Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science最新文献

英文中文

Job-Related Programs for People on Supervision: Reframing the Problem 监督人员的工作相关计划:重新定义问题

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221115501

S. Bushway

Job training programs for people under supervision have been based on an economic framework that identifies individuals involved in crime as a disadvantaged group with poor human capital. The best available research evidence has not found that these programs consistently improve employment outcomes. This article reviews the evidence for the effectiveness of standard job training programs and then examines new developments in the field that use alternative frameworks for understanding the roles of such programs. The first alternative is signaling: how people under community supervision use the completion of job training to signal to employers and others that the behavior that led to their conviction is either anomalous or no longer representative of them. The second alternative is a model of desistance known as identity change: the ways in which job training can help individuals solidify a new, more prosocial identity. I make sense of extant work and new alternatives and provide a set of recommendations for change in the community supervision system.

针对受监管人员的职业培训项目一直基于一种经济框架，即认定参与犯罪的个人是人力资本匮乏的弱势群体。现有的最佳研究证据并没有发现这些项目能够持续改善就业结果。本文回顾了标准职业培训项目有效性的证据，然后考察了该领域使用替代框架来理解此类项目角色的新发展。第一种选择是发出信号:在社区监督下的人如何利用完成职业培训向雇主和其他人发出信号，表明导致他们被定罪的行为要么是异常的，要么不再代表他们。第二种选择是一种被称为身份改变的抵制模式:职业培训可以帮助个人巩固一种新的、更亲社会的身份。我对现有的工作和新的替代方案进行了理解，并为社区监督系统的变革提供了一套建议。

引用次数: 1

An Overview of Clinical Oncology and Impact on Oral Health. 临床肿瘤学及对口腔健康的影响概述。

2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-04-25 eCollection Date: 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.874332

Jack A Harris, Giulia Ottaviani, Nathaniel S Treister, Glenn J Hanna

As the incidence of cancer continues to increase, so too will the use of various forms of cancer therapeutics and their associated oral and dental complications. Although many of the acute and chronic oral toxicities of cancer therapy are largely unavoidable, appropriate and timely management of these complications has the potential to alleviate morbidity and improve outcomes. Undoubtedly, the substantial short- and long-term impacts of cancer therapy on the health of the oral cavity requires increased awareness, prevention, and treatment by multidisciplinary healthcare teams consisting of medical oncologists, dentists, and other oral healthcare specialists. This mini review provides a brief purview of the current state of clinical oncology and its impact on oral health. The topics introduced here will be further investigated throughout the remainder of the "Oral Complications in Cancer Patients" mini-review series.

随着癌症发病率的不断上升，各种癌症治疗药物的使用及其相关的口腔和牙科并发症也在不断增加。虽然癌症治疗的许多急性和慢性口腔毒性在很大程度上是不可避免的，但适当和及时地处理这些并发症有可能减轻发病率和改善治疗效果。毫无疑问，癌症治疗对口腔健康的短期和长期影响需要由肿瘤内科医生、牙科医生和其他口腔保健专家组成的多学科医疗团队加强认识、预防和治疗。这篇微型综述简要介绍了临床肿瘤学的现状及其对口腔健康的影响。在 "癌症患者的口腔并发症 "微型综述系列的其余部分中，我们将进一步探讨在此介绍的主题。

引用次数: 0

Echocardiographic Characterization of Left Ventricular Structure, Function, and Coronary Flow in Neonate Mice. 新生小鼠左心室结构、功能和冠脉流量的超声心动图特征描述

IF 1.2 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-04-07 DOI: 10.3791/63539

Shamim A K Chowdhury, Paola C Rosas

Echocardiography is a non-invasive procedure that enables the evaluation of structural and functional parameters in animal models of cardiovascular disease and is used to assess the impact of potential treatments in preclinical studies. Echocardiographic studies are usually conducted in young adult mice (i.e., 4-6 weeks of age). The evaluation of early neonatal cardiovascular function is not usually performed because of the small size of the mouse pups and the associated technical difficulties. One of the most important challenges is that the short length of the pups' limbs prevents them from reaching the electrodes in the echocardiography platform. Body temperature is the other challenge, as pups are very susceptible to changes in temperature. Therefore, it is important to establish a practical guide for performing echocardiographic studies in small mouse pups to help researchers detect early pathological changes and study the progression of cardiovascular disease over time. The current work describes a protocol for performing echocardiography in mouse pups at the early age of 7 days old. The echocardiographic characterization of cardiac morphology, function, and coronary flow in neonatal mice is also described.

超声心动图是一种非侵入性程序，可评估心血管疾病动物模型的结构和功能参数，并用于评估临床前研究中潜在治疗方法的影响。超声心动图研究通常在幼年成年小鼠（即 4-6 周龄）中进行。由于幼鼠体型较小以及相关的技术困难，通常不会对新生儿早期心血管功能进行评估。最重要的挑战之一是幼鼠四肢短小，无法接触到超声心动图平台上的电极。体温是另一个挑战，因为幼鼠非常容易受温度变化的影响。因此，必须为小鼠幼崽的超声心动图研究制定实用指南，以帮助研究人员检测早期病理变化并研究心血管疾病随时间的进展。目前的研究工作介绍了对 7 天大的幼鼠进行超声心动图检查的方案。此外还介绍了新生小鼠心脏形态、功能和冠状动脉血流的超声心动图特征。

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引用次数: 0

The Opioid Crisis, Health, Healthcare, and Crime: A Review of Quasi-Experimental Economic Studies 阿片类药物危机、健康、医疗保健和犯罪：准实验经济研究综述

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-04-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221149285

J. Maclean, Justine Mallatt, C. Ruhm, K. Simon

We review quasi-experimental studies that examine the relationship of opioids to health, healthcare, and crime in the U.S. Our findings align with the general perception that the opioid crisis has negatively impacted health and increased healthcare costs; we find limited evidence that appropriate opioid use enhances work capacity or carries other benefits. Extant studies suggest that opioids also increase crime, although the link is not as strong as has been observed in previous drug epidemics. This finding is consistent with the fact that opioids are pharmacologically different than stimulant substances like cocaine that have dominated earlier drug epidemic periods. We argue that the healthcare system has a potentially important role to play in combatting the opioid crisis, largely through the provision of treatments that address underlying addiction, and through the development of strategies to effectively curtail access to the drugs.

我们回顾了准实验研究，研究了美国阿片类药物与健康、医疗保健和犯罪的关系。我们的发现与阿片类药物危机对健康产生负面影响并增加医疗成本的普遍看法一致;我们发现有限的证据表明，适当使用阿片类药物可以提高工作能力或带来其他好处。现有的研究表明，阿片类药物也会增加犯罪，尽管这种联系不像以前在毒品流行中观察到的那样强烈。这一发现与阿片类药物在药理学上不同于可卡因等兴奋剂的事实是一致的，可卡因等兴奋剂在早期毒品流行时期占主导地位。我们认为，医疗保健系统在打击阿片类药物危机方面发挥着潜在的重要作用，主要是通过提供解决潜在成瘾的治疗，并通过制定有效限制获得药物的战略。

引用次数: 9

Studying Science Inequities: How to Use Surveys to Study Diverse Populations 研究科学不公平：如何利用调查研究不同人群

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221093970

R. Bayes, J. Druckman, Alauna C. Safarpour

Scholars have long documented unequal access to the benefits of science among different groups in the United States. Particular populations, such as low-income, non–white people, and Indigenous people, fare worse when it comes to health care, infectious diseases, climate change, and access to technology. These types of inequities can be partially addressed with targeted interventions aimed at facilitating access to scientific information. Doing so requires knowledge about what different groups think when it comes to relevant scientific topics. Yet data collection efforts for the study of most science-based issues do not include enough respondents from these populations. We discuss this gap and offer an overview of pertinent sampling and administrative considerations in studying underserved populations. A sustained effort to study diverse populations, including through community partnerships, can help to address extant inequities.

长期以来，学者们一直记录着美国不同群体在获得科学利益方面的不平等。在医疗保健、传染病、气候变化和技术获取方面，低收入、非白人和土著等特定人群的情况更糟。这些类型的不平等可以通过旨在促进获取科学信息的有针对性的干预措施来部分解决。这样做需要了解不同群体在涉及相关科学主题时的想法。然而，为研究大多数基于科学的问题而进行的数据收集工作并没有包括来自这些人群的足够的受访者。我们讨论了这一差距，并概述了在研究服务不足人群时的相关抽样和行政考虑。持续努力研究不同人群，包括通过社区伙伴关系，可以帮助解决现存的不平等现象。

引用次数: 2

Measuring What Matters: Data Absenteeism, Science Communication, and the Perpetuation of Inequities 衡量什么是重要的：数据缺席、科学传播和不公平的永久性

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221093268

K. Viswanath, R. McCloud, Edmund W. J. Lee, Mesfin Awoke Bekalu

The ways in which we collect health and social data, particularly data on vulnerable and underprivileged populations, is enormously influential over the quality and content of science and health communication. Data absenteeism—the absence or limits of data on groups experiencing social vulnerability—is endemic; and as a result, inferences drawn from studies with absentee data are questionable. Reasons for data absenteeism include tendencies toward conventional recruitment of the subjects in research, the ways in which communities are engaged or not engaged in the research process, and a lack of understanding and appreciation of the lived reality of the socially vulnerable. The “hardly reached” are often labelled “hard to reach,” keeping this critical population out of view. One approach to mitigate data absenteeism is to engage key stakeholders of the community and its residents in the entire research process from design to dissemination, which influences how research questions are asked and answered and how research gets used. We argue for a more inclusive science of science communication to promote diversity and equity.

我们收集健康和社会数据的方式，特别是关于弱势群体和弱势群体的数据，对科学和健康传播的质量和内容产生了巨大影响。数据缺席——缺乏或限制有关经历社会脆弱性的群体的数据——是一种普遍现象；因此，从有缺席数据的研究中得出的推论是值得怀疑的。数据缺失的原因包括研究中传统招募受试者的倾向，社区参与或不参与研究过程的方式，以及对社会弱势群体的生活现实缺乏理解和欣赏。“难以接触到”的人群经常被贴上“难以接触”的标签，使这一关键人群远离视线。减少数据缺席的一种方法是让社区及其居民的关键利益相关者参与从设计到传播的整个研究过程，这会影响研究问题的提出和回答以及研究的使用方式。我们主张建立一种更具包容性的科学传播学，以促进多样性和公平性。

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引用次数: 5

The “Infodemic” Infodemic: Toward a More Nuanced Understanding of Truth-Claims and the Need for (Not) Combatting Misinformation “Infodemic”Infodemic：对真相主张和打击（不）虚假信息的必要性有更深入的理解

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221086263

Nicole M. Krause, Isabelle Freiling, Dietram A. Scheufele

Scholarship on (mis)information does not easily translate into recommendations for policy-makers and policy influencers who wish to judge the accuracy of science-related truth claims. This is partly due to much of this literature being based on lab experiments with captive audiences that tell us little about the durability or scalability of any potential intervention in the real world. More importantly, the “accuracy” of scientific truth claims is much more difficult to define than many scholars in this space acknowledge. Uncertainties associated with the nature of science, sociopolitical climates, and media systems introduce compounding error in assessments of claim accuracy. We, therefore, need a more nuanced understanding of misinformation and disinformation than those often present in discussions of the “infodemic.” Here, we propose a new framework for evaluating science-related truth claims and apply it to real-world examples. We conclude by discussing implications for research and action on (mis)information, given that distinguishing between true and false claims is not as easy as it is sometimes purported to be.

对（错误）信息的研究不容易转化为对希望判断科学相关真相声明准确性的决策者和政策影响者的建议。这在一定程度上是因为这些文献大多基于对被俘虏的观众进行的实验室实验，这些实验几乎没有告诉我们现实世界中任何潜在干预的持久性或可扩展性。更重要的是，科学真理主张的“准确性”比这个领域的许多学者所承认的要难定义得多。与科学性质、社会政治气候和媒体系统相关的不确定性在索赔准确性评估中引入了复合误差。因此，我们需要对错误信息和虚假信息有一个比“信息论”讨论中经常出现的更细致的理解。在这里，我们提出了一个评估科学相关真相声明的新框架，并将其应用于现实世界的例子。最后，我们讨论了对（错误）信息的研究和行动的影响，因为区分真实和虚假的说法并不像有时声称的那样容易。

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引用次数: 10

Waking from Paralysis: Revitalizing Conceptions of Climate Knowledge and Justice for More Effective Climate Action 从瘫痪中醒来：重振气候知识和正义的概念，以采取更有效的气候行动

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221095495

Kimberly R. Marion Suiseeya, Margaret G. O’connell, Edith Leoso, Marvin Shingwe Biness Neme Defoe, A. Anderson, Megan Bang, P. Beckman, Anne-Marie Boyer, Jennifer E. Dunn, Jonathan Gilbert, Josiah D. Hester, D. Horton, Dylan Jennings, Philomena Kebec, Nancy C. Loeb, Patricia A. Loew, W. M. Miller, Katie Moffitt, A. Packman, Michael Waasegiizhig Price, Beth Redbird, Jennie Rogers, R. Sankaran, James Schwoch, Pamala Silas, Weston Twardowski, N. Zerega

Despite decades of climate science research, existing climate actions have had limited impacts on mitigating climate change. Efforts to reduce emissions, for example, have yet to spur sufficient action to reduce the most severe effects of climate change. We draw from our experiences as Ojibwe knowledge holders and community members, scientists, and scholars to demonstrate how the lack of recognition of traditional knowledges (TK) within climate science constrains effective climate action and exacerbates climate injustice. Often unrecognized in science and policy arenas, TK generates insights into how justice-driven climate action, rooted in relational interdependencies between humans and older-than-human relatives, can provide new avenues for effectively addressing climate change. We conclude by arguing for a shift toward meaningful and respectful inclusion of plural knowledge systems in climate governance.

尽管进行了几十年的气候科学研究，但现有的气候行动对缓解气候变化的影响有限。例如，减少排放的努力尚未促使采取足够的行动来减少气候变化最严重的影响。我们借鉴我们作为Ojibwe知识持有者和社区成员、科学家和学者的经验，证明气候科学中缺乏对传统知识的承认是如何限制有效的气候行动并加剧气候不公正的。传统知识在科学和政策领域往往未得到承认，它深入了解了基于人类与年长亲属之间关系相互依存关系的正义驱动的气候行动如何为有效应对气候变化提供新的途径。最后，我们主张在气候治理中转向有意义和尊重的多元知识体系。

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引用次数: 2

Is Citizen Science a Remedy for Inequality? 公民科学是解决不平等的良方吗?

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221092697

B. Lewenstein

Is public engagement with science an effective response to threats against science? One form of public engagement—citizen science—might be especially useful for addressing issues of inequality that threaten public support for science. Citizen science is both public participation in the scientific process and public participation in the governance of science. In principle, citizen science empowers marginalized communities to participate in the scientific process, using the authority of science to challenge government, industry, or other institutions that exploit imbalances of social power. In practice, however, citizen science can also be used to redirect attention away from actions that address inequalities and to reinforce modes of knowledge production that exclude alternative ways of knowing relevant to those without social power. Thus, rhetoric about citizen science as a solution to threats against science needs to be tempered with attention to specific contexts and opportunities.

公众参与科学是对科学威胁的有效回应吗？一种形式的公众参与——公民科学——可能对解决威胁公众对科学支持的不平等问题特别有用。公民科学既是公众对科学进程的参与，也是公众对科学治理的参与。原则上，公民科学赋予边缘化社区参与科学进程的权力，利用科学的权威来挑战政府、行业或其他利用社会权力失衡的机构。然而，在实践中，公民科学也可以用来将注意力从解决不平等问题的行动上转移开，并加强知识生产模式，这些模式排除了与那些没有社会权力的人相关的其他知情方式。因此，关于公民科学是应对科学威胁的一种解决方案的言论需要与对特定背景和机会的关注相调和。

引用次数: 8

Nudging Social Media toward Accuracy. 社交媒体向准确性迈进

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Epub Date: 2022-05-05 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221092342

Gordon Pennycook, David G Rand

A meaningful portion of online misinformation sharing is likely attributable to Internet users failing to consider accuracy when deciding what to share. As a result, simply redirecting attention to the concept of accuracy can increase sharing discernment. Here we discuss the importance of accuracy and describe a limited-attention utility model that is based on a theory about inattention to accuracy on social media. We review research that shows how a simple nudge or prompt that shifts attention to accuracy increases the quality of news that people share (typically by decreasing the sharing of false content), and then discuss outstanding questions relating to accuracy nudges, including the need for more work relating to persistence and habituation as well as the dearth of cross-cultural research on these topics. We also make several recommendations for policy-makers and social media companies for how to implement accuracy nudges.

网上错误信息分享的很大一部分可能是由于互联网用户在决定分享内容时没有考虑准确性。因此，简单地将注意力转移到准确性的概念上可以提高分享洞察力。在这里，我们讨论了准确性的重要性，并描述了一种基于社交媒体上对准确性的不注意理论的有限注意力实用新型。我们回顾了一些研究，这些研究表明，一个简单的推动或提示如何将注意力转移到准确性上，从而提高人们分享的新闻质量(通常是通过减少虚假内容的分享)，然后讨论了与准确性推动有关的悬而未决的问题，包括需要更多与持久性和习惯化有关的工作，以及缺乏对这些主题的跨文化研究。我们还为政策制定者和社交媒体公司提出了一些关于如何实施准确性推动的建议。

引用次数: 11

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