Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1177/00139165231176069
P. Bubeck, Daniel Osberghaus, A. Thieken
Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) has become a widely-used theoretical framework to explain the risk-reducing behavior of individuals toward flooding and other natural hazards. Despite a quickly growing body of literature applying PMT in the context of flooding, insights into changes in PMT components and risk-reducing behavior are largely lacking due to a predominant use of cross-sectional research designs. In this study, we examine how various intrapersonal sources of information relate to changes in PMT components and risk-reducing behavior, using unique panel data (n = 2,680) from a survey in Germany and a fixed-effects regression modeling approach. In line with PMT, we find that various intrapersonal sources of information, like prior experience, relate to changes in PMT components. We also find that coping appraisals of PMT change in a direction negatively related to risk-reducing behavior over time, posing a challenge for risk communication and the envisaged shift to integrated flood risk management.
{"title":"Explaining Changes in Threat Appraisal, Coping Appraisal, and Flood Risk-Reducing Behavior Using Panel Data From a Nation-Wide Survey in Germany","authors":"P. Bubeck, Daniel Osberghaus, A. Thieken","doi":"10.1177/00139165231176069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00139165231176069","url":null,"abstract":"Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) has become a widely-used theoretical framework to explain the risk-reducing behavior of individuals toward flooding and other natural hazards. Despite a quickly growing body of literature applying PMT in the context of flooding, insights into changes in PMT components and risk-reducing behavior are largely lacking due to a predominant use of cross-sectional research designs. In this study, we examine how various intrapersonal sources of information relate to changes in PMT components and risk-reducing behavior, using unique panel data (n = 2,680) from a survey in Germany and a fixed-effects regression modeling approach. In line with PMT, we find that various intrapersonal sources of information, like prior experience, relate to changes in PMT components. We also find that coping appraisals of PMT change in a direction negatively related to risk-reducing behavior over time, posing a challenge for risk communication and the envisaged shift to integrated flood risk management.","PeriodicalId":48374,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Behavior","volume":"55 1","pages":"211 - 235"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48510894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1177/00139165231176068
Hebatalla Nazmy, Suk-Kyung Kim, Eunsil Lee
Occupant behavior is one of the factors that impact the buildings’ energy consumption. Occupants interact with building systems to adjust their indoor environmental conditions to meet their comfort levels. Occupants’ behavior to control those multiple conditions have been studied in isolation. Previous research highlighted the impact that contextual factors, such as interior design, have on occupants’ energy-related behaviors. This study focused on psychological, contextual, and environmental reasons leading to energy-related occupants’ behavior. It investigated the impact of spatial factors: orientation, floor level, space type, and furniture layout on occupants’ behavioral beliefs about operating windows and adjusting blinds. Results revealed a significant relationship between the spatial factors and occupants’ behavioral beliefs about operating windows and adjusting blinds. It is recommended to consider occupants’ behavioral beliefs related to the spatial factors in the preliminary stages of the design process to contribute to efficient space planning and thus enhance the building’s energy performance.
{"title":"Spatial Factors Related to Occupants’ Behavioral Beliefs About Window and Blind Use in Multifamily Residential Buildings","authors":"Hebatalla Nazmy, Suk-Kyung Kim, Eunsil Lee","doi":"10.1177/00139165231176068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00139165231176068","url":null,"abstract":"Occupant behavior is one of the factors that impact the buildings’ energy consumption. Occupants interact with building systems to adjust their indoor environmental conditions to meet their comfort levels. Occupants’ behavior to control those multiple conditions have been studied in isolation. Previous research highlighted the impact that contextual factors, such as interior design, have on occupants’ energy-related behaviors. This study focused on psychological, contextual, and environmental reasons leading to energy-related occupants’ behavior. It investigated the impact of spatial factors: orientation, floor level, space type, and furniture layout on occupants’ behavioral beliefs about operating windows and adjusting blinds. Results revealed a significant relationship between the spatial factors and occupants’ behavioral beliefs about operating windows and adjusting blinds. It is recommended to consider occupants’ behavioral beliefs related to the spatial factors in the preliminary stages of the design process to contribute to efficient space planning and thus enhance the building’s energy performance.","PeriodicalId":48374,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Behavior","volume":"55 1","pages":"236 - 277"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46478804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1177/00139165231182686
Lærke Mygind, C. Greenwood, P. Letcher, S. Mavoa, Kate Lycett, Yichao Wang, T. Flensborg-Madsen, P. Bentsen, J. Macdonald, K. Thomson, D. Hutchinson, C. Olsson, P. Enticott
Nurturing relationships are crucial for adaptive child development. The objectives of the study were to investigate whether nature availability was associated with early nurturing parenting practices, mother-infant bonding, and infant socioemotional function. Data were from the Australian Temperament Project (n = 809 infants to 515 parents residing in Victoria, Australia) and were linked cross-sectionally to residential greenness (i.e., Normalized Difference in Vegetation Index). There were no observable associations between residential greenness within a 1,600 m network radius and parenting practices, mother-infant bonding, or infant socioemotional function. The findings were largely corroborated by sensitivity analyses (i.e., NDVI within 100, 250, 500, and 1,000 m and distance to park). Shorter distances to a park were associated with less hostile parenting. More residential greenness (1,000 and 1,600 m) was associated with stronger father-infant bonding and more hostile parenting amongst the most stressed parents in exploratory analyses. Residential greenness might be a socioecological precursor for father-infant bonding.
{"title":"Is Neighborhood Nature an Ecological Precursor of Parenting Practices, Infant-Parent Bonding, and Infant Socioemotional Function?","authors":"Lærke Mygind, C. Greenwood, P. Letcher, S. Mavoa, Kate Lycett, Yichao Wang, T. Flensborg-Madsen, P. Bentsen, J. Macdonald, K. Thomson, D. Hutchinson, C. Olsson, P. Enticott","doi":"10.1177/00139165231182686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00139165231182686","url":null,"abstract":"Nurturing relationships are crucial for adaptive child development. The objectives of the study were to investigate whether nature availability was associated with early nurturing parenting practices, mother-infant bonding, and infant socioemotional function. Data were from the Australian Temperament Project (n = 809 infants to 515 parents residing in Victoria, Australia) and were linked cross-sectionally to residential greenness (i.e., Normalized Difference in Vegetation Index). There were no observable associations between residential greenness within a 1,600 m network radius and parenting practices, mother-infant bonding, or infant socioemotional function. The findings were largely corroborated by sensitivity analyses (i.e., NDVI within 100, 250, 500, and 1,000 m and distance to park). Shorter distances to a park were associated with less hostile parenting. More residential greenness (1,000 and 1,600 m) was associated with stronger father-infant bonding and more hostile parenting amongst the most stressed parents in exploratory analyses. Residential greenness might be a socioecological precursor for father-infant bonding.","PeriodicalId":48374,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Behavior","volume":"55 1","pages":"278 - 306"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48173472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.1177/00139165231174615
Claudio D. Rosa, T. S. Chaves, Silvia Collado, Lincoln R. Larson, C. Profice
We conducted a systematic review to synthesize evidence of the effect of nature-based adventure (NBA) interventions on depressive symptoms. Our search was conducted in April 2021 and utilized the following databases: MEDLINE (PubMed), PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, Google Scholar, and Clinicaltrials.gov. Forty-two studies (n = 2,689 participants) with different designs, published between 1979 and 2021, were included. Collectively, results suggest highly variable effects of NBA interventions on depressive symptoms, ranging from reductions in mean depression scores of up to 64% to increases in means scores of up to 18%. Patient adherence to interventions was also variable, and serious adverse events (e.g., leg fractures) did occur. Despite variability across studies, research generally showed that mountain-based and surfing interventions, coupled with other forms of care, may substantially reduce adults’ depressive symptoms more than usual care alone or no intervention, highlighting the potential benefits of some NBA activities for individuals experiencing depressive symptoms.
{"title":"The Effect of Nature-Based Adventure Interventions on Depression: A Systematic Review","authors":"Claudio D. Rosa, T. S. Chaves, Silvia Collado, Lincoln R. Larson, C. Profice","doi":"10.1177/00139165231174615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00139165231174615","url":null,"abstract":"We conducted a systematic review to synthesize evidence of the effect of nature-based adventure (NBA) interventions on depressive symptoms. Our search was conducted in April 2021 and utilized the following databases: MEDLINE (PubMed), PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, Google Scholar, and Clinicaltrials.gov. Forty-two studies (n = 2,689 participants) with different designs, published between 1979 and 2021, were included. Collectively, results suggest highly variable effects of NBA interventions on depressive symptoms, ranging from reductions in mean depression scores of up to 64% to increases in means scores of up to 18%. Patient adherence to interventions was also variable, and serious adverse events (e.g., leg fractures) did occur. Despite variability across studies, research generally showed that mountain-based and surfing interventions, coupled with other forms of care, may substantially reduce adults’ depressive symptoms more than usual care alone or no intervention, highlighting the potential benefits of some NBA activities for individuals experiencing depressive symptoms.","PeriodicalId":48374,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Behavior","volume":"55 1","pages":"140 - 174"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43109999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.1177/00139165231167165
Kelton Minor, Kristoffer Lind Glavind, A. Schwartz, C. Danforth, S. Lehmann, Andreas Bjerre-Nielsen
Evidence links greenspace exposure with restorative benefits to cognition and well-being, yet nature contact is declining for younger demographics. Although natural settings have been shown to restore the capacity to inhibit distracting stimuli, it remains unknown whether smartphone attention capture disrupts nature contact. Here, we analyzed ~2.5 million observations of logged smartphone use, texting, calling, and environmental exposures for 701 young adults over 2 years. Participants’ weekly smartphone screen-time was over double their green-time. The relationship between greenspace exposure and smartphone activity differed by exposure dose, type, and mobility state. Calling and texting increased during short recreational greenspace visits while all smartphone use declined over the first 3 hr in nature areas, suggesting that nature exposure may support digital impulse inhibition. Those with elevated baseline screen-time or green-time significantly reduced device use in nature, indicating that parts of the biosphere may provide a reprieve from the cybersphere for highly connected youth.
{"title":"Nature Exposure is Associated With Reduced Smartphone Use","authors":"Kelton Minor, Kristoffer Lind Glavind, A. Schwartz, C. Danforth, S. Lehmann, Andreas Bjerre-Nielsen","doi":"10.1177/00139165231167165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00139165231167165","url":null,"abstract":"Evidence links greenspace exposure with restorative benefits to cognition and well-being, yet nature contact is declining for younger demographics. Although natural settings have been shown to restore the capacity to inhibit distracting stimuli, it remains unknown whether smartphone attention capture disrupts nature contact. Here, we analyzed ~2.5 million observations of logged smartphone use, texting, calling, and environmental exposures for 701 young adults over 2 years. Participants’ weekly smartphone screen-time was over double their green-time. The relationship between greenspace exposure and smartphone activity differed by exposure dose, type, and mobility state. Calling and texting increased during short recreational greenspace visits while all smartphone use declined over the first 3 hr in nature areas, suggesting that nature exposure may support digital impulse inhibition. Those with elevated baseline screen-time or green-time significantly reduced device use in nature, indicating that parts of the biosphere may provide a reprieve from the cybersphere for highly connected youth.","PeriodicalId":48374,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Behavior","volume":"55 1","pages":"103 - 139"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42282802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.1177/00139165231174622
N. Michels, Preben Hamers
This lab-based study tested whether nature sounds can lead to less stress reactivity, better stress recovery, less stress-induced eating and healthy food choice stimulation, while differentiating between bird and water sounds. Before (5 min) and after (8 min) the Trier Social Stress Test, 59 participants (47% men, 18–30 years) were exposed to one of three soundtracks: birds, streaming water, or wind as control. Group differences were tested on negative affect, salivary cortisol, heart rate variability, hunger, food craving, snack intake and influence expectations. Both bird and water sounds led to better cortisol recovery (not reactivity) and were reported to be more stress-reducing than wind only. The recovery effect was highest for water sounds. No differential sound effects were found for the food variables. The results confirm the potential implementation of bird and water sounds for stress restoration but future research should test the effects (especially on diet) in real-life settings.
{"title":"Nature Sounds for Stress Recovery and Healthy Eating: A Lab Experiment Differentiating Water and Bird Sound","authors":"N. Michels, Preben Hamers","doi":"10.1177/00139165231174622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00139165231174622","url":null,"abstract":"This lab-based study tested whether nature sounds can lead to less stress reactivity, better stress recovery, less stress-induced eating and healthy food choice stimulation, while differentiating between bird and water sounds. Before (5 min) and after (8 min) the Trier Social Stress Test, 59 participants (47% men, 18–30 years) were exposed to one of three soundtracks: birds, streaming water, or wind as control. Group differences were tested on negative affect, salivary cortisol, heart rate variability, hunger, food craving, snack intake and influence expectations. Both bird and water sounds led to better cortisol recovery (not reactivity) and were reported to be more stress-reducing than wind only. The recovery effect was highest for water sounds. No differential sound effects were found for the food variables. The results confirm the potential implementation of bird and water sounds for stress restoration but future research should test the effects (especially on diet) in real-life settings.","PeriodicalId":48374,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Behavior","volume":"55 1","pages":"175 - 205"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47732467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1177/00139165231163549
A. Lauterbach, Florian Kunze
This study examines whether transitioning from cellular offices to an activity-based flexible office (A-FO) impacts employee absenteeism over time. Based on privacy theory, we hypothesized that changing from cell offices to an A-FO setting would lead to increased employee absenteeism. We further assumed that longer-tenured and female employees would experience greater difficulty with the transition, leading to more absenteeism among these groups. Using a sample of 2,017 white-collar workers tracked over 8 years, we quasi-experimentally investigated if absenteeism in the group with the office design intervention (1,035 individuals) differed from the control group (982 individuals). In the difference-in-difference (DiD) framework, nested negative binomial regression showed no difference in absenteeism between the intervention and control groups. However, a three-way interaction revealed that long-term employees showed higher absenteeism when switching to an A-FO. We discuss our contributions and the implications for corporate leadership, human resources, and change management.
{"title":"A Quasi-Experimental Exploration of Activity-Based Flexible Office Design and Demographic Differences in Employee Absenteeism","authors":"A. Lauterbach, Florian Kunze","doi":"10.1177/00139165231163549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00139165231163549","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines whether transitioning from cellular offices to an activity-based flexible office (A-FO) impacts employee absenteeism over time. Based on privacy theory, we hypothesized that changing from cell offices to an A-FO setting would lead to increased employee absenteeism. We further assumed that longer-tenured and female employees would experience greater difficulty with the transition, leading to more absenteeism among these groups. Using a sample of 2,017 white-collar workers tracked over 8 years, we quasi-experimentally investigated if absenteeism in the group with the office design intervention (1,035 individuals) differed from the control group (982 individuals). In the difference-in-difference (DiD) framework, nested negative binomial regression showed no difference in absenteeism between the intervention and control groups. However, a three-way interaction revealed that long-term employees showed higher absenteeism when switching to an A-FO. We discuss our contributions and the implications for corporate leadership, human resources, and change management.","PeriodicalId":48374,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Behavior","volume":"55 1","pages":"47 - 73"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42380532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1177/00139165231163550
Tamar Trop, Sharon Shoshany Tavory, B. Portnov
Public space lighting (PSL), if adequately designed, may significantly enhance pedestrians’ sense of safety and comfort. Yet, the accumulated knowledge about subjective evaluation of PSL is still insufficient. This paper presents a systematic literature review, carried out according to the PRISMA guidelines, of factors affecting pedestrians’ perceptions of safety, comfort, and pleasantness induced by PSL. The screening process, which focused on studies combining technical- and observer-based environmental assessments, yielded 53 eligible papers, which were then synthesized according to an adapted model for outdoor place-human relationship. This framework-based review comprehensively highlights a few common findings and practical implications, as well as multiple gaps in research coverage, many inconsistencies, and significant generalization and transferability constraints. As the review indicates, one size does not fit all, and much further research is needed to improve the tailoring of PSL to a range of contextual conditions, such as different climates, cultures, and city characteristics.
{"title":"Factors Affecting Pedestrians’ Perceptions of Safety, Comfort, and Pleasantness Induced by Public Space Lighting: A Systematic Literature Review","authors":"Tamar Trop, Sharon Shoshany Tavory, B. Portnov","doi":"10.1177/00139165231163550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00139165231163550","url":null,"abstract":"Public space lighting (PSL), if adequately designed, may significantly enhance pedestrians’ sense of safety and comfort. Yet, the accumulated knowledge about subjective evaluation of PSL is still insufficient. This paper presents a systematic literature review, carried out according to the PRISMA guidelines, of factors affecting pedestrians’ perceptions of safety, comfort, and pleasantness induced by PSL. The screening process, which focused on studies combining technical- and observer-based environmental assessments, yielded 53 eligible papers, which were then synthesized according to an adapted model for outdoor place-human relationship. This framework-based review comprehensively highlights a few common findings and practical implications, as well as multiple gaps in research coverage, many inconsistencies, and significant generalization and transferability constraints. As the review indicates, one size does not fit all, and much further research is needed to improve the tailoring of PSL to a range of contextual conditions, such as different climates, cultures, and city characteristics.","PeriodicalId":48374,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Behavior","volume":"55 1","pages":"3 - 46"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49172670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1177/00139165231163547
J. Urban, Š. Bahník, Markéta Braun Kohlová
Several studies have shown that moral licensing by observers makes observers more lenient in their judgment of subsequent immoral behaviors committed by a person. Environmental behavior is generally perceived as moral behavior, but it is not known whether it can trigger moral licensing by observers. In two pre-registered experimental laboratory studies (N1 = 198, N2 = 501), we have tested whether prior engagement in pro-environmental behavior triggers licensing by observers and thus makes observers judge more positively actors’ subsequent immoral behavior (Study 1) and their subsequent anti- and pro-environmental behaviors (Study 2). We found that people engaging in pro-environmental behavior were subsequently rated as more pro-environmental and moral, and their subsequent pro- and anti-environmental behaviors (but not outright immoral behavior) were rated as more moral by observers. As these effects also concern subsequent pro-environmental behaviors, they are broader than what licensing theory suggests.
{"title":"Pro-Environmental Behavior Triggers Moral Inference, Not Licensing by Observers","authors":"J. Urban, Š. Bahník, Markéta Braun Kohlová","doi":"10.1177/00139165231163547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00139165231163547","url":null,"abstract":"Several studies have shown that moral licensing by observers makes observers more lenient in their judgment of subsequent immoral behaviors committed by a person. Environmental behavior is generally perceived as moral behavior, but it is not known whether it can trigger moral licensing by observers. In two pre-registered experimental laboratory studies (N1 = 198, N2 = 501), we have tested whether prior engagement in pro-environmental behavior triggers licensing by observers and thus makes observers judge more positively actors’ subsequent immoral behavior (Study 1) and their subsequent anti- and pro-environmental behaviors (Study 2). We found that people engaging in pro-environmental behavior were subsequently rated as more pro-environmental and moral, and their subsequent pro- and anti-environmental behaviors (but not outright immoral behavior) were rated as more moral by observers. As these effects also concern subsequent pro-environmental behaviors, they are broader than what licensing theory suggests.","PeriodicalId":48374,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Behavior","volume":"55 1","pages":"74 - 98"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45451231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-01DOI: 10.1177/00139165221131262
Dina Abdulkarim, J. Nasar
Whyte made recommendations based on observational studies on making public plazas more livable. The present paper describes two experiments that looked at whether two design attributes he identified—water features and active streets—increase livability measured through visitability, a concept that replaced livability. The studies manipulated four scenarios for fountains (accessible, inaccessible, floor, nothing) and two for storefronts (present, absent) using slides of three plazas each manipulated to present one of the eight scenarios. Study 1 had 66 college students (34 women, 32 men). Study 2 had 93 participants (53 women, 39 men, 1 other) rate the slides on the Perceived Visitability Scale. Fountains and storefronts increased visitability. Accessible water improved visitability for people between the ages 25 and 44. Participants between 18 and 24 and those 45 and older judged plazas with floor fountains as less visitable, suggesting varying effects of certain design elements across age groups.
{"title":"A Splash and a Crowd: Do Water Fountains and Storefronts Improve Plaza’s Visitability?","authors":"Dina Abdulkarim, J. Nasar","doi":"10.1177/00139165221131262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00139165221131262","url":null,"abstract":"Whyte made recommendations based on observational studies on making public plazas more livable. The present paper describes two experiments that looked at whether two design attributes he identified—water features and active streets—increase livability measured through visitability, a concept that replaced livability. The studies manipulated four scenarios for fountains (accessible, inaccessible, floor, nothing) and two for storefronts (present, absent) using slides of three plazas each manipulated to present one of the eight scenarios. Study 1 had 66 college students (34 women, 32 men). Study 2 had 93 participants (53 women, 39 men, 1 other) rate the slides on the Perceived Visitability Scale. Fountains and storefronts increased visitability. Accessible water improved visitability for people between the ages 25 and 44. Participants between 18 and 24 and those 45 and older judged plazas with floor fountains as less visitable, suggesting varying effects of certain design elements across age groups.","PeriodicalId":48374,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Behavior","volume":"54 1","pages":"1171 - 1194"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44542455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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