early life economic conditions and health during prime working ages.

Methods

We examine the long-term effects of local labor market conditions from birth to age 5 on health and risky health behaviors at prime working ages. We measure health outcomes using binary indicators of very good or excellent general health, the presence of physical limitations, and obesity. We measure risky behaviors through smoking status and alcohol consumption, including excessive drinking. We construct two versions of the Bartik instrument using data from the County Business Pattern and the Census to measure economic conditions during early childhood and link the Bartik indices to data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. We then use multivariate ordinary least squares regression to estimate the association between labor market conditions in childhood and outcomes in adulthood.

Findings

We find that better economic conditions in early childhood improve health in adulthood and reduce risky health behaviors. We also find important differences by parental education as well as by individuals’ race and gender. Additionally, we examine several potential pathways through which economic conditions might affect health and find evidence of increased paternal income and labor supply as well as higher individual educational attainment and earnings.

Conclusions

Our findings highlight the importance of early childhood economic environments for long-term health and development. They point to the value of policies that support families with children during periods of economic hardship. This includes programs like Unemployment Insurance, which directly address labor market disruptions, as well as income support policies such as the Earned Income Tax Credit and the Child Tax Credit, which can buffer the effects of reduced household resources. By mitigating the long-term consequences of adverse early-life conditions, such policies may improve not only health outcomes but also broader adult wellbeing.

童年时期的社会和经济条件与成年后的各种结果有关。研究表明，经济和健康方面的差距在生命早期就出现了，随着时间的推移会越来越大。然而，人们对早期生活经济状况与黄金工作年龄期间的健康之间的联系知之甚少。方法研究出生至5岁期间当地劳动力市场状况对黄金工作年龄健康和危险健康行为的长期影响。我们使用总体健康状况非常好或非常好、存在身体限制和肥胖的二元指标来衡量健康结果。我们通过吸烟状况和饮酒（包括过度饮酒）来衡量危险行为。我们使用来自县商业模式和人口普查的数据构建了两个版本的Bartik工具来衡量幼儿时期的经济状况，并将Bartik指数与收入动态小组研究的数据联系起来。然后，我们使用多元普通最小二乘回归来估计儿童时期劳动力市场状况与成年期结果之间的关联。研究发现：儿童早期较好的经济条件可以改善成年后的健康状况，减少危险的健康行为。我们还发现，父母的教育程度以及个人的种族和性别也存在重要差异。此外，我们研究了经济条件可能影响健康的几种潜在途径，并发现了父亲收入和劳动力供应增加以及个人教育程度和收入提高的证据。结论研究结果强调了儿童早期经济环境对长期健康和发展的重要性。他们指出，在经济困难时期支持有孩子的家庭的政策是有价值的。这包括直接解决劳动力市场混乱的失业保险等项目，以及收入支持政策，如劳动所得税抵免和儿童税收抵免，这些政策可以缓冲家庭资源减少的影响。通过减轻不利的早期生活条件的长期后果，这些政策不仅可以改善健康结果，还可以改善更广泛的成人福祉。

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引用次数: 0