Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science最新文献

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Measuring What Matters: Data Absenteeism, Science Communication, and the Perpetuation of Inequities 衡量什么是重要的：数据缺席、科学传播和不公平的永久性

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221093268

K. Viswanath, R. McCloud, Edmund W. J. Lee, Mesfin Awoke Bekalu

The ways in which we collect health and social data, particularly data on vulnerable and underprivileged populations, is enormously influential over the quality and content of science and health communication. Data absenteeism—the absence or limits of data on groups experiencing social vulnerability—is endemic; and as a result, inferences drawn from studies with absentee data are questionable. Reasons for data absenteeism include tendencies toward conventional recruitment of the subjects in research, the ways in which communities are engaged or not engaged in the research process, and a lack of understanding and appreciation of the lived reality of the socially vulnerable. The “hardly reached” are often labelled “hard to reach,” keeping this critical population out of view. One approach to mitigate data absenteeism is to engage key stakeholders of the community and its residents in the entire research process from design to dissemination, which influences how research questions are asked and answered and how research gets used. We argue for a more inclusive science of science communication to promote diversity and equity.

我们收集健康和社会数据的方式，特别是关于弱势群体和弱势群体的数据，对科学和健康传播的质量和内容产生了巨大影响。数据缺席——缺乏或限制有关经历社会脆弱性的群体的数据——是一种普遍现象；因此，从有缺席数据的研究中得出的推论是值得怀疑的。数据缺失的原因包括研究中传统招募受试者的倾向，社区参与或不参与研究过程的方式，以及对社会弱势群体的生活现实缺乏理解和欣赏。“难以接触到”的人群经常被贴上“难以接触”的标签，使这一关键人群远离视线。减少数据缺席的一种方法是让社区及其居民的关键利益相关者参与从设计到传播的整个研究过程，这会影响研究问题的提出和回答以及研究的使用方式。我们主张建立一种更具包容性的科学传播学，以促进多样性和公平性。

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引用次数: 5

The “Infodemic” Infodemic: Toward a More Nuanced Understanding of Truth-Claims and the Need for (Not) Combatting Misinformation “Infodemic”Infodemic：对真相主张和打击（不）虚假信息的必要性有更深入的理解

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221086263

Nicole M. Krause, Isabelle Freiling, Dietram A. Scheufele

Scholarship on (mis)information does not easily translate into recommendations for policy-makers and policy influencers who wish to judge the accuracy of science-related truth claims. This is partly due to much of this literature being based on lab experiments with captive audiences that tell us little about the durability or scalability of any potential intervention in the real world. More importantly, the “accuracy” of scientific truth claims is much more difficult to define than many scholars in this space acknowledge. Uncertainties associated with the nature of science, sociopolitical climates, and media systems introduce compounding error in assessments of claim accuracy. We, therefore, need a more nuanced understanding of misinformation and disinformation than those often present in discussions of the “infodemic.” Here, we propose a new framework for evaluating science-related truth claims and apply it to real-world examples. We conclude by discussing implications for research and action on (mis)information, given that distinguishing between true and false claims is not as easy as it is sometimes purported to be.

对（错误）信息的研究不容易转化为对希望判断科学相关真相声明准确性的决策者和政策影响者的建议。这在一定程度上是因为这些文献大多基于对被俘虏的观众进行的实验室实验，这些实验几乎没有告诉我们现实世界中任何潜在干预的持久性或可扩展性。更重要的是，科学真理主张的“准确性”比这个领域的许多学者所承认的要难定义得多。与科学性质、社会政治气候和媒体系统相关的不确定性在索赔准确性评估中引入了复合误差。因此，我们需要对错误信息和虚假信息有一个比“信息论”讨论中经常出现的更细致的理解。在这里，我们提出了一个评估科学相关真相声明的新框架，并将其应用于现实世界的例子。最后，我们讨论了对（错误）信息的研究和行动的影响，因为区分真实和虚假的说法并不像有时声称的那样容易。

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引用次数: 10

Waking from Paralysis: Revitalizing Conceptions of Climate Knowledge and Justice for More Effective Climate Action 从瘫痪中醒来：重振气候知识和正义的概念，以采取更有效的气候行动

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221095495

Kimberly R. Marion Suiseeya, Margaret G. O’connell, Edith Leoso, Marvin Shingwe Biness Neme Defoe, A. Anderson, Megan Bang, P. Beckman, Anne-Marie Boyer, Jennifer E. Dunn, Jonathan Gilbert, Josiah D. Hester, D. Horton, Dylan Jennings, Philomena Kebec, Nancy C. Loeb, Patricia A. Loew, W. M. Miller, Katie Moffitt, A. Packman, Michael Waasegiizhig Price, Beth Redbird, Jennie Rogers, R. Sankaran, James Schwoch, Pamala Silas, Weston Twardowski, N. Zerega

Despite decades of climate science research, existing climate actions have had limited impacts on mitigating climate change. Efforts to reduce emissions, for example, have yet to spur sufficient action to reduce the most severe effects of climate change. We draw from our experiences as Ojibwe knowledge holders and community members, scientists, and scholars to demonstrate how the lack of recognition of traditional knowledges (TK) within climate science constrains effective climate action and exacerbates climate injustice. Often unrecognized in science and policy arenas, TK generates insights into how justice-driven climate action, rooted in relational interdependencies between humans and older-than-human relatives, can provide new avenues for effectively addressing climate change. We conclude by arguing for a shift toward meaningful and respectful inclusion of plural knowledge systems in climate governance.

尽管进行了几十年的气候科学研究，但现有的气候行动对缓解气候变化的影响有限。例如，减少排放的努力尚未促使采取足够的行动来减少气候变化最严重的影响。我们借鉴我们作为Ojibwe知识持有者和社区成员、科学家和学者的经验，证明气候科学中缺乏对传统知识的承认是如何限制有效的气候行动并加剧气候不公正的。传统知识在科学和政策领域往往未得到承认，它深入了解了基于人类与年长亲属之间关系相互依存关系的正义驱动的气候行动如何为有效应对气候变化提供新的途径。最后，我们主张在气候治理中转向有意义和尊重的多元知识体系。

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引用次数: 2

Is Citizen Science a Remedy for Inequality? 公民科学是解决不平等的良方吗?

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221092697

B. Lewenstein

Is public engagement with science an effective response to threats against science? One form of public engagement—citizen science—might be especially useful for addressing issues of inequality that threaten public support for science. Citizen science is both public participation in the scientific process and public participation in the governance of science. In principle, citizen science empowers marginalized communities to participate in the scientific process, using the authority of science to challenge government, industry, or other institutions that exploit imbalances of social power. In practice, however, citizen science can also be used to redirect attention away from actions that address inequalities and to reinforce modes of knowledge production that exclude alternative ways of knowing relevant to those without social power. Thus, rhetoric about citizen science as a solution to threats against science needs to be tempered with attention to specific contexts and opportunities.

公众参与科学是对科学威胁的有效回应吗？一种形式的公众参与——公民科学——可能对解决威胁公众对科学支持的不平等问题特别有用。公民科学既是公众对科学进程的参与，也是公众对科学治理的参与。原则上，公民科学赋予边缘化社区参与科学进程的权力，利用科学的权威来挑战政府、行业或其他利用社会权力失衡的机构。然而，在实践中，公民科学也可以用来将注意力从解决不平等问题的行动上转移开，并加强知识生产模式，这些模式排除了与那些没有社会权力的人相关的其他知情方式。因此，关于公民科学是应对科学威胁的一种解决方案的言论需要与对特定背景和机会的关注相调和。

引用次数: 8

Defining and Measuring Scientific Misinformation 科学错误信息的定义与度量

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221084709

B. Southwell, J. Brennen, R. Paquin, Vanessa Boudewyns, Jing Zeng

We define scientific misinformation as publicly available information that is misleading or deceptive relative to the best available scientific evidence and that runs contrary to statements by actors or institutions who adhere to scientific principles. Scientific misinformation violates the supposition that claims should be based on scientific evidence and relevant expertise. As such, misinformation is observable and measurable, but research on scientific misinformation to date has often missed opportunities to clearly articulate units of analysis, to consult with experts, and to look beyond convenient sources of misinformation such as social media content. We outline the ways in which scientific misinformation can be thought of as a disorder of public science, identify its specific types and the ways in which it can be measured, and argue that researchers and public actors should do more to connect measurements of misinformation with measurements of effect.

我们将科学错误信息定义为相对于现有最佳科学证据具有误导性或欺骗性的公开信息，并且与遵守科学原则的行为者或机构的声明相悖。科学错误信息违背了主张应基于科学证据和相关专业知识的假设。因此，错误信息是可以观察和测量的，但迄今为止对科学错误信息的研究往往错过了明确阐明分析单位、咨询专家以及超越社交媒体内容等方便的错误信息来源的机会。我们概述了科学错误信息被视为公共科学混乱的方式，确定了其具体类型和衡量方式，并认为研究人员和公共行为者应该做更多的工作，将错误信息的衡量与效果的衡量联系起来。

引用次数: 27

Nudging Social Media toward Accuracy. 社交媒体向准确性迈进

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Epub Date: 2022-05-05 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221092342

Gordon Pennycook, David G Rand

A meaningful portion of online misinformation sharing is likely attributable to Internet users failing to consider accuracy when deciding what to share. As a result, simply redirecting attention to the concept of accuracy can increase sharing discernment. Here we discuss the importance of accuracy and describe a limited-attention utility model that is based on a theory about inattention to accuracy on social media. We review research that shows how a simple nudge or prompt that shifts attention to accuracy increases the quality of news that people share (typically by decreasing the sharing of false content), and then discuss outstanding questions relating to accuracy nudges, including the need for more work relating to persistence and habituation as well as the dearth of cross-cultural research on these topics. We also make several recommendations for policy-makers and social media companies for how to implement accuracy nudges.

网上错误信息分享的很大一部分可能是由于互联网用户在决定分享内容时没有考虑准确性。因此，简单地将注意力转移到准确性的概念上可以提高分享洞察力。在这里，我们讨论了准确性的重要性，并描述了一种基于社交媒体上对准确性的不注意理论的有限注意力实用新型。我们回顾了一些研究，这些研究表明，一个简单的推动或提示如何将注意力转移到准确性上，从而提高人们分享的新闻质量(通常是通过减少虚假内容的分享)，然后讨论了与准确性推动有关的悬而未决的问题，包括需要更多与持久性和习惯化有关的工作，以及缺乏对这些主题的跨文化研究。我们还为政策制定者和社交媒体公司提出了一些关于如何实施准确性推动的建议。

引用次数: 11

Inequality and Misperceptions of Group Concerns Threaten the Integrity and Societal Impact of Science 群体关注的不平等和误解威胁着科学的完整性和社会影响

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221086883

Jonathon P. Schuldt, Adam R. Pearson, Neil A. Lewis, Ashley Jardina, P. Enns

Racial and ethnic minority and lower-income groups are disproportionately affected by environmental hazards and suffer worse health outcomes than other groups in the United States. Relative to whites and higher-income groups, racial-ethnic minority and lower-income Americans also frequently express greater concern about high-profile global environmental threats like climate change, but they are widely misperceived as being less concerned about these issues than white and higher-income Americans. We use new survey research to explore public perceptions of COVID-19—another global threat marked by substantial racial, ethnic, and class disparities—finding a distinct pattern of misperceptions regarding groups’ concerns. We then discuss how these misperceptions represent a unique form of social misinformation that may pose a threat to science and undermine the cooperation and trust needed to address collective problems.

在美国，少数族裔和低收入群体受到环境危害的影响不成比例，健康状况也比其他群体差。相对于白人和高收入群体，少数族裔和低收入美国人也经常对气候变化等备受关注的全球环境威胁表达更大的担忧，但他们被广泛误解为不像白人和高收入美国人那样关心这些问题。我们利用新的调查研究来探索公众对covid -19的看法——这是另一种以种族、民族和阶级差异为显著特征的全球威胁——发现了一种明显的误解模式。然后，我们讨论了这些误解如何代表了一种独特的社会错误信息，它可能对科学构成威胁，破坏解决集体问题所需的合作和信任。

引用次数: 3

A Partisan Pandemic: How COVID-19 Was Primed for Polarization 党派大流行病：新冠肺炎如何为极化做好准备

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221083686

A. Hegland, Annie L. Zhang, Brianna Zichettella, Josh Pasek

Americans who affiliate with both major political parties rapidly formed diverging attitudes about the COVID-19 pandemic. Matters of scientific concern have elicited partisan reactions in the past, but partisan divergence of opinion on those issues occurred over decades rather than months. We review evidence on factors that led to polarization of previous scientific issues in an effort to explain why reactions diverged so quickly this time around. We then use publicly available survey data to reveal that partisan reactions to the pandemic were closely associated with trust in public health institutions, that the association between partisanship and trust increased over time, and that the conflation of trust and partisanship appears to largely explain polarized reactions to COVID-19. We also investigate the hypothesis that conservative media use might explain polarization but find that the hypothesis is not supported by our data.

与两个主要政党都有联系的美国人对COVID-19大流行的态度迅速形成了分歧。过去，科学问题曾引发过党派间的反应，但在这些问题上，党派间的意见分歧发生在几十年而不是几个月的时间里。我们回顾了导致之前科学问题两极分化的因素的证据，试图解释为什么这次的反应分歧如此之快。然后，我们使用公开的调查数据揭示，党派对大流行的反应与对公共卫生机构的信任密切相关，党派关系和信任之间的关联随着时间的推移而增加，信任和党派关系的合并似乎在很大程度上解释了对COVID-19的两极分化反应。我们还研究了保守媒体使用可能解释两极分化的假设，但发现我们的数据不支持该假设。

引用次数: 19

Reducing Health Misinformation in Science: A Call to Arms. 减少科学中的健康错误信息：武器的呼唤

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Epub Date: 2022-05-05 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221087686

Briony Swire-Thompson, David Lazer

The public often turns to science for accurate health information, which, in an ideal world, would be error free. However, limitations of scientific institutions and scientific processes can sometimes amplify misinformation and disinformation. The current review examines four mechanisms through which this occurs: (1) predatory journals that accept publications for monetary gain but do not engage in rigorous peer review; (2) pseudoscientists who provide scientific-sounding information but whose advice is inaccurate, unfalsifiable, or inconsistent with the scientific method; (3) occasions when legitimate scientists spread misinformation or disinformation; and (4) miscommunication of science by the media and other communicators. We characterize this article as a "call to arms," given the urgent need for the scientific information ecosystem to improve. Improvements are necessary to maintain the public's trust in science, foster robust discourse, and encourage a well-educated citizenry.

公众经常向科学寻求准确的健康信息，在理想的世界里，这些信息是没有错误的。然而，科学机构和科学过程的局限性有时会放大错误信息和虚假信息。目前的综述研究了导致这种情况发生的四种机制:(1)掠夺性期刊为了金钱利益而接受出版物，但不进行严格的同行评议;(二)提供听起来科学的信息，但其建议不准确、不可证伪或者不符合科学方法的伪科学家;(3)合法科学家传播错误信息或虚假信息的场合;(4)媒体和其他传播者对科学的误传。鉴于迫切需要改善科学信息生态系统，我们将这篇文章描述为“武装号召”。为了保持公众对科学的信任，促进有力的讨论，并鼓励受过良好教育的公民，改进是必要的。

引用次数: 7

Psychological Inoculation against Misinformation: Current Evidence and Future Directions 防范虚假信息的心理接种：目前的证据和未来的方向

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221087936

C. Traberg, J. Roozenbeek, S. van der Linden

Much like a viral contagion, misinformation can spread rapidly from one individual to another. Inoculation theory offers a logical basis for developing a psychological “vaccine” against misinformation. We discuss the origins of inoculation theory, starting with its roots in the 1960s as a “vaccine for brainwash,” and detail the major theoretical and practical innovations that inoculation research has witnessed over the years. Specifically, we review a series of randomized lab and field studies that show that it is possible to preemptively “immunize” people against misinformation by preexposing them to severely weakened doses of the techniques that underlie its production along with ways on how to spot and refute them. We review evidence from interventions that we developed with governments and social media companies to help citizens around the world recognize and resist unwanted attempts to influence and mislead. We conclude with a discussion of important open questions about the effectiveness of inoculation interventions.

就像病毒传染一样，错误信息可以在一个人之间迅速传播。接种理论为开发针对错误信息的心理“疫苗”提供了逻辑基础。我们讨论了接种理论的起源，从其起源于20世纪60年代的“洗脑疫苗”开始，并详细介绍了多年来接种研究所见证的主要理论和实践创新。具体而言，我们回顾了一系列随机实验室和现场研究，这些研究表明，通过让人们预先接受严重削弱剂量的生产技术，以及如何发现和反驳错误信息的方法，可以先发制人地“免疫”人们免受错误信息的影响。我们审查了我们与政府和社交媒体公司共同制定的干预措施的证据，以帮助世界各地的公民认识到并抵制不必要的影响和误导企图。最后，我们讨论了有关接种干预措施有效性的重要未决问题。

引用次数: 33

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全部化学•材料生命科学医学物理工程技术环境•农林材料科学地球科学法学管理学化学环境科学与生态学计算机科学教育学经济学农林科学人文科学生物学数学物理与天体物理心理学综合性期刊其他工业工程理学历史学农学文学信息工程

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