Journal of Marriage and Family最新文献_第10页

The payroll tax contribution limit and women's labor market outcomes 工资税缴款限制和女性劳动力市场结果

IF 2.7 1区社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES

Journal of Marriage and Family

Pub Date : 2024-12-06 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.13055

Manuel Schechtl, Andreas Haupt

Objective

To examine the effect of the male partner's entry into payroll tax-exempt earnings on the female partner's labor market outcomes.

Background

Employees only pay payroll taxes up to a specific limit, which results in a comparatively greater increase in the take-home pay of individuals who earn labor incomes above this threshold. We argue that returns from payroll-exempt labor are gendered: That is, because men are more likely high earners than women, they will more often benefit from the payroll tax ceiling. This increases the labor market returns of men and sets substantial incentives within couples to reduce the paid labor of the secondary earner.

Method

We use panel data from the United States (PSID) to examine changes in women's annual work hours, hourly wages, and earnings over the partner's entry into payroll tax-exempt labor (treatment) using fixed-effect models with individual slopes. The models enable us to assess women's labor market outcomes while adjusting for heterogeneous within-couple earnings differential slopes before treatment in addition to any time-constant heterogeneity. Our sample contains 7297 women providing 65,811 observations.

Results

Women's earnings on average diminished by 4% after the partner breaks through the payroll tax contribution threshold. This was mostly explained by changes in annual work hours, which on average decreased by 4%. We did not find reduced hourly wages in the short run.

Conclusion

We conclude that payroll exemptions for high earners reinforce gender inequality within upper-income couples, which is a link hitherto missed in the literature.

目的探讨男性合伙人进入工资免税收入对女性合伙人劳动力市场结果的影响。员工只需缴纳一定限额的工资税，这就导致劳动收入超过这个限额的个人的实得工资增长相对更大。我们认为，免工资劳动的回报是有性别的：也就是说，因为男性比女性更有可能是高收入者，他们通常会从工资税上限中受益更多。这增加了男性在劳动力市场的回报，并在夫妻之间建立了实质性的动机，以减少第二收入者的有偿劳动。方法我们使用来自美国（PSID）的面板数据，使用具有个体斜率的固定效应模型来检查伴侣进入工资免税劳动（待遇）后女性年工作时间、小时工资和收入的变化。这些模型使我们能够评估女性劳动力市场的结果，同时调整治疗前夫妻收入差异的异质性，以及任何时间常数的异质性。我们的样本包含7297名女性，提供了65,811项观察结果。结果在配偶超过工资税缴纳门槛后，女性的平均收入下降了4%。这主要是由于年工作时间的变化，年工作时间平均减少了4%。我们没有发现在短期内每小时的工资减少了。我们得出的结论是，高收入者的工资豁免加剧了高收入夫妇中的性别不平等，这是迄今为止文献中遗漏的一个联系。

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引用次数: 0

Temporary Aid for Needy Families as family policy for first time mothers 为有需要的家庭提供临时援助，作为首次生育的家庭政策

IF 2.7 1区社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES

Journal of Marriage and Family

Pub Date : 2024-12-03 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.13050

David W. Rothwell

Objective

This brief report takes a life course approach to describe how first-time mothers with low incomes participate in Temporary Aid for Needy Families (TANF) before and after birth.

Background

By providing cash assistance to low-income mothers with children, TANF functions as a major family policy.

Method

Population data from a cohort of all births in Oregon across 2016–2017 are linked to TANF participation and employment histories. Centering on the birth event, the study window spanned 24 months before and after the first birth. Multivariate models are used to predict TANF participation around birth. A combination of sequence and cluster analyses illuminate within-group patterns.

Results

Around one-quarter of low-income mothers relied on TANF at any time in the two-year study window with about 70% of those participating in TANF during the 6 months after birth. The most common trajectory pattern (41%) was one of TANF enrollment around birth with high likelihood of exit by 6 months following birth, suggesting TANF may function as a short-term substitute for paid work, that is, paid leave. Other trajectories were characterized by timing of enrollment (prenatal or postnatal) and duration of participation. Clusters with longer participation were comprised of mothers who were young, single, and with less labor market attachment.

Conclusions

The majority of low-income single mothers who rely on TANF around birth participate in short spells and exit the program within 1 year. As more states implement paid family leave policies, low-income mothers who previously enrolled in TANF may opt for paid leave.

本简短的报告采用生命历程的方法，描述了低收入的第一次母亲在出生前后如何参与贫困家庭临时援助（TANF）。TANF向有孩子的低收入母亲提供现金援助，是一项主要的家庭政策。方法2016-2017年俄勒冈州所有出生队列的人口数据与TANF参与和就业历史有关。以出生事件为中心，研究窗口跨越了第一次出生前后的24个月。多变量模型用于预测出生前后的TANF参与情况。序列和聚类分析的结合阐明了组内模式。结果在两年的研究窗口中，约有四分之一的低收入母亲在任何时候都依赖于TANF，其中约70%的人在出生后6个月内参与了TANF。最常见的轨迹模式（41%）是在出生前后加入TANF，出生后6个月退出的可能性很大，这表明TANF可能作为带薪工作的短期替代品，即带薪休假。其他轨迹的特点是登记时间（产前或产后）和参与的持续时间。参与时间较长的群体由年轻、单身、对劳动力市场依赖程度较低的母亲组成。结论出生前后依赖TANF的低收入单亲母亲多数参加短期计划，并在1年内退出该计划。随着越来越多的州实施带薪家庭假政策，以前参加TANF的低收入母亲可能会选择带薪休假。

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引用次数: 0

Young adults' gendered trajectories of routine housework time when leaving home 年轻人离家时日常家务时间的性别轨迹

IF 2.7 1区社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES

Journal of Marriage and Family

Pub Date : 2024-11-28 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.13053

Florian Schulz, Marcel Raab

Objective

To examine young adult women's and men's time use for routine housework when moving out of the parental household.

Background

From a life-course perspective, establishing an own household is one of the key markers of the transition to adulthood. Leaving home is associated with new responsibilities concerning the organization of everyday life, including routine housework, and provides a new context for gendered behavior.

Methods

Hours for routine housework were estimated with longitudinal fixed effects regression models, using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (1991–2020) on 911 women and 721 men, aged 18–32, who moved to an own couple or non-couple household.

Results

During the transition to an own household, young adult women increased their time for routine housework by 18 min per day. Young adult men's increase was larger with 21 min per day. The gender gap in routine housework hours widened when young adults moved into couple households but showed a converging pattern when they moved into non-couple households.

Conclusion

Women continue to do more routine housework than men in early adulthood, although moving into non-couple settings tends to decrease gender inequality on average.

目的研究年轻成年女性和男性在搬出父母家时日常家务劳动的时间使用情况。背景从生命历程的角度来看，建立自己的家庭是向成年过渡的关键标志之一。离开家庭意味着要承担日常生活安排方面的新责任，包括日常家务劳动，并为性别行为提供了新的背景。方法利用德国社会经济面板研究（1991-2020 年）中有关 911 名女性和 721 名男性（18-32 岁）的数据，通过纵向固定效应回归模型对日常家务劳动的时间进行了估算。结果在过渡到自有家庭期间，年轻女性每天用于日常家务劳动的时间增加了 18 分钟。青壮年男性增加的时间更多，为每天 21 分钟。当青壮年进入夫妻家庭时，日常家务劳动时间的性别差距扩大，但当他们进入非夫妻家庭时，这种差距则逐渐缩小。结论女性在成年早期仍然比男性做更多的日常家务，尽管进入非夫妻家庭往往会平均减少性别不平等。

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引用次数: 0

Mapping modern kinship networks: First results from the KINMATRIX survey 绘制现代亲属网络：KINMATRIX调查的第一批结果

IF 2.7 1区社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES

Journal of Marriage and Family

Pub Date : 2024-11-24 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.13049

Thomas Leopold, Marcel Raab, Charlotte Clara Becker, Zafer Buyukkececi, Beyda Çineli

Objective

This study presents initial results from the KINMATRIX survey, a large-scale source of ego-centric network data offering an unprecedented level of scope and detail in mapping family relationships.

Background

Research on kinship networks is limited by the scarcity of available data. As a result, key phenomena remain insufficiently understood, including the importance of extended kin, contrasts between kinship lines, and cross-national differences. Notably, extended kin provide a unique “strength in numbers” that can enhance social transmission, integration, and support.

Method

We analyzed data from anchor respondents aged 25–35 (N = 11,788 anchors; 239,220 anchor-kin dyads) collected in seven Western countries (Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, United Kingdom, and United States). Kinship networks included a large array of nuclear, extended, and complex kin (on average, 20 kin per anchor). We used descriptive methods to examine retrospective, current, and prospective assessments of kin ties across four measures: importance, closeness, contact, and support.

Results

We report three main findings: First, extended kin are central to younger adults' lives, representing at least half of the family members they are emotionally close to, regularly contact, and deem important. Second, kinship networks are matrilineally tilted. Maternal kin are emotionally closer, more frequently contacted, considered more important, and more supportive. Third, cross-national comparisons reveal both similarities and notable differences, with the United States and Sweden showing elevated importance of extended and complex kin and Italy exhibiting higher social integration with nuclear and extended kin.

Conclusion

Data on kinship networks can significantly advance our understanding of key family phenomena.

本研究介绍了 KINMATRIX 调查的初步结果，这是一个以自我为中心的大规模网络数据源，在绘制家庭关系图方面提供了前所未有的范围和细节。背景关于亲属关系网络的研究因可用数据稀缺而受到限制。因此，对一些关键现象的了解仍然不够，包括大家族的重要性、亲缘关系之间的对比以及跨国差异。值得注意的是，大家庭提供了一种独特的 "人数优势"，可以加强社会传承、融合和支持。方法我们分析了在七个西方国家（德国、意大利、荷兰、波兰、瑞典、英国和美国）收集的 25-35 岁锚受访者的数据（N = 11,788 锚；239,220 锚-亲属二元组）。亲属关系网络包括大量核心亲属、扩展亲属和复合亲属（平均每个锚人有 20 个亲属）。我们采用描述性方法，通过重要性、亲密程度、联系和支持这四项指标，对亲属关系的回顾性评估、当前评估和前瞻性评估进行了研究。结果我们报告了三个主要发现：首先，远亲是年轻人生活的中心，至少占他们情感亲密、经常联系并认为重要的家庭成员的一半。其次，亲属网络向母系倾斜。母系亲属在情感上更亲近、联系更频繁、被认为更重要、支持性更强。第三，跨国比较显示出相似之处和显著差异，美国和瑞典显示出延伸亲属和复杂亲属的重要性，而意大利则显示出与核心亲属和延伸亲属的社会融合度更高。结论有关亲属关系网络的数据可以极大地促进我们对主要家庭现象的理解。

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引用次数: 0

Fairness perceptions of the postdivorce division of childcare and child-related expenses 对离婚后儿童保育和儿童相关费用分配的公平看法

IF 2.7 1区社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES

Journal of Marriage and Family

Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.13044

Tara Koster, Anne-Rigt Poortman

Objective

This study examines how the division of childcare and child-related expenses after divorce affects fairness perceptions of mothers and fathers.

Background

Previous research has focused on married families and found that unequal divisions of household labor are often regarded as fair. This study investigates whether fairness perceptions are also common for divorced parents for whom the division of childrearing responsibilities may be a sensitive issue.

Method

The analyses were based on data from Wave 3 of the New Families in the Netherlands survey, which was conducted in 2020 among a random sample of divorced or separated parents (N = 2963).

Results

The division of childcare and child-related expenses after divorce was perceived as fair by about half of parents, yet for childcare this was nearly 60% for fathers. Higher contributions to child-related expenses were associated with stronger unfairness perceptions. For childcare, not only parents who contributed a lot but also parents contributing little were most likely to perceive the division as unfair (with parents with more equal contributions falling in between). Mothers were more sensitive to inequitable divisions of childrearing responsibilities than fathers.

Conclusion

Unfairness perceptions are relatively widespread in postdivorce families suggesting that the division of childrearing responsibilities is less taken for granted after divorce. Time and money investments of divorced parents relate differently to unfairness perceptions, and postdivorce fairness perceptions and processes are gendered.

目的本研究探讨了离婚后儿童保育和儿童相关费用的分担如何影响母亲和父亲对公平的看法。研究背景以前的研究主要针对已婚家庭，发现不平等的家务劳动分工通常被认为是公平的。本研究调查了离异父母是否也普遍认为公平，因为对他们来说，分担抚养子女的责任可能是一个敏感问题。方法分析基于荷兰新家庭调查第 3 波的数据，该调查于 2020 年在离婚或分居父母（N = 2963）中进行了随机抽样。结果约有一半的父母认为离婚后育儿和子女相关费用的分配是公平的，但在育儿方面，父亲的比例接近 60%。对子女相关费用的贡献越大，对不公平的看法就越强烈。在儿童保育方面，不仅是分担费用多的父母，分担费用少的父母也最有可能认为分配不公平（分担费用较为平均的父母介于两者之间）。与父亲相比，母亲对不公平的育儿责任分担更为敏感。结论对不公平的看法在离婚后家庭中较为普遍，这表明离婚后对子女抚养责任的划分不再那么理所当然。离婚父母的时间和金钱投资与不公平感的关系不同，离婚后的公平感和过程也有性别差异。

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引用次数: 0

Climate change worries and fertility intentions: Insights from three EU countries 气候变化担忧与生育意向：来自三个欧盟国家的见解

IF 2.7 1区社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES

Journal of Marriage and Family

Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.13048

Elena Bastianelli

Objective

This study investigates the relationship between climate change concern and fertility intentions in Finland, Estonia, and Sweden. It explores whether climate worries are associated with a greater inclination to remain childfree or a reduction in the number of intended children, and whether the association varies across the three countries.

Background

Climate change concern is said to influence fertility intentions either by prompting individuals to reduce their intended fertility to alleviate pressure on the planet or by instilling a sense of guilt and concern about bringing a child into a perceived doomed world. However, scientific evidence on this association is still limited and inconsistent.

Method

The analysis draws on nationally representative data from the 2021/22 Gender and Generation Survey, focusing on individuals aged 18–40. It examines certainty in future fertility intentions and the intended number of children through ordinal and multinomial logistic regressions, distinguishing between first-birth and higher-order birth intentions. Interactions between climate change concern and country are explored to assess potential cross-country differences.

Results

The results provide evidence that strong concern for climate change is linked to reduced fertility intentions, driven by childless individuals' intentions to forgo childbearing altogether rather than reducing the number of intended children. This pattern holds across all three countries, with a more pronounced association in Finland and Estonia, and somewhat weaker in Sweden.

Conclusion

This study highlights, for the first time in the European context and on a representative sample, that climate change concern is negatively associated with fertility intentions.

目的研究芬兰、爱沙尼亚和瑞典对气候变化的关注与生育意愿之间的关系。它探讨了气候担忧是否与更倾向于不生育或减少计划生育数量有关，以及这种联系是否在三个国家有所不同。据说，对气候变化的担忧会影响生育意愿，要么促使个人降低预期生育率，以减轻地球上的压力，要么让人们对把孩子带到一个被认为注定要毁灭的世界产生负罪感和担忧。然而，关于这种关联的科学证据仍然有限且不一致。方法利用《2021/22年性别与代际调查》中具有全国代表性的数据进行分析，重点关注18-40岁的人群。它通过序数和多项逻辑回归来检验未来生育意图和预期子女数量的确定性，区分首次生育和高阶生育意图。探讨了气候变化问题与国家之间的相互作用，以评估潜在的跨国差异。结果表明，对气候变化的强烈关注与生育意愿的降低有关，因为没有孩子的人倾向于完全放弃生育，而不是减少计划生育的孩子数量。这一模式在这三个国家都适用，芬兰和爱沙尼亚的关联性更明显，瑞典的关联性稍弱一些。本研究首次在欧洲背景下和代表性样本上强调，对气候变化的关注与生育意愿呈负相关。

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引用次数: 0

Adult children's responsiveness to parental needs during the pandemic 大流行期间成年儿童对父母需求的反应

IF 2.7 1区社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES

Journal of Marriage and Family

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.13043

I-Fen Lin, Emily E. Wiemers, Janecca A. Chin, Anna Wiersma Strauss, Judith A. Seltzer, V. Joseph Hotz

Objectives

Guided by the life-course principles of linked lives embedded in historical time and place, we investigated whether nonresident adult children provided financial and time assistance to parents in response to their needs during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background

Adult children are an important source of support for older adults during crises, yet their ability to help parents may have been constrained during the pandemic.

Method

Data were extracted from the 2016, 2018, and 2020 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. We employed three analytic strategies. First, we examined how nonresident adult children responded to parental needs during the pandemic. Second, we compared the financial and time assistance received during the pandemic with earlier periods. Third, we assessed whether support patterns varied depending on the severity of the pandemic in places where parents lived. All analyses used linear probability models, adjusting for pre-pandemic characteristics.

Results

Parents facing economic hardship more often received money help and those experiencing difficulty buying food for nonfinancial reasons more often received time help from adult children compared to those without such challenges. Moreover, both financial and time assistance from adult children increased during the pandemic compared to pre-pandemic levels. Hardships increased the probability of receiving money and time help from adult children when parents lived in areas with a high level of pandemic severity.

Conclusion

Adult children became more responsive to parental needs during the COVID-19 pandemic, underscoring the importance of linked lives across generations during times of crisis.

在嵌入历史时间和地点的生命历程原则的指导下，我们调查了在COVID-19大流行期间，非居民成年子女是否为父母提供了经济和时间上的帮助，以应对他们的需求。成年子女是危机期间老年人支持的重要来源，但在大流行期间，他们帮助父母的能力可能受到限制。方法数据取自2016年、2018年和2020年的健康与退休研究。我们采用了三种分析策略。首先，我们研究了大流行期间非居民成年子女如何应对父母的需求。其次，我们将疫情期间获得的财政和时间援助与早期进行了比较。第三，我们评估了在父母居住的地方，支持模式是否因疫情的严重程度而有所不同。所有分析都使用线性概率模型，并根据大流行前的特征进行了调整。结果与没有经济困难的父母相比，面临经济困难的父母更经常得到金钱帮助，而那些因非经济原因而购买食物有困难的父母更经常得到成年子女的时间帮助。此外，与大流行前相比，大流行期间成年子女提供的财政和时间援助都有所增加。当父母生活在流行病严重程度较高的地区时，困难增加了从成年子女那里得到金钱和时间帮助的可能性。结论：在2019冠状病毒病大流行期间，成年子女对父母的需求反应更积极，这凸显了危机时期各代人生活联系的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

The fall and rise of parental financial investments during the COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19大流行期间父母金融投资的起落

IF 2.7 1区社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES

Journal of Marriage and Family

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.13046

Orestes P. Hastings, Mariana Amorim, Sabino Kornrich

Objective

This research note investigates changes in American parents' financial investments in children during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as whether and how changes in parents' spending varied based on parental education.

Background

Parents purchase goods, experiences, and services that shape children's human capital and life chances. Socioeconomic differences in parental expenditures on children represent an important pathway for perpetuating inequality across generations. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted children's lives in ways that may have changed these levels of investment.

Method

The 2015–2022 Consumer Expenditure Survey (CEX) is used to describe spending on five key categories of investments in children's human capital (educational spending, extracurricular activities and lessons, computers and tablets, formal childcare, informal childcare) overall and by parental education. Mediation analysis assesses the extent school closures explain these changes.

Results

Childcare and extracurricular expenditures initially decreased significantly and then gradually recovered to pre-pandemic levels by the end of 2021. Cutbacks were primarily among more educated families. However, spending on schooling increased in 2021 and computer and tablet purchases spiked in 2020, particularly among more educated families. Mediation analysis suggests that when expenditures were most affected by the pandemic (in 2020), school closures explained 50%–70% of those changes.

Conclusion

This note provides evidence that during the pandemic socioeconomic inequalities in child-related spending decreased in some categories of spending (e.g., childcare and extracurriculars) and increased in others (e.g., computers and tablets). Many changes appeared short-term, but changes in education point to possible longer-term shifts in parents' preferences about children's educational environments.

本研究报告调查了美国父母在COVID-19大流行期间对儿童的金融投资的变化，以及父母的教育是否以及如何改变父母的支出变化。父母购买的商品、经历和服务塑造了儿童的人力资本和生活机会。父母子女支出的社会经济差异是代际不平等持续存在的重要途径。2019冠状病毒病大流行扰乱了儿童的生活，可能改变了这些投资水平。方法使用2015-2022年消费者支出调查（CEX）来描述儿童人力资本投资的五个关键类别（教育支出，课外活动和课程，电脑和平板电脑，正规托幼，非正规托幼）的总体支出和父母教育。中介分析评估了学校关闭对这些变化的解释程度。结果幼儿保育和课外支出最初显著下降，到2021年底逐渐恢复到大流行前的水平。削减开支的主要是受教育程度较高的家庭。然而，2021年教育支出增加，2020年电脑和平板电脑购买量激增，尤其是在受教育程度较高的家庭中。中介分析表明，当支出受大流行影响最大时（2020年），学校关闭解释了这些变化的50%-70%。本说明提供的证据表明，在大流行期间，与儿童有关的支出方面的社会经济不平等现象在某些类别的支出（例如，儿童保育和课外活动）中有所减少，在其他类别的支出（例如，计算机和平板电脑）中有所增加。许多变化似乎是短期的，但教育方面的变化表明，家长对孩子教育环境的偏好可能会发生长期的转变。

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引用次数: 0

Early-life disadvantage and parent-to-child financial transfers 早期生活劣势和父母对孩子的经济转移

IF 2.7 1区社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES

Journal of Marriage and Family

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.13036

Kent Jason Go Cheng

Objective

To determine (1) how parental childhood disadvantage is associated with parent-to-child financial transfers for schooling and other unspecified purposes and (2) whether the association holds when parental socioeconomic status (years of education, family income, wealth) is considered.

Background

Cumulative inequality theory posits that early life disadvantage may not only adversely affect one's resource accumulation across the life course, but it may also shape one's ability to provide assistance to offspring.

Method

Data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics were used to estimate zero-inflated negative binomial regression models to predict the amount of parent-to-child transfers (N = 2364 for school transfers, N = 3618 for other transfers), controlling for parents' and children's sociodemographic factors. Childhood disadvantage score (0 as reference, 1, 2, 3, 4+) was constructed using 13 items that reflect the economic, psychosocial, environmental, and health domains of early life. The associations of each domain with financial transfers were also estimated.

Results

Parents with 4+ disadvantages gave about $2200 less for schooling. Economic and environmental disadvantage lessened levels of school transfers, while environmental disadvantage decreased the odds of being a non-provider of other transfers. The disparity in transfer amounts generally narrowed when the mediating role of parental socioeconomic status was accounted for.

Conclusion

Higher education has become one of the major mechanisms through which class stratification, social inequality, and health disparities ensue. Educational outcomes among current cohorts of young adults could have been shaped by the preceding generation's childhood through intergenerational exchanges.

目的确定(1)父母的童年劣势如何与父母对子女的教育和其他未指明目的的经济转移相关联；(2)当考虑父母的社会经济地位（受教育年限、家庭收入、财富）时，这种关联是否成立。累积不平等理论认为，早期生活的劣势不仅会对一个人一生中资源的积累产生不利影响，而且还会影响一个人为后代提供帮助的能力。方法利用收入动态面板研究的数据估计零膨胀负二项回归模型来预测父母对儿童转移的数量（学校转移N = 2364，其他转移N = 3618），控制父母和儿童的社会人口因素。童年劣势得分（0作为参考，1、2、3、4+）由13个项目构成，这些项目反映了早期生活的经济、社会心理、环境和健康领域。还估计了每个领域与财政转移的关联。结果4+劣势家长的学费少了2200美元左右。经济和环境劣势降低了学校转移的水平，而环境劣势降低了不提供其他转移的可能性。当考虑到父母社会经济地位的中介作用时，转移金额的差异一般会缩小。高等教育已成为阶级分层、社会不平等和健康差距产生的主要机制之一。当前年轻人群体的教育成果可能是由上一代人的童年经历通过代际交流形成的。

{"title":"Early-life disadvantage and parent-to-child financial transfers","authors":"Kent Jason Go Cheng","doi":"10.1111/jomf.13036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.13036","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To determine (1) how parental childhood disadvantage is associated with parent-to-child financial transfers for schooling and other unspecified purposes and (2) whether the association holds when parental socioeconomic status (years of education, family income, wealth) is considered.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cumulative inequality theory posits that early life disadvantage may not only adversely affect one's resource accumulation across the life course, but it may also shape one's ability to provide assistance to offspring.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics were used to estimate zero-inflated negative binomial regression models to predict the amount of parent-to-child transfers (<i>N</i> = 2364 for school transfers, <i>N</i> = 3618 for other transfers), controlling for parents' and children's sociodemographic factors. Childhood disadvantage score (0 as reference, 1, 2, 3, 4+) was constructed using 13 items that reflect the economic, psychosocial, environmental, and health domains of early life. The associations of each domain with financial transfers were also estimated.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Parents with 4+ disadvantages gave about $2200 less for schooling. Economic and environmental disadvantage lessened levels of school transfers, while environmental disadvantage decreased the odds of being a non-provider of other transfers. The disparity in transfer amounts generally narrowed when the mediating role of parental socioeconomic status was accounted for.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Higher education has become one of the major mechanisms through which class stratification, social inequality, and health disparities ensue. Educational outcomes among current cohorts of young adults could have been shaped by the preceding generation's childhood through intergenerational exchanges.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48440,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marriage and Family","volume":"87 2","pages":"437-459"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jomf.13036","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143530094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Paternal involvement and children's internalization of gender roles in early childhood 父亲参与与儿童早期性别角色内化

IF 2.7 1区社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES

Journal of Marriage and Family

Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.13045

Estelle Herbaut, Romain Delès, Kevin Diter

Objective

This study investigates the effects of paternal involvement on the frequency of gender-incongruent activities in children's play at age 2.

Background

Recent research suggests that paternal involvement is associated with more gender egalitarian attitudes in children and a more egalitarian distribution of housework tasks between sons and daughters. Although previous studies have tested the effects of paternal involvement on teenage children, the process of internalization of gender norms and roles in early childhood has not yet been investigated.

Method

Analyses are based on the French Elfe cohort with information at age 2 for 11,564 children born in 2011. Multivariate linear and multinomial logistic regression models were run separately for sons and daughters.

Results

Paternal involvement in early childhood was associated with more frequent gender-incongruent activities in boys' but not in girls' play at age 2. The effect of paternal involvement further varied depending on the type of involvement: involvement in housework tasks and childcare was associated with more gender-incongruent activities for sons but paternal participation in children's play increased the frequency of activities gender-typed as masculine, independently of the child's sex.

Conclusion

Paternal involvement in housework and childcare in early childhood shapes gender-typed activities in toddlers' play for sons but not for daughters. It contributes to “undoing gender” in play activities for boys and, in doing so, narrows the gender gap in children's play.

目的探讨父亲参与对2岁儿童游戏中性别不一致行为发生频率的影响。最近的研究表明，父亲的参与与孩子更平等的性别态度和儿子和女儿之间更平等的家务分配有关。虽然以前的研究已经测试了父亲参与对青少年儿童的影响，但尚未对儿童早期性别规范和角色的内化过程进行调查。方法分析基于2011年出生的11,564名2岁儿童的法国Elfe队列信息。对儿子和女儿分别进行多元线性和多项逻辑回归模型。结果父亲在儿童早期的参与与男孩在2岁时更频繁的性别不一致活动有关，而与女孩在2岁时的游戏无关。父亲参与的影响根据参与的类型而进一步变化：参与家务任务和照顾孩子与儿子更多的性别不一致的活动有关，但父亲参与儿童游戏增加了性别类型为男性化的活动的频率，与孩子的性别无关。结论父亲在幼儿时期参与家务和照顾孩子对男孩的游戏活动有影响，但对女孩没有影响。它有助于在男孩的游戏活动中“消除性别”，从而缩小儿童游戏中的性别差距。

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引用次数: 0