Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science最新文献

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A Partisan Pandemic: How COVID-19 Was Primed for Polarization 党派大流行病：新冠肺炎如何为极化做好准备

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221083686

A. Hegland, Annie L. Zhang, Brianna Zichettella, Josh Pasek

Americans who affiliate with both major political parties rapidly formed diverging attitudes about the COVID-19 pandemic. Matters of scientific concern have elicited partisan reactions in the past, but partisan divergence of opinion on those issues occurred over decades rather than months. We review evidence on factors that led to polarization of previous scientific issues in an effort to explain why reactions diverged so quickly this time around. We then use publicly available survey data to reveal that partisan reactions to the pandemic were closely associated with trust in public health institutions, that the association between partisanship and trust increased over time, and that the conflation of trust and partisanship appears to largely explain polarized reactions to COVID-19. We also investigate the hypothesis that conservative media use might explain polarization but find that the hypothesis is not supported by our data.

与两个主要政党都有联系的美国人对COVID-19大流行的态度迅速形成了分歧。过去，科学问题曾引发过党派间的反应，但在这些问题上，党派间的意见分歧发生在几十年而不是几个月的时间里。我们回顾了导致之前科学问题两极分化的因素的证据，试图解释为什么这次的反应分歧如此之快。然后，我们使用公开的调查数据揭示，党派对大流行的反应与对公共卫生机构的信任密切相关，党派关系和信任之间的关联随着时间的推移而增加，信任和党派关系的合并似乎在很大程度上解释了对COVID-19的两极分化反应。我们还研究了保守媒体使用可能解释两极分化的假设，但发现我们的数据不支持该假设。

引用次数: 19

Inequality and Misperceptions of Group Concerns Threaten the Integrity and Societal Impact of Science 群体关注的不平等和误解威胁着科学的完整性和社会影响

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221086883

Jonathon P. Schuldt, Adam R. Pearson, Neil A. Lewis, Ashley Jardina, P. Enns

Racial and ethnic minority and lower-income groups are disproportionately affected by environmental hazards and suffer worse health outcomes than other groups in the United States. Relative to whites and higher-income groups, racial-ethnic minority and lower-income Americans also frequently express greater concern about high-profile global environmental threats like climate change, but they are widely misperceived as being less concerned about these issues than white and higher-income Americans. We use new survey research to explore public perceptions of COVID-19—another global threat marked by substantial racial, ethnic, and class disparities—finding a distinct pattern of misperceptions regarding groups’ concerns. We then discuss how these misperceptions represent a unique form of social misinformation that may pose a threat to science and undermine the cooperation and trust needed to address collective problems.

在美国，少数族裔和低收入群体受到环境危害的影响不成比例，健康状况也比其他群体差。相对于白人和高收入群体，少数族裔和低收入美国人也经常对气候变化等备受关注的全球环境威胁表达更大的担忧，但他们被广泛误解为不像白人和高收入美国人那样关心这些问题。我们利用新的调查研究来探索公众对covid -19的看法——这是另一种以种族、民族和阶级差异为显著特征的全球威胁——发现了一种明显的误解模式。然后，我们讨论了这些误解如何代表了一种独特的社会错误信息，它可能对科学构成威胁，破坏解决集体问题所需的合作和信任。

引用次数: 3

Defining and Measuring Scientific Misinformation 科学错误信息的定义与度量

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221084709

B. Southwell, J. Brennen, R. Paquin, Vanessa Boudewyns, Jing Zeng

We define scientific misinformation as publicly available information that is misleading or deceptive relative to the best available scientific evidence and that runs contrary to statements by actors or institutions who adhere to scientific principles. Scientific misinformation violates the supposition that claims should be based on scientific evidence and relevant expertise. As such, misinformation is observable and measurable, but research on scientific misinformation to date has often missed opportunities to clearly articulate units of analysis, to consult with experts, and to look beyond convenient sources of misinformation such as social media content. We outline the ways in which scientific misinformation can be thought of as a disorder of public science, identify its specific types and the ways in which it can be measured, and argue that researchers and public actors should do more to connect measurements of misinformation with measurements of effect.

我们将科学错误信息定义为相对于现有最佳科学证据具有误导性或欺骗性的公开信息，并且与遵守科学原则的行为者或机构的声明相悖。科学错误信息违背了主张应基于科学证据和相关专业知识的假设。因此，错误信息是可以观察和测量的，但迄今为止对科学错误信息的研究往往错过了明确阐明分析单位、咨询专家以及超越社交媒体内容等方便的错误信息来源的机会。我们概述了科学错误信息被视为公共科学混乱的方式，确定了其具体类型和衡量方式，并认为研究人员和公共行为者应该做更多的工作，将错误信息的衡量与效果的衡量联系起来。

引用次数: 27

Psychological Inoculation against Misinformation: Current Evidence and Future Directions 防范虚假信息的心理接种：目前的证据和未来的方向

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221087936

C. Traberg, J. Roozenbeek, S. van der Linden

Much like a viral contagion, misinformation can spread rapidly from one individual to another. Inoculation theory offers a logical basis for developing a psychological “vaccine” against misinformation. We discuss the origins of inoculation theory, starting with its roots in the 1960s as a “vaccine for brainwash,” and detail the major theoretical and practical innovations that inoculation research has witnessed over the years. Specifically, we review a series of randomized lab and field studies that show that it is possible to preemptively “immunize” people against misinformation by preexposing them to severely weakened doses of the techniques that underlie its production along with ways on how to spot and refute them. We review evidence from interventions that we developed with governments and social media companies to help citizens around the world recognize and resist unwanted attempts to influence and mislead. We conclude with a discussion of important open questions about the effectiveness of inoculation interventions.

就像病毒传染一样，错误信息可以在一个人之间迅速传播。接种理论为开发针对错误信息的心理“疫苗”提供了逻辑基础。我们讨论了接种理论的起源，从其起源于20世纪60年代的“洗脑疫苗”开始，并详细介绍了多年来接种研究所见证的主要理论和实践创新。具体而言，我们回顾了一系列随机实验室和现场研究，这些研究表明，通过让人们预先接受严重削弱剂量的生产技术，以及如何发现和反驳错误信息的方法，可以先发制人地“免疫”人们免受错误信息的影响。我们审查了我们与政府和社交媒体公司共同制定的干预措施的证据，以帮助世界各地的公民认识到并抵制不必要的影响和误导企图。最后，我们讨论了有关接种干预措施有效性的重要未决问题。

引用次数: 33

Reducing Health Misinformation in Science: A Call to Arms. 减少科学中的健康错误信息：武器的呼唤

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Epub Date: 2022-05-05 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221087686

Briony Swire-Thompson, David Lazer

The public often turns to science for accurate health information, which, in an ideal world, would be error free. However, limitations of scientific institutions and scientific processes can sometimes amplify misinformation and disinformation. The current review examines four mechanisms through which this occurs: (1) predatory journals that accept publications for monetary gain but do not engage in rigorous peer review; (2) pseudoscientists who provide scientific-sounding information but whose advice is inaccurate, unfalsifiable, or inconsistent with the scientific method; (3) occasions when legitimate scientists spread misinformation or disinformation; and (4) miscommunication of science by the media and other communicators. We characterize this article as a "call to arms," given the urgent need for the scientific information ecosystem to improve. Improvements are necessary to maintain the public's trust in science, foster robust discourse, and encourage a well-educated citizenry.

公众经常向科学寻求准确的健康信息，在理想的世界里，这些信息是没有错误的。然而，科学机构和科学过程的局限性有时会放大错误信息和虚假信息。目前的综述研究了导致这种情况发生的四种机制:(1)掠夺性期刊为了金钱利益而接受出版物，但不进行严格的同行评议;(二)提供听起来科学的信息，但其建议不准确、不可证伪或者不符合科学方法的伪科学家;(3)合法科学家传播错误信息或虚假信息的场合;(4)媒体和其他传播者对科学的误传。鉴于迫切需要改善科学信息生态系统，我们将这篇文章描述为“武装号召”。为了保持公众对科学的信任，促进有力的讨论，并鼓励受过良好教育的公民，改进是必要的。

引用次数: 7

Moral Convictions and Threats to Science 道德信念与科学威胁

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221083514

R. Bayes

When science is marshaled to support one side or another in policy debates, people can react to that information differently depending on whether it supports their own position. They tend to find fault in unfavorable information and accept favorable information less critically. This may especially be the case when individuals’ positions are held with moral conviction—that is, when their position is not only their preferred position, but when it is the position that they feel to be morally correct. I examine three areas in which allowing moral convictions to influence reactions to scientific information may actually threaten the social benefits of science: promoting science misperceptions, eroding the credibility of scientists as sources of information, and eroding evaluations of science as a process. I argue that dealing with the influence of moral conviction over scientific interpretation will require acknowledgement that the social benefits of science are not self-evident and that they depend on public buy-in.

当科学被组织起来在政策辩论中支持一方或另一方时，人们对这些信息的反应可能会有所不同，这取决于这些信息是否支持他们自己的立场。他们倾向于在不利信息中找出错误，而对有利信息的接受则不那么挑剔。当个人的立场带有道德信念时，情况可能尤其如此——也就是说，当他们的立场不仅是他们喜欢的立场，而且是他们认为道德正确的立场时。我研究了三个领域，在这三个领域中，允许道德信念影响对科学信息的反应实际上可能威胁到科学的社会效益：促进科学误解，侵蚀科学家作为信息来源的可信度，以及侵蚀对科学作为一个过程的评价。我认为，处理道德信念对科学解释的影响需要承认科学的社会效益并非不言自明，它们取决于公众的认同。

引用次数: 1

Threats to Science: Politicization, Misinformation, and Inequalities 科学面临的威胁：政治化、信息失真和不平等

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221095431

J. Druckman

Science is often considered the best available route to knowledge and, thus, essential for societal progress. Yet contemporary science faces several challenges. These challenges include politicization, misinformation, and inequalities. I outline each of these threats, detailing the ways in which they can undermine the optimal production and application of science. I provide an overview of various research agendas on each, as covered in this volume. Without minimizing the seriousness posed by each threat, I also suggest that existing work provides reason for hope that the scientific enterprise can address these challenges and continue to improve societal well-being.

科学通常被认为是获得知识的最佳途径，因此对社会进步至关重要。然而，当代科学面临着几个挑战。这些挑战包括政治化、错误信息和不平等。我概述了每一种威胁，详细说明了它们破坏科学最佳生产和应用的方式。我概述了本卷所涵盖的每一项研究的各种议程。在不将每一种威胁造成的严重性降至最低的情况下，我还建议，现有的工作为科学事业应对这些挑战并继续改善社会福祉提供了希望。

引用次数: 9

Americans’ Attitudes toward the Affordable Care Act: What Role Do Beliefs Play? 美国人对平价医疗法案的态度:信仰扮演什么角色?

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221098020

Gabriel Miao Li, Josh Pasek, J. Krosnick, T. Stark, Jennifer Agiesta, G. Sood, Trevor Tompson, Wendy Gross

How do people form their attitudes toward complex policy issues? Although there has long been an assumption that people consider the various components of those issues and come to an overall assessment, a growing body of recent work has instead suggested that people may reach summary judgments as a function of heuristic cues and goal-oriented rationalizations. This study examines how well a component-based model fits Americans’ evaluations of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, an important and highly contentious piece of legislation that contained several constituent parts. Despite strong partisan disagreement about the law, we find that Democrats and Republicans both appear to evaluate the law as a function of their beliefs and what the law would do as well as their confidence in those beliefs. This finding implies that correcting misperceptions and increasing awareness of the components of legislation have the potential to change attitudes.

人们如何形成对复杂政策问题的态度？尽管长期以来人们一直认为人们会考虑这些问题的各个组成部分并进行全面评估，但最近越来越多的研究表明，人们可能会根据启发式线索和目标导向的合理化做出总结判断。这项研究考察了基于组件的模型在多大程度上符合美国人对《2010年患者保护和平价医疗法案》的评估，该法案是一项重要且极具争议的立法，包含几个组成部分。尽管党派对这项法律存在强烈分歧，但我们发现，民主党和共和党似乎都将这项法律视为他们的信仰、法律的作用以及他们对这些信仰的信心的函数。这一发现意味着，纠正误解和提高对立法组成部分的认识有可能改变人们的态度。

引用次数: 0

Coronavirus and Carbon Nanotubes: Seeking Immunological Relationships to Discover Immunotherapeutic Possibilities. 冠状病毒与碳纳米管：寻找免疫学关系，发现免疫治疗的可能性。

IF 6.6 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-02-21 eCollection Date: 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S341890

Elidamar Nunes de Carvalho Lima, Ana Luiza Moraes Octaviano, José Roberto Castilho Piqueira, Ricardo Sobhie Diaz, João Francisco Justo

Since December 2019, the world has faced an unprecedented pandemic crisis due to a new coronavirus disease, coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), which has instigated intensive studies on prevention and treatment possibilities. Here, we investigate the relationships between the immune activation induced by three coronaviruses associated with recent outbreaks, with special attention to SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, and the immune activation induced by carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to understand the points of convergence in immune induction and modulation. Evidence suggests that CNTs are among the most promising materials for use as immunotherapeutic agents. Therefore, this investigation explores new possibilities of effective immunotherapies for COVID-19. This study aimed to raise interest and knowledge about the use of CNTs as immunotherapeutic agents in coronavirus treatment. Thus, we summarize the most important immunological aspects of various coronavirus infections and describe key advances and challenges in using CNTs as immunotherapeutic agents against viral infections and the activation of the immune response induced by CNTs, which can shed light on the immunotherapeutic possibilities of CNTs.

自2019年12月以来，由于一种新型冠状病毒疾病--冠状病毒病-2019（COVID-19），世界面临着前所未有的大流行危机，这促使人们对预防和治疗的可能性进行了深入研究。在此，我们研究了近期爆发的三种冠状病毒诱导的免疫激活与碳纳米管（CNTs）诱导的免疫激活之间的关系，特别关注 COVID-19 的病原体 SARS-CoV-2 和碳纳米管诱导的免疫激活，以了解免疫诱导和调节的交汇点。有证据表明，碳纳米管是最有希望用作免疫治疗剂的材料之一。因此，这项研究探索了针对 COVID-19 的有效免疫疗法的新可能性。本研究旨在提高人们对将 CNTs 用作冠状病毒治疗的免疫治疗剂的兴趣和认识。因此，我们总结了各种冠状病毒感染最重要的免疫学方面，描述了将 CNTs 用作抗病毒感染免疫治疗剂的主要进展和挑战，以及 CNTs 诱导的免疫反应的激活，从而揭示 CNTs 免疫治疗的可能性。

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引用次数: 0

Delegitimization, Deconstruction and Control: Undermining the Administrative State 去合法化、解构与控制：对行政国家的挖掘

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162211069723

D. Moynihan

Three phenomena that undermine the U.S. administrative state were taken to extremes under President Trump, contributing to democratic backsliding. The first is delegitimization: a suspicion of the public sector that has curdled into claims that public officials are deep state enemies of the people. This undermines belief in the capacity of government to deliver on democratic promises. Second is deconstruction, which includes undermining administrative capacity and delivery of services, making it harder for institutions to deliver on democratic promises, or to do so in ways that are transparent or generative of conditions in which the public sees government helping. The third is political control, in which loyalty to the political leaders is a primary virtue: this weakens structural protections of public employees and the capacities of government agencies to pursue their statutory mission or respond to other sources of democratic control such as Congress.

在特朗普总统的领导下，三种破坏美国行政国家的现象走向极端，导致民主倒退。首先是剥夺合法性：对公共部门的怀疑已经演变成声称公职人员是人民的深层次国家敌人。这破坏了人们对政府履行民主承诺能力的信心。其次是解构，包括破坏行政能力和服务提供，使机构更难兑现民主承诺，或以透明或产生公众认为政府帮助的条件的方式兑现民主承诺。第三种是政治控制，在政治控制中，对政治领导人的忠诚是首要美德：这削弱了对公职人员的结构性保护，削弱了政府机构履行法定使命或回应国会等其他民主控制来源的能力。

引用次数: 4

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