Pub Date : 2023-09-09DOI: 10.1177/08912432231195075
Kasimir Dederichs, Nan Dirk de Graaf
The pervasive persistence of gender segregation has been documented in a myriad of social settings, implying that women and men primarily encounter peers of their own gender in daily life. While voluntary associations are often praised for their ability to bridge other social divides, previous research indicates substantive gender disparities in voluntary involvement. Yet we still know relatively little about the extent and origins of gender segregation in civic life. In this article, we study gender homophily in voluntary involvement and examine how structural features of friendship networks and traditional gender norms bring about gender segregation. Employing data from a German panel study (SC6-NEPS), we analyze cross-sectional patterns of gender segregation and run multinomial and binary logistic regressions to model joining and quitting transitions. Our results indicate substantive gender segregation across and within types of voluntary associations. The overall gender segregation is driven by homophilous transitions into associational contexts, not by selective quitting decisions. Gender-segregated friendship networks partially explain the tendency to join organizations dominated by one’s own gender. Traditional gender norms are associated with more homophilous joining transitions among men, but not among women. Overall, these findings imply that civic life perpetuates the structural significance of gender.
{"title":"Gender Segregation in Civic Life: Women’s and Men’s Involvement in Voluntary Associations","authors":"Kasimir Dederichs, Nan Dirk de Graaf","doi":"10.1177/08912432231195075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08912432231195075","url":null,"abstract":"The pervasive persistence of gender segregation has been documented in a myriad of social settings, implying that women and men primarily encounter peers of their own gender in daily life. While voluntary associations are often praised for their ability to bridge other social divides, previous research indicates substantive gender disparities in voluntary involvement. Yet we still know relatively little about the extent and origins of gender segregation in civic life. In this article, we study gender homophily in voluntary involvement and examine how structural features of friendship networks and traditional gender norms bring about gender segregation. Employing data from a German panel study (SC6-NEPS), we analyze cross-sectional patterns of gender segregation and run multinomial and binary logistic regressions to model joining and quitting transitions. Our results indicate substantive gender segregation across and within types of voluntary associations. The overall gender segregation is driven by homophilous transitions into associational contexts, not by selective quitting decisions. Gender-segregated friendship networks partially explain the tendency to join organizations dominated by one’s own gender. Traditional gender norms are associated with more homophilous joining transitions among men, but not among women. Overall, these findings imply that civic life perpetuates the structural significance of gender.","PeriodicalId":48351,"journal":{"name":"Gender & Society","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136192024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.1177/08912432231177257
P. Wright
traditional training or even access to Arabic. Elevating English as a sacred language opened interpretive possibilities to lay people, including both women and non-Arabic speakers. Rather than seeking to prove they were just as competent at interpreting the Quran as men, the WMA’s speakers argued that their embodied and experiential knowledge as women made them more competent interpreters of sacred text (Chapter 3). Similarly, social justice was both a valid interpretive framework and a source of legitimation for individual members of the community who had worked as activists (Chapter 4). Friday lectures at the WMA thus constructed American Islam as a womanist, social justice-oriented religion whose roots were in Black struggle. The WMA is open to Muslims of all sects as well as to non-Muslims. But as Ali shows in Chapter 5, attempting intrafaith reform and interfaith solidarity is politically complicated in the context of Islamophobia. On the one hand, rising hate crimes against Muslims meant the need for interfaith work was high. On the other hand, inviting non-Muslims into the WMA subjected the space to the often critical and patronizing gaze of liberal feminism. Ali’s careful, nuanced analysis makes this a worthy read for anyone interested in the question of gender and authority in American religion.
{"title":"Book Review: Reproductive Rights as Human Rights: Women of Color and the Fight for Reproductive Justice by Zakiya Luna","authors":"P. Wright","doi":"10.1177/08912432231177257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08912432231177257","url":null,"abstract":"traditional training or even access to Arabic. Elevating English as a sacred language opened interpretive possibilities to lay people, including both women and non-Arabic speakers. Rather than seeking to prove they were just as competent at interpreting the Quran as men, the WMA’s speakers argued that their embodied and experiential knowledge as women made them more competent interpreters of sacred text (Chapter 3). Similarly, social justice was both a valid interpretive framework and a source of legitimation for individual members of the community who had worked as activists (Chapter 4). Friday lectures at the WMA thus constructed American Islam as a womanist, social justice-oriented religion whose roots were in Black struggle. The WMA is open to Muslims of all sects as well as to non-Muslims. But as Ali shows in Chapter 5, attempting intrafaith reform and interfaith solidarity is politically complicated in the context of Islamophobia. On the one hand, rising hate crimes against Muslims meant the need for interfaith work was high. On the other hand, inviting non-Muslims into the WMA subjected the space to the often critical and patronizing gaze of liberal feminism. Ali’s careful, nuanced analysis makes this a worthy read for anyone interested in the question of gender and authority in American religion.","PeriodicalId":48351,"journal":{"name":"Gender & Society","volume":"37 1","pages":"658 - 660"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48529120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-28DOI: 10.1177/08912432231185876
Tamar Shirinian
In 2018, residents of the Vayots Dzor region in southern Armenia began occupying the entrance to a gold mine owned by Lydian International, at Amulsar mountain, to halt operation. At the forefront of this struggle were not only local men, but also many women who identified themselves as feminists from the capital city of Yerevan. Although feminism is marginalized as a political praxis and discourse in the country—including within leftist and progressive circles—feminists are on the front lines of various larger political struggles. Through ethnographic research within feminist and environmental struggles in Armenia—in which I was situated as a researcher, friend, and comrade—I found that feminists instructed those within and outside of larger political struggles on the importance of gendered understandings of social, political, and economic relations toward their transformation. This pedagogical work was necessary for their ability to do political work as women within these larger movements. I draw on Paulo Freire’s work on pedagogy to discuss feminist forms of pedagogy as praxis. I call these dialogical pedagogy, political pedagogy of the self, and reproductive pedagogy, and argue that each offers possibilities of feminist praxis within and beyond environmental struggles in a context of feminism’s marginalization.
{"title":"Feminist Pedagogies on the Front Lines: Struggling Against a Mine, Struggling Against Patriarchy","authors":"Tamar Shirinian","doi":"10.1177/08912432231185876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08912432231185876","url":null,"abstract":"In 2018, residents of the Vayots Dzor region in southern Armenia began occupying the entrance to a gold mine owned by Lydian International, at Amulsar mountain, to halt operation. At the forefront of this struggle were not only local men, but also many women who identified themselves as feminists from the capital city of Yerevan. Although feminism is marginalized as a political praxis and discourse in the country—including within leftist and progressive circles—feminists are on the front lines of various larger political struggles. Through ethnographic research within feminist and environmental struggles in Armenia—in which I was situated as a researcher, friend, and comrade—I found that feminists instructed those within and outside of larger political struggles on the importance of gendered understandings of social, political, and economic relations toward their transformation. This pedagogical work was necessary for their ability to do political work as women within these larger movements. I draw on Paulo Freire’s work on pedagogy to discuss feminist forms of pedagogy as praxis. I call these dialogical pedagogy, political pedagogy of the self, and reproductive pedagogy, and argue that each offers possibilities of feminist praxis within and beyond environmental struggles in a context of feminism’s marginalization.","PeriodicalId":48351,"journal":{"name":"Gender & Society","volume":"37 1","pages":"727 - 749"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44112307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-27DOI: 10.1177/08912432231187431
Rene Almeling
Emily Martin’s landmark article— “The Egg and the Sperm” —demonstrated that cultural beliefs about masculinity and femininity led scientists to construct a “fairy tale” romance between active sperm and passive eggs, a biological metaphor that influenced the process of research in scientific labs and descriptions of fertilization in textbooks. In the decades since, there have been significant shifts in cultural beliefs about sex, gender, and sexuality, including challenges to the conceptualization of sex as a binary category, growing social acceptance of a wide variety of gender identities and sexualities, and an increasing proportion of people who subscribe to gender-egalitarian views. While Martin’s focus was on the scientists producing knowledge, here I pivot to individuals recruited from the general public in a northeastern American city, using a sociology of culture approach to ask whether shifting beliefs about gender and sexuality are associated with different biological metaphors about fertilization. Through qualitative interviews (N = 47), I find that the traditional metaphor of active sperm penetrating passive egg is still commonly used, but that another metaphor is also circulating, one that positions gametes as more similar than different, as two halves of a whole. I conclude by discussing the implications for debates about the relationship between biological stories and social beliefs.
{"title":"What Biological Stories are Americans Telling About the Egg and the Sperm? A Study Inspired by Emily Martin 30 Years Later","authors":"Rene Almeling","doi":"10.1177/08912432231187431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08912432231187431","url":null,"abstract":"Emily Martin’s landmark article— “The Egg and the Sperm” —demonstrated that cultural beliefs about masculinity and femininity led scientists to construct a “fairy tale” romance between active sperm and passive eggs, a biological metaphor that influenced the process of research in scientific labs and descriptions of fertilization in textbooks. In the decades since, there have been significant shifts in cultural beliefs about sex, gender, and sexuality, including challenges to the conceptualization of sex as a binary category, growing social acceptance of a wide variety of gender identities and sexualities, and an increasing proportion of people who subscribe to gender-egalitarian views. While Martin’s focus was on the scientists producing knowledge, here I pivot to individuals recruited from the general public in a northeastern American city, using a sociology of culture approach to ask whether shifting beliefs about gender and sexuality are associated with different biological metaphors about fertilization. Through qualitative interviews (N = 47), I find that the traditional metaphor of active sperm penetrating passive egg is still commonly used, but that another metaphor is also circulating, one that positions gametes as more similar than different, as two halves of a whole. I conclude by discussing the implications for debates about the relationship between biological stories and social beliefs.","PeriodicalId":48351,"journal":{"name":"Gender & Society","volume":"37 1","pages":"750 - 773"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47458450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-21DOI: 10.1177/08912432231186765
L. Owens
{"title":"Book Review: Weighing the Future: Race, Science, and Pregnancy Trials in the Postgenomic Era by Natali Valdez","authors":"L. Owens","doi":"10.1177/08912432231186765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08912432231186765","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48351,"journal":{"name":"Gender & Society","volume":"37 1","pages":"818 - 819"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41881945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-17DOI: 10.1177/08912432231186999
Terrell J. A. Winder
This article uses ethnographic data and interviews with young Black gay cisgender men to illustrate how masculinity is interactionally created and policed within gay communities. Here, I specifically highlight the ways Black masculinity is constructed against Latino and white men’s masculinity, discursively situating this masculinity within a racial hierarchy celebrating hypermasculinity among Black men. Black masculinity is further policed within Black gay communities through what I term sexual positioning discourse. Through the use of sexual positions within gay relationships (e.g., “top,” “bottom,” “versatile”), peers shame the act of bottoming to interactionally shore up their own masculinity through a ritualistic emasculation of other men, which simultaneously denigrates the social position of women and femininity. Building on prior empirical and theoretical work examining the use of homophobic discourse among straight men as playing a critical role in their constructions of masculinity, I show similarities and differences through an examination of gender and sexual discourse mobilized within gay communities and by Black gay cis men. Sexual positioning discourse is integral to masculinity boundary work among gay men, yet when employed by heterosexual men, this discourse calls their sexuality into question. Specifically, when Black gay men mobilize sexual positioning discourse, it serves to assert their claims to Black masculinity relative to one another; whereas when straight men use the same discourse it serves to cast doubt on their claims to “straight” sexual identities.
{"title":"The Discursive Work of “Bottom-Shaming”: Sexual Positioning Discourse in the Construction of Black Masculinity","authors":"Terrell J. A. Winder","doi":"10.1177/08912432231186999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08912432231186999","url":null,"abstract":"This article uses ethnographic data and interviews with young Black gay cisgender men to illustrate how masculinity is interactionally created and policed within gay communities. Here, I specifically highlight the ways Black masculinity is constructed against Latino and white men’s masculinity, discursively situating this masculinity within a racial hierarchy celebrating hypermasculinity among Black men. Black masculinity is further policed within Black gay communities through what I term sexual positioning discourse. Through the use of sexual positions within gay relationships (e.g., “top,” “bottom,” “versatile”), peers shame the act of bottoming to interactionally shore up their own masculinity through a ritualistic emasculation of other men, which simultaneously denigrates the social position of women and femininity. Building on prior empirical and theoretical work examining the use of homophobic discourse among straight men as playing a critical role in their constructions of masculinity, I show similarities and differences through an examination of gender and sexual discourse mobilized within gay communities and by Black gay cis men. Sexual positioning discourse is integral to masculinity boundary work among gay men, yet when employed by heterosexual men, this discourse calls their sexuality into question. Specifically, when Black gay men mobilize sexual positioning discourse, it serves to assert their claims to Black masculinity relative to one another; whereas when straight men use the same discourse it serves to cast doubt on their claims to “straight” sexual identities.","PeriodicalId":48351,"journal":{"name":"Gender & Society","volume":"37 1","pages":"774 - 799"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47940448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-14DOI: 10.1177/08912432231186764
Nona Maria Gronert
{"title":"Book Review: Campus Sexual Violence: A State of Institutionalized Sexual Terrorism by Sarah Prior and Brooke A. De Heer and Sexual Assault on Campus: Defending Due Process by Tamara Rice Lave","authors":"Nona Maria Gronert","doi":"10.1177/08912432231186764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08912432231186764","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48351,"journal":{"name":"Gender & Society","volume":"37 1","pages":"813 - 816"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42974892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-14DOI: 10.1177/08912432231186763
S. Vogler
{"title":"Book Review: More Than Marriage: Forming Families after Marriage Equality by John G. Culhane","authors":"S. Vogler","doi":"10.1177/08912432231186763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08912432231186763","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48351,"journal":{"name":"Gender & Society","volume":"37 1","pages":"816 - 817"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46269029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-27DOI: 10.1177/08912432231184797
Neda Maghbouleh
{"title":"Book Review: This Flame Within: Iranian Revolutionaries in the United States by Manijeh Moradian","authors":"Neda Maghbouleh","doi":"10.1177/08912432231184797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08912432231184797","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48351,"journal":{"name":"Gender & Society","volume":"37 1","pages":"810 - 812"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49593258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-27DOI: 10.1177/08912432231184794
Momin Rahman
{"title":"Book Review: Muslims on the Margins: Creating Queer Religious Community in North America Edited by Katrina Daly Thompson","authors":"Momin Rahman","doi":"10.1177/08912432231184794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08912432231184794","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48351,"journal":{"name":"Gender & Society","volume":"37 1","pages":"808 - 810"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43220417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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