Social Science Research最新文献

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Still the Father's Name? Normative Change and Continuity in Children's Surnames 还是父的名吗？儿童姓氏的规范变化和连续性

IF 3.5 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2026.103312

Florencia Torche , Tessa Holtzman , Tyler W. McDaniel

Despite widespread shifts toward gender egalitarianism in the United States over recent decades, the practice of giving children of different-sex parents their father's surname remains widespread. We investigate whether and how the patrilineal naming norm has changed, drawing on more than two million birth records from New Jersey between 2000 and 2021. We document a decline in the prevalence of patrilineal surnames—from 87 % to 80 %—and pronounced heterogeneity by parental nativity, union status, education, race/ethnicity, and the child's sex. The decline is especially pronounced among foreign-born and Hispanic parents, cohabiting couples, and parents with lower levels of education. By contrast, naming practices among U.S.-born parents remain remarkably stable, with patrilineal surnames consistently accounting for over 95 % of surnames, highlighting the persistence of gendered family scripts despite broader social change. Decomposition analysis reveals that most of the decline reflects changes in behavioral norms within specific subgroups, rather than shifts in population composition—most notably, the growing tendency among foreign-born Hispanic parents to retain the combined-surname tradition conventional in their countries of origin rather than adopt the single patrilineal convention prevalent in the United States. Taken together, these findings suggest that while the patrilineal surname norm remains dominant, it is beginning to erode in particular segments of the population, shaped by diverging family structures and cultural preferences.

尽管近几十年来，美国普遍向性别平等主义转变，但让不同性别父母的孩子随父姓的做法仍然很普遍。我们调查了父系命名规范是否发生了变化，以及如何发生变化，利用了2000年至2021年间新泽西州的200多万份出生记录。我们记录了父系姓氏的流行率从87%下降到80%，并且父母出生、婚姻状况、教育、种族/民族和孩子性别的显著异质性。这种下降在外国出生的父母、西班牙裔父母、同居夫妇和受教育程度较低的父母中尤为明显。相比之下，在美国出生的父母中，命名习惯保持着相当的稳定，父系姓氏一直占姓氏的95%以上，这突显出尽管社会发生了更广泛的变化，但性别化的家庭脚本仍然存在。分解分析显示，大部分的下降反映了特定亚群体内行为规范的变化，而不是人口构成的变化——最值得注意的是，在外国出生的西班牙裔父母中，越来越多的人倾向于保留原籍国传统的组合姓氏，而不是采用美国流行的单一父系传统。综上所述，这些发现表明，虽然父系姓氏规范仍然占主导地位，但在家庭结构和文化偏好分化的影响下，它在特定人群中开始受到侵蚀。

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引用次数: 0

State-level gender inequality and couples’ relative earnings following parenthood over four decades 40多年来，州级性别不平等和夫妻生育后的相对收入

IF 3.5 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103302

Kelly Musick , Wonjeong Jeong

We draw from gender perspectives on the division of labor and emerging research on structural sexism to empirically evaluate how systemic gender inequality shapes within-couple earnings inequality at the turning point of parenthood. Our data on pre- and post-birth earnings come from successive couple-level panels of the Current Population Survey over four decades (1982–2020, N = 87,694 couples and 175,388 couple-observations), merged to state-level indicators of gender inequality spanning the same time period that tap the devaluation of work done by women across multiple domains. Results from fixed effect models suggest that state-level gender inequality shapes couples' responses to parenthood in meaningful ways, with steeper declines in wives' relative earnings among new parents living in states that place lower value on women's work. The estimated effect of sexism is gendered, operating through wives' earnings. It persists through the early childbearing years and across decades, and it varies little by measures of couples' social advantage. Evidence that structural sexism exacerbates earnings inequality among parents is robust, with implications for mothers' economic vulnerability and well-being.

我们从劳动分工的性别视角和结构性性别歧视的新兴研究中汲取经验，评估在为人父母的转折点上，系统性性别不平等如何塑造夫妻之间的收入不平等。我们的产前和产后收入数据来自当前人口调查40年来（1982-2020年，N = 87,694对夫妇和175,388对夫妇的观察）的连续夫妻层面面板，合并到同一时期的州一级性别不平等指标，这些指标利用了多个领域女性所做工作的贬值。固定效应模型的结果表明，州一级的性别不平等以一种有意义的方式塑造了夫妻对为人父母的反应，在那些不太重视女性工作的州，新父母的妻子的相对收入下降幅度更大。据估计，性别歧视的影响是性别化的，通过妻子的收入发挥作用。这种情况会持续到生育早期甚至几十年，而且随着夫妻社会优势的不同，这种情况几乎没有变化。有充分证据表明，结构性性别歧视加剧了父母之间的收入不平等，这对母亲的经济脆弱性和幸福感产生了影响。

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引用次数: 0

Elementary school discipline lowers students’ sense of belonging 小学纪律降低了学生的归属感

IF 3.5 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103296

Ha Eun Kim , Amy Gong Liu , Miles Davison , Sharon Z. Bi , Andrew M. Penner

This study examines the relationship between student discipline receipt and students' perceptions of school among elementary school students in a large urban school district. Using a quasi-experimental regression discontinuity in time design leveraging the timing of disciplinary incidents around a districtwide climate survey, we estimate the short-term impact of school discipline on student-reported sense of belonging at school. We show that students who were disciplined before they took a school climate survey reported a sense of belonging at school that was more than half a standard deviation lower than students who were disciplined after they took the survey. By contrast, there were no significant differences in students' knowledge and perception of rules. Our results suggest that even one instance of disciplinary action can erode young students’ sense of belonging in school, underscoring the developmental stakes of early disciplinary experiences and highlighting the need for improving elementary school discipline practices.

摘要本研究以市区某大型学区为研究对象，探讨小学生纪律接受与学校观念的关系。利用时间设计中的准实验回归不连续，利用围绕地区气候调查的纪律事件的时间，我们估计了学校纪律对学生报告的学校归属感的短期影响。我们发现，在参加学校气候调查之前受到纪律处分的学生报告说，他们在学校的归属感比参加调查后受到纪律处分的学生低一半以上的标准差。相比之下，学生对规则的认知和感知没有显著差异。我们的研究结果表明，即使是一次纪律处分也会削弱年轻学生在学校的归属感，这强调了早期纪律处分经历的发展利害关系，并强调了改善小学纪律实践的必要性。

引用次数: 0

The structural fit of personal gender beliefs: A cross-national analysis of its implications for life satisfaction 个人性别信念的结构契合：对生活满意度影响的跨国分析

IF 3.5 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2026.103308

Francisco Olivos , Yuning Sun , Lok-Sang Ho

Gender is essential for understanding the causes and consequences of life satisfaction in our societies. Although there is growing interest in the cultural analysis of the relationship between gender beliefs and subjective well-being (SWB), previous studies have not examined how this relationship depends on the predominant gender norms and gender equality at the country level. This study aims to explore the implications of the fit between (1) personal gender beliefs and public gender norms, and (2) personal gender beliefs and societal gender equality for life satisfaction. Utilizing data from the joint EVS/WVS 2017–2022, the results indicate that a structural fit in both cultural and objective aspects of the social structure is related to levels of life satisfaction. These findings provide significant empirical and theoretical contributions, offering substantive implications for the literature on gender, cultural sociology, and subjective well-being.

在我们的社会中，性别对于理解生活满意度的原因和后果至关重要。虽然人们对性别信仰与主观幸福感之间关系的文化分析越来越感兴趣，但以前的研究并没有研究这种关系如何取决于国家一级的主要性别规范和性别平等。本研究旨在探讨(1)个人性别信仰与社会性别规范的契合度，以及(2)个人性别信仰与社会性别平等对生活满意度的影响。利用联合EVS/WVS 2017-2022的数据，结果表明，社会结构的文化和客观方面的结构契合与生活满意度水平有关。这些发现提供了重要的实证和理论贡献，为性别、文化社会学和主观幸福感的研究提供了实质性的启示。

引用次数: 0

Educational attainment, gender, and the change in access to schedule flexibility in Europe and the United States 教育程度，性别，以及在欧洲和美国获得弹性工作时间的变化

IF 3.5 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2026.103309

Eunjeong Paek

In this study, I examine whether workers’ access to employee-driven schedule flexibility increased from 1997 to 2015 and how trends in access vary across 11 European countries and the United States. Building on studies of stratification and gender, I decompose trends in schedule flexibility into compositional and coefficient changes associated with educational attainment and gender. Findings show that the cross-national disparity in access to schedule flexibility increased from 1997 to 2015 because access to schedule flexibility grew most in countries already reporting higher access in 1997. The increase in the share of highly educated male workers is a key source of the growth of access to schedule flexibility in Denmark, Norway, Germany, and Sweden. This study helps us understand various trends in schedule flexibility and the implications of changing labor force composition for the uneven diffusion of family-friendly workplace practices.

在这项研究中，我考察了从1997年到2015年，员工对员工驱动的工作时间灵活性的利用是否有所增加，以及在11个欧洲国家和美国，这种利用的趋势是如何不同的。在分层和性别研究的基础上，我将时间表灵活性的趋势分解为与教育程度和性别相关的成分和系数变化。调查结果表明，从1997年到2015年，获得时间表灵活性的跨国差异有所增加，因为获得时间表灵活性的国家在1997年已经报告了更高的可及性。在丹麦、挪威、德国和瑞典，受过高等教育的男性工人所占比例的增加是获得弹性工作时间的主要来源。这项研究有助于我们了解工作时间灵活性的各种趋势，以及改变劳动力构成对家庭友好型工作场所实践不均匀扩散的影响。

引用次数: 0

Is my manager feeling threatened by me? Racial differences in content and activation of threat metastereotypes 我的经理觉得被我威胁了吗？威胁元刻板印象的内容和激活的种族差异

IF 3.5 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103306

Jennifer L. Nelson , Rachel Elizabeth Fish

Metastereotypes—an individual's or group's projection of what members of outgroups think about that individual or group (e.g., “I think they think I'm ignorant”)—are an important factor in intergroup interactions, particularly interracial interactions. Metastereotype content varies by race of the perceiver, yet research has not yet explained the mechanisms of this variation, nor has research determined how context might shape metastereotype activation. We examine these questions of mechanisms and contextual activation in the case of manager-employee interactions, as managers are especially important in advancing workplace diversity and inclusion. Our original vignette experiment explores how White and Black teachers interpret a potentially racially biased action by a school principal, and how the workplace racial composition and principal's race moderate teachers' perceptions of the scenario. We find that differing awareness of other groups' perspectives, akin to Du Bois' double-consciousness, helps explain diverging metastereotype content between White and Black teacher respondents. Further, we find that workplace racial composition and the principal's race independently and additively activated Black teachers' threat-based metastereotypes. White teachers' threat-based metastereotypes, in contrast, were not influenced by contextual factors. Our findings extend metastereotype theory by addressing predictors of metastereotype content and activation and showing that these operate asymmetrically across dominant and dominated racial groups. We conclude by considering practical contributions of our findings in terms of the need for more contextually informed managerial approaches to diversity and inclusion in the workplace.

元刻板印象——个体或群体对外群体成员对其个人或群体的看法的投射（例如，“我认为他们认为我很无知”）——是群体间互动，尤其是种族间互动中的一个重要因素。元刻板印象的内容因感知者的种族而异，但研究尚未解释这种变化的机制，也没有研究确定情境如何塑造元刻板印象的激活。我们在管理者与员工互动的情况下研究这些机制和情境激活的问题，因为管理者在促进工作场所的多样性和包容性方面尤为重要。我们最初的小插图实验探讨了白人和黑人教师如何解释学校校长潜在的种族偏见行为，以及工作场所的种族构成和校长的种族如何缓和教师对这种情况的看法。我们发现，对其他群体观点的不同认识，类似于杜波依斯的双重意识，有助于解释白人和黑人教师受访者之间不同的元刻板印象内容。此外，我们发现工作场所的种族构成和校长的种族独立且加性地激活了黑人教师基于威胁的元刻板印象。相比之下，白人教师基于威胁的元刻板印象不受情境因素的影响。我们的研究结果扩展了元刻板印象理论，解决了元刻板印象内容和激活的预测因素，并表明这些因素在占主导地位和占主导地位的种族群体中是不对称的。最后，我们考虑了我们的研究结果的实际贡献，即需要更多的背景信息管理方法来实现工作场所的多样性和包容性。

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引用次数: 0

Bridging capital: The income growth rate of Canadian trained immigrant and non-immigrant male and female apprentices 桥接资本：加拿大受训移民和非移民男女学徒的收入增长率

IF 3.5 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103304

Taylor Paul , Hyeongsuk Jin , Michael Haan

How does the income growth rate of recent immigrant journeypersons compare to their non-immigrant counterparts, and what sociodemographic characteristics help explain this disparity? Drawing on newly available administrative data from Statistics Canada, this article estimates the income growth rate among immigrant and non-immigrant male and female journeypersons who completed apprenticeship training in Canada. The findings show that the income growth rate for immigrant men and women is significantly lower than that of non-immigrant men and women. Once individual and geographic characteristics are accounted for, there is no significant difference. After estimating Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition models, we show that the type of trade studied is the most important difference between immigrant and non-immigrant apprentices. The findings suggest that immigrants enter apprenticeship training to reskill by obtaining post-migration human and social capital but may subsequently enter less lucrative career paths than their native-born counterparts due to a lack of bridging capital that allows access to professional networks in more lucrative skilled trades.

与非移民相比，新移民的收入增长率如何？哪些社会人口特征有助于解释这种差异？根据加拿大统计局最新提供的行政数据，本文估计了在加拿大完成学徒培训的移民和非移民男性和女性熟练工人的收入增长率。研究结果表明，移民男性和女性的收入增长率明显低于非移民男性和女性。一旦考虑到个体和地理特征，就没有显著差异。在估计了Oaxaca-Blinder分解模型后，我们发现移民和非移民学徒之间最重要的差异是所研究的行业类型。研究结果表明，移民通过获得移民后的人力和社会资本，进入学徒培训以重新掌握技能，但由于缺乏桥梁资本，无法进入利润更丰厚的技术行业的专业网络，因此，与本地出生的同行相比，他们可能随后进入利润更低的职业道路。

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引用次数: 0

Regrets, she's had a few: Gender and regret of computer science and engineering degrees 她有过一些遗憾：性别和对计算机科学与工程学位的遗憾

IF 3.5 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103298

Tom VanHeuvelen , Natasha Quadlin , Jordyn Wald

In this article, we introduce a novel social fact that will be highly relevant for studies of gender inequality: women in computer science and, to a lesser extent, engineering fields report distinctly high levels of regret of their field of study compared to otherwise similar men. We develop expectations regarding gendered patterns of regret and examine them using nine waves of the Federal Reserve's Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking (SHED) between 2015 and 2023. Using regression decomposition techniques, we demonstrate that observed economic, occupation, industry, and sociodemographic characteristics fare poorly in explaining the high regret of women in these fields. In fact, these fields are defined by a uniquely large unexplained amount of regret among women. Our findings raise alarm for those who wish to open access to these critical CS/Engineering fields for women: such endeavors will likely fail unless deep cultural work is done to change the regret that many women feel after successfully entering these fields.

在本文中，我们介绍了一个与性别不平等研究高度相关的新的社会事实：与其他领域相似的男性相比，计算机科学和工程领域的女性（在较小程度上）对其研究领域的后悔程度明显较高。我们对后悔的性别模式做出了预期，并利用2015年至2023年间美联储家庭经济与决策调查（SHED）的九波数据对其进行了检验。使用回归分解技术，我们证明观察到的经济、职业、行业和社会人口特征在解释女性在这些领域的高遗憾方面表现不佳。事实上，这些领域是由女性中大量无法解释的后悔所定义的。我们的研究结果给那些希望为女性开放这些关键的计算机科学/工程领域的人敲响了警钟：除非进行深入的文化工作，改变许多女性在成功进入这些领域后的遗憾，否则这些努力很可能会失败。

引用次数: 0

Electoral consequences of hate speech on social media: The case of the presidential election in Brazil 社交媒体上仇恨言论对选举的影响：以巴西总统选举为例

IF 3.5 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2025-12-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103299

Alexandre Gori Maia , Esther Menezes

Increasing hate speech on social media is believed to heighten political polarization and undermine the democratic process. We investigate how hate speech on Twitter (now X) may have affected the 2022 Brazilian presidential election results. Our findings suggest that, in localities with a prevalence of younger voters, hate speech tended to favor the targeted candidate and harm the opposing candidate. We attribute this result to younger voters being more exposed to hate content and willing to change their political choices in support of the victim. However, the effects are limited and there is no consistent evidence of a general influence on the vote share of each candidate or on overall electoral competitiveness.

社交媒体上越来越多的仇恨言论被认为加剧了政治两极分化，破坏了民主进程。我们调查了Twitter（现在是X）上的仇恨言论如何影响2022年巴西总统选举结果。我们的研究结果表明，在年轻选民普遍存在的地方，仇恨言论往往有利于目标候选人，损害对方候选人。我们将这一结果归因于年轻选民更容易接触到仇恨内容，并且愿意改变自己的政治选择来支持受害者。然而，这些影响是有限的，没有一致的证据表明对每位候选人的选票份额或对整体选举竞争力产生了普遍影响。

引用次数: 0

The effect of parenthood on weekly physical activity in four OECD countries – A longitudinal analysis 四个经合组织国家中父母身份对每周体育活动的影响——一项纵向分析

IF 3.5 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Science Research

Pub Date : 2025-12-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103305

Philipp Linden , Nadine Reibling , Michael Kühhirt

This study investigates how parenthood affects weekly physical activity and explores how this effect varies by age of the child, parents’ gender, education, and the country context.

A substantial body of literature reports parenthood to decline weekly physical activity, though with considerable variation across studies. Although sociological scholarships have long emphasized the diversity of parenthood, few studies have specifically examined the dynamic nature and heterogeneity of its impact on physical activity. This study advances existing knowledge by addressing these gaps, comparing the effect of parenthood over time and across different social and national contexts. In addition, data and methodological limitations are addressed by analyzing parenthood from three years before to ten and more years after birth and by using difference-in-difference estimation.

The study harmonized household data for four countries (Australia, Germany, Switzerland, and the United States) from 2001 to 2019. Country-specific longitudinal group trend regression models were used to account for unobserved heterogeneity between parents and childless adults.

Entering parenthood significantly decreases the likelihood of weekly physical activity, especially among women. The effect declines as the child grows up but persists in all countries for several years. However, the size and duration of the effect vary by country, gender, and educational attainment.

Interventions to promote regular physical activity among parents need to consider the heterogeneity of parenthood including the age of the child, parental gender, and socioeconomic status, as well as the broader country context. More comparative panel studies are needed to better understand the effects of cultural and institutional differences.

这项研究调查了父母身份如何影响每周的体育锻炼，并探讨了这种影响如何随着孩子的年龄、父母的性别、教育程度和国家背景而变化。大量文献报告称，为人父母会减少每周的体育锻炼，尽管在不同的研究中存在很大差异。虽然社会学奖学金长期以来一直强调父母身份的多样性，但很少有研究专门考察其对身体活动影响的动态性质和异质性。本研究通过解决这些差距，比较父母在不同时间和不同社会和国家背景下的影响，推进了现有的知识。此外，通过分析从出生前3年到出生后10年以上的父母关系，并采用差中差估计，解决了数据和方法上的局限性。该研究统一了2001年至2019年四个国家（澳大利亚、德国、瑞士和美国）的家庭数据。国家特定的纵向群体趋势回归模型用于解释父母和无子女成年人之间未观察到的异质性。为人父母大大降低了每周体育锻炼的可能性，尤其是女性。这种影响随着孩子的成长而减弱，但在所有国家都会持续数年。然而，影响的大小和持续时间因国家、性别和教育程度而异。促进父母定期身体活动的干预措施需要考虑父母身份的异质性，包括儿童的年龄、父母的性别和社会经济地位，以及更广泛的国家背景。需要更多的比较小组研究来更好地理解文化和制度差异的影响。

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