Journal of Marriage and Family最新文献

Life Course Family Dynamics and Transfers From Childrento Biological Parents. 生命历程、家庭动态和从儿童到亲生父母的转移。

IF 3.4 1区社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES

Journal of Marriage and Family

Pub Date : 2025-10-06 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.70031

Sarah E Patterson, Paula Fomby

Objective: Time in childhood spent living apart from a biological parent or with a repartnered parent is theorized to disrupt norms of intergenerational solidarity and reduce transfers from adult children to parents. Parents' partnership status when children are grown is also expected to influence children's transfers. We estimate the probability of a past-year child-to-parent transfer as a function of childhood family structure and parents' current partnership status.

Background: Changes in family structure across the life course are common and can have lasting effects on parent-child relationships. Prior research has focused on static measures of childhood family structure or focused only on parents' later-life partnerships.

Method: We use dynamic measures of biological parents' partnership status and coresidence with children from birth to age 17 and parent's current partnership status to estimate the probability that a child transferred time or money to that parent in the last year (N=8,840 parent-child dyads). Data are from the 1968-2013 US Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), including the 2013 Rosters and Transfers module.

Results: Adult children are most likely to make transfers to a parent who is currently partnered with their other biological parent and more likely to support a currently unpartnered or repartnered mother than a father in the same status. Time in childhood spent living with a parent positively predicts adult children's transfers to that parent.

Conclusion: Past and current family arrangements each contribute to adult children's likelihood of providing time or money to parents, especially for fathers.

目的：从理论上讲，童年时期与亲生父母分开生活或与重新合作的父母一起生活会破坏代际团结的规范，并减少从成年子女到父母的转移。孩子长大后，父母的伴侣身份预计也会影响孩子的转移。我们估计过去一年孩子到父母转移的概率是童年家庭结构和父母当前伙伴关系状态的函数。背景：在整个生命过程中，家庭结构的变化是常见的，并且会对亲子关系产生持久的影响。之前的研究主要集中在童年家庭结构的静态测量上，或者只关注父母晚年的伴侣关系。方法：我们使用动态测量亲生父母的伴侣关系状态和与孩子从出生到17岁的共同居住以及父母当前的伴侣关系状态来估计孩子在过去一年中向该父母转移时间或金钱的概率（N=8,840对亲子）。数据来自1968-2013年美国收入动态面板研究（PSID），包括2013年名册和转移模块。结果：成年子女最有可能将子女转移给目前与另一位亲生父母有伴侣关系的父母，并且更有可能支持目前没有伴侣关系或重新伴侣关系的母亲，而不是处于相同地位的父亲。童年时期与父母一起生活的时间积极地预测了成年子女向父母的转变。结论：过去和现在的家庭安排都有助于成年子女为父母，尤其是父亲提供时间和金钱的可能性。

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引用次数: 0

Children and Wealth Contexts in the United States: Differences by Household Type. 美国儿童与财富背景：不同家庭类型的差异。

IF 3.4 1区社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES

Journal of Marriage and Family

Pub Date : 2025-09-05 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.70026

Christina Gibson-Davis

Objective: To examine whether the wealth context of households with children, marked by high rates of inequality and low levels of wealth for those at the bottom, also applies to elderly households and households without children.

Background: Children experience higher income poverty than elderly or working-age adults, but wealth and wealth deprivation comparisons across these groups have not been done. Exploring these differences may reveal another economic dimension on which households with children are uniquely vulnerable and inform policies aimed at financial stability.

Methods: Data are drawn from the 1989 to 2022 waves of the Survey of Consumer Finances (N = 58,148 households), a nationally representative triannual survey of household wealth. The study tracks trends in wealth inequality, wealth holdings, and net worth poverty across three household types: non-elderly households with children, non-elderly households without children, and elderly households.

Results: Households with children exhibit higher wealth inequality, lower wealth levels, and greater net worth poverty rates than the other two household types. Disparities between elderly and child households are particularly large, with child households having pennies on the dollar for every dollar of elderly wealth. These disparities increased over time, except in the early 2020s, when gaps narrowed.

Conclusion: Like income, wealth is another economic context in which child households compare unfavorably to households without children and elderly households. However, government spending during the pandemic coincided with increases in child household wealth and decreases in net worth poverty, suggesting that child wealth contexts are not fixed.

目的：研究以高不平等率和底层低财富水平为特征的有子女家庭的财富背景是否也适用于老年家庭和没有子女的家庭。背景：与老年人或工作年龄的成年人相比，儿童的收入贫困程度更高，但尚未对这些群体的财富和财富剥夺进行比较。探索这些差异可能会揭示出另一个经济层面，在这个层面上，有孩子的家庭是独特的弱势群体，并为旨在实现金融稳定的政策提供信息。方法：数据来自1989年至2022年的消费者财务调查（N = 58148户），这是一项具有全国代表性的家庭财富三年一次的调查。该研究追踪了三种家庭类型的财富不平等、财富持有和净值贫困的趋势：有孩子的非老年家庭、没有孩子的非老年家庭和老年家庭。结果：与其他两种家庭类型相比，有孩子的家庭表现出更高的财富不平等，更低的财富水平和更高的净值贫困率。老人家庭和孩子家庭之间的差距尤其大，老人的每一美元财富，孩子家庭的每一美元财富都只有几美分。除了本世纪20年代初差距缩小外，这些差距随着时间的推移而扩大。结论：与收入一样，财富是另一个经济背景，在这个经济背景下，有孩子的家庭比没有孩子的家庭和老人家庭更不利。然而，大流行期间的政府支出与儿童家庭财富的增加和净资产贫困的减少同时发生，这表明儿童财富状况并非固定不变。

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引用次数: 0

The Compensatory Model of Resilience Process of Indonesian Married Individuals 印尼已婚个体心理弹性过程的补偿模型

IF 3.4 1区社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES

Journal of Marriage and Family

Pub Date : 2025-07-16 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.70016

Edwin Adrianta Surijah, Kate Murray, Ian Shochet

Objective

The present study aimed to improve understanding of resilience processes among Indonesian married individuals to maintain marital satisfaction when facing external and intradyadic challenges.

Background

Marital relationships in Indonesia may face particular challenges within and outside the marriage given the cultural context. Resilience in marital relationships, defined as maintaining marital satisfaction over time despite challenges, may help Indonesian married individuals promote positive adaptation. However, existing research on resilience in marital relationships has failed to comprehensively conceptualize the resilience process, and due to cross-sectional designs cannot capture the dynamic associations between resilience components and how protective factors might promote relationship satisfaction over time when experiencing risk.

Method

Over 6 weeks, 135 Indonesian married individuals reported on key components of resilience, including their marital satisfaction, intradyadic and extradyadic stress, and dyadic coping.

Results

Hierarchical linear models indicated that dyadic coping, such as expressing support to one's partner or coping together with one's partner, reduced the negative impact of marital stress on satisfaction. However, the provision of support by a partner under a high level of stress reduced marital satisfaction.

Conclusion

These findings highlight the utility of protective factors to compensate for persistent challenges, such as daily hassles, that affect marital satisfaction among Indonesian married individuals. The models discovered in this study improve the understanding of resilience processes, especially within marital relationships in Indonesia.

目的本研究旨在提高对印尼已婚个体在面对外部和内部挑战时维持婚姻满意度的弹性过程的理解。鉴于印尼的文化背景，婚姻关系可能面临婚姻内外的特殊挑战。婚姻关系的弹性，定义为尽管面临挑战，但在一段时间内保持婚姻满意度，可能有助于印尼已婚人士促进积极适应。然而，现有的关于婚姻关系弹性的研究未能全面概念化弹性过程，并且由于横截面设计，无法捕捉弹性成分之间的动态关联以及当经历风险时，保护因素如何随着时间的推移促进关系满意度。方法对135名印尼已婚人士进行为期6周的心理弹性主要组成部分的调查，包括婚姻满意度、心理内外压力和心理应对。结果层次线性模型显示，支持伴侣或与伴侣共同应对的二元应对能降低婚姻压力对满意度的负面影响。然而，在高压力下提供支持的伴侣会降低婚姻满意度。这些发现强调了保护因素的效用，以补偿持续的挑战，如日常争吵，影响印尼已婚人士的婚姻满意度。本研究中发现的模型提高了对弹性过程的理解，特别是在印度尼西亚的婚姻关系中。

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引用次数: 0

How Do Employers View Applicants With and Without Children? 雇主如何看待有孩子和没有孩子的申请人？

IF 3.4 1区社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES

Journal of Marriage and Family

Pub Date : 2025-07-10 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.70008

Morien El Haj, Axana Dalle, Louis Lippens, Stijn Baert

Objective

This study investigates how parenthood influences employers' hiring decisions and the underlying signals that drive this discrimination.

Background

Prior research has consistently shown a motherhood penalty in hiring, whereas evidence on fatherhood remains less clear. Yet, most studies simplify parenthood into a binary distinction between parents and non-parents, neglecting potential variations based on the number and age of children. Moreover, little research has examined the underlying reasons for these disparate hiring decisions.

Method

A state-of-the-art vignette experiment was conducted with 452 real recruiters in Flanders (Belgium). Recruiters evaluated fictitious job applicants, whose parental status varied, on invitation rating and 16 theoretically relevant stigmas.

Results

Mothers received lower invitation ratings than non-mothers, regardless of the number and age of children, which can be understood by a range of negative stigma, including lower flexibility, higher absenteeism risk, higher career break risk, and lower willingness to work overtime. For men, a penalty was found when they had many children, especially older children. Compared to fathers with fewer children, those with three children were seen as less ambitious, less flexible, less likely to work overtime, and more likely to have experienced recent loss of skills.

Conclusion

The study highlights the persistent motherhood penalty and demonstrates that the fatherhood effect depends on the number and age of children.

目的本研究探讨父母身份如何影响雇主的招聘决策以及驱动这种歧视的潜在信号。先前的研究一直表明，在招聘中，做母亲会受到惩罚，而做父亲的证据则不太清楚。然而，大多数研究将父母关系简化为父母和非父母之间的二元区分，忽略了基于孩子数量和年龄的潜在差异。此外，很少有研究调查这些不同招聘决定的潜在原因。方法对比利时法兰德斯地区452名真实招聘者进行小插图实验。招聘人员根据邀请等级和16个理论上相关的污点来评估虚构的求职者，这些求职者的父母身份各不相同。结果无论孩子的数量和年龄如何，母亲获得的邀请评分低于非母亲，这可以通过一系列负面污名来理解，包括较低的灵活性、较高的缺勤风险、较高的职业破裂风险和较低的加班意愿。对于男性来说，当他们有很多孩子，尤其是大孩子时，他们会受到惩罚。与孩子较少的父亲相比，有三个孩子的父亲被认为野心较小，灵活性较差，不太可能加班，而且最近更有可能失去技能。结论本研究强调了母亲惩罚的持续存在，并表明父亲的影响与子女的数量和年龄有关。

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引用次数: 0

Making (Enough for) Love: The Association of Income and Relationship Readiness 让（足够的）爱：收入和关系准备的关系

IF 3.4 1区社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES

Journal of Marriage and Family

Pub Date : 2025-07-02 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.70000

Johanna Peetz, Geoff MacDonald

Objective

To examine the relation of unpartnered individuals' financial situation to satisfaction with singlehood, desire for a relationship, and likelihood of partnering. Is higher income related to happier singlehood and/or a stronger draw towards romantic relationships?

Background

The link between income and romantic relationships has so far been examined mainly in the context of existing relationships, with higher income related to lower conflict levels and more likelihood of transition to marriage. The present research extends this work to focus on currently single individuals and their satisfaction with singlehood as well as desire for (and likelihood of transitioning into) a relationship.

Method

The link between singles' self-reported income and their satisfaction with their single relationship status, desire to begin a relationship, perceived relationship readiness, as well as odds of starting a relationship was examined across two longitudinal studies (N_Study1 = 638; N_Study2 = 4179).

Results

Higher income was unrelated to satisfaction with singlehood but correlated with more desire for a relationship, higher relationship readiness, and longitudinally predicted a greater likelihood of actually starting a relationship. No significant gender differences emerged for the link between income and relationship attitudes in either study.

Conclusion

The financial well-being of young adults is linked with romantic desire, perceived readiness for relationships, and actual transitioning into intimate partnerships.

目的探讨单身个体的财务状况与单身满意度、恋爱欲望和伴侣可能性的关系。高收入是否与更幸福的单身生活和/或更倾向于恋爱关系有关？到目前为止，收入和恋爱关系之间的联系主要是在现有关系的背景下进行研究的，高收入与低冲突水平和更有可能过渡到婚姻有关。目前的研究将这项工作扩展到目前单身的人，以及他们对单身状态的满意度，以及对一段关系的渴望（和过渡到一段关系的可能性）。方法通过两项纵向研究（NStudy1 = 638; NStudy2 = 4179）检验了单身人士自我报告的收入与他们对单身关系状态的满意度、开始一段关系的愿望、感知到的关系准备程度以及开始一段关系的几率之间的联系。高收入与单身满意度无关，但与更渴望恋爱、更愿意恋爱相关，并且纵向预测更有可能真正开始一段关系。在两项研究中，收入和关系态度之间的联系没有明显的性别差异。年轻人的财务状况与浪漫的欲望、对关系的感知准备以及实际过渡到亲密伙伴关系有关。

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引用次数: 0

The (Housing) Complex Web of Race, Ethnicity, Family Structure, and Housing Tenure: An Analysis on Housing Instability Risks and Residential Outcomes 种族、民族、家庭结构与住房权属的（住房）复杂网络：住房不稳定风险与居住结果分析

IF 3.4 1区社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES

Journal of Marriage and Family

Pub Date : 2025-07-02 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.70009

Kimberly Gan, Sarah McCarthy

Objective

This study examines associations between family structure and housing tenure with housing stability risk and residential outcomes and further explores how these associations differ by race and ethnicity for married couples and single women.

Background

Existing literature finds that single women are more likely to experience eviction and poorer residential outcomes post-eviction, with families of color facing more housing inequalities.

Method

Using data from the 2021 American Housing Survey (N = 20,857), this analysis employs bivariate analysis and logistic regression to describe differences in housing stability and residential outcomes by race, ethnicity, family structure, and housing tenure.

Results

Housing instability risk among single women, relative to married couples, is worse in that they are more likely to be unable to pay rent and are more likely to become unhoused, regardless of housing tenure. Renters are also more likely to experience lower neighborhood quality. Congruent with previous literature, racial and ethnic differences remain pervasive especially among subgroups of married homeowners, married renters, single-women homeowners, and single-women renters. For example, Black single-women homeowners and renters significantly face more housing risk and poorer residential outcomes, relative to their white counterparts.

Conclusion

We find predominant support for the place stratification model as the interrelated impacts of race, ethnicity, marital status, and homeownership on residential stability and attainment are nuanced. Significant housing disparities are faced by mostly Black and some Hispanic households, especially among single women.

目的本研究探讨了家庭结构、住房使用权、住房稳定风险和居住结果之间的关系，并进一步探讨了这些关系在已婚夫妇和单身女性中因种族和民族而存在的差异。现有文献发现，单身女性更有可能被驱逐，驱逐后的居住结果也更差，有色人种家庭面临更多的住房不平等。方法使用2021年美国住房调查（N = 20,857）的数据，采用双变量分析和逻辑回归来描述种族，民族，家庭结构和住房使用权在住房稳定性和居住结果方面的差异。结果：与已婚夫妇相比，单身女性的住房不稳定风险更大，因为她们更有可能无力支付租金，更有可能无家可归，无论住房期限如何。租房者也更有可能体验到较低的社区质量。与以前的文献一致，种族和民族差异仍然普遍存在，特别是在已婚房主、已婚租房者、单身女性房主和单身女性租房者的亚群体中。例如，与白人相比，黑人单身女性房主和租房者明显面临更多的住房风险和更差的居住结果。结论：种族、民族、婚姻状况和住房所有权对居住稳定性和成就的相互影响是微妙的，因此我们发现地方分层模型得到了主要支持。大多数黑人和一些西班牙裔家庭，尤其是单身女性，面临着巨大的住房差距。

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引用次数: 0

Resettlement and Relational Adjustment: Gender and Liberian Couple Relationships After Forced Migration 重新安置和关系调整：被迫移民后的性别和利比里亚夫妇关系

IF 3.4 1区社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES

Journal of Marriage and Family

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.70004

Lekie Dwanyen, Sarah Griffes, Elizabeth Wieling

Objective

The goal of this study was to explore key informant and community members' perspectives on relational adjustment in one of the largest Liberian communities in the U.S., including ways that cultural and gender norm changes influenced couples post-resettlement.

Background

Displacement, resettlement, and acculturation challenge traditional cultural norms and family processes. Gendered notions, or common family- and community-level beliefs, values, and practices, are often upended and must be re-negotiated after resettlement.

Method

Hermeneutic phenomenology procedures informed the current study design. Across a total of 40 participants, 20 engaged in individual key informant interviews and 20 individuals participated in one of three focus groups for women (n = 6) and men (n = 6) above 25 years of age, or young adults 18–25 years of age (n = 8). Hermeneutic coding and data analysis protocols emphasized meaning-making within participants' shared observations of their lived contexts.

Results

Qualitative perspectives on gender and Liberian couple relationships yielded common themes in two contexts: pre-migration (traditional beliefs and values, division of labor, and power and control) and post-migration (changes in beliefs and values, division of labor, power and control). An additional theme, relational outcomes, and two sub-themes, financial acculturation and violence awareness, emerged as uniquely salient to post-migration contexts.

Conclusion

Resettled Liberians managed complex adjustment challenges following war-related displacement and navigated salient changes in gendered norms and other sociocultural values that had observable impacts on couple relationships. This study expands socioecological perspectives on refugee resettlement. We discuss research, clinical, and policy implications, with considerations for interventions with forcibly displaced couples, families, and communities.

本研究的目的是探讨美国最大的利比里亚社区之一的关键信息提供者和社区成员对关系调整的看法，包括文化和性别规范变化对夫妇重新安置后的影响。流离失所、重新安置和文化适应挑战了传统的文化规范和家庭过程。性别观念，或共同的家庭和社区层面的信仰、价值观和做法，往往被颠覆，在重新安置后必须重新谈判。方法采用解释学现象学方法设计本研究。在总共40名参与者中，20人参与了个人关键信息提供者访谈，20人参加了25岁以上的女性（n = 6）和男性（n = 6）或18-25岁的年轻人（n = 8）的三个焦点小组之一。解释学编码和数据分析协议强调在参与者对其生活环境的共同观察中产生意义。关于性别和利比里亚夫妻关系的定性观点在两种情况下得出了共同的主题：移民前（传统信仰和价值观、劳动分工、权力和控制）和移民后（信仰和价值观的变化、劳动分工、权力和控制）。另一个主题——关系结果，以及两个副主题——金融文化适应和暴力意识，在移民后的背景下显得尤为突出。在战争相关的流离失所之后，被重新安置的利比里亚人应对了复杂的调整挑战，并在性别规范和其他社会文化价值观的显著变化中导航，这些变化对夫妻关系产生了明显的影响。本研究扩展了难民安置的社会生态学视角。我们讨论了研究、临床和政策影响，并考虑了对被迫流离失所的夫妇、家庭和社区的干预措施。

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引用次数: 0

A Typology of Younger Adults' Nuclear and Extended Family Relations in the United States 美国年轻人核心家庭关系和大家庭关系的类型学

IF 3.4 1区社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES

Journal of Marriage and Family

Pub Date : 2025-06-30 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.70014

Bettina Hünteler, Karsten Hank, Diego Alburez-Gutierrez, Thomas Leopold

Objective

To develop a typology of relationship quality for nuclear and extended family relations of younger adults in the United States, accounting for variation across kinship types and racial/ethnic groups.

Background

Existing typologies of family relationships primarily focus on nuclear ties, often neglecting relations with extended kin. Ties to extended kin are, however, central to many people's lives and may be particularly salient in certain racial/ethnic groups. Expanding current typologies to include nuclear and extended kin is therefore important for describing the diverse landscape of family relations.

Method

We applied latent class analysis to data from the US sample of the KINMATRIX survey. Data of respondents aged 25 to 35 were collected online, capturing their perspectives on a wide array of nuclear and extended family members. The analytic sample comprised N = 3772 respondents and n = 65,270 dyadic relationships with their biological kin.

Results

We identified five classes of relationships: tight-knit, connected-but-autonomous, disharmonious-but-supportive, intimate-but-distant, and detached. Across these classes, we found a pronounced gradient, whereby closeness declined and detachment increased with genealogical distance. Considering absolute kin numbers revealed a substantial “relational reserve” in extended family ties, particularly those characterized as connected-but-autonomous. These were especially relevant among Black respondents, who were less close to nuclear kin, but also less detached from extended kin.

Conclusion

This study highlights the relevance of kin relations beyond the nuclear family and demonstrates the value of typological approaches assessing commonalities and differences—especially along racial/ethnic lines—in contemporary American families.

目的为美国年轻人的核心家庭和大家庭关系发展一种关系质量的类型学，考虑亲属类型和种族/民族群体的差异。现有的家庭关系类型学主要集中在核心关系上，往往忽视了与扩展亲属的关系。然而，与大家庭的联系是许多人生活的中心，在某些种族/民族群体中可能尤为突出。因此，将当前的类型学扩展到包括核心亲属和扩展亲属对于描述家庭关系的多样化景观非常重要。方法对KINMATRIX调查的美国样本进行潜在类分析。年龄在25岁至35岁之间的受访者的数据是在网上收集的，捕捉了他们对一系列核心家庭成员和大家庭成员的看法。分析样本包括N = 3772名受访者和N = 65270名与他们的生物亲属有二元关系的人。结果：我们确定了五类关系：紧密结合、联系但自主、不和谐但支持、亲密但疏远和分离。在这些类别中，我们发现了一个明显的梯度，即亲缘关系随着谱系距离的增加而减少，疏远程度增加。考虑绝对亲属数量揭示了大家庭关系中大量的“关系储备”，特别是那些以联系但自主为特征的家庭。这些在黑人受访者中尤其相关，他们与核心亲属的关系不那么密切，但与扩展亲属的关系也不那么疏远。本研究强调了核心家庭之外的亲属关系的相关性，并证明了类型学方法评估当代美国家庭的共性和差异的价值——特别是沿着种族/民族的界限。

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引用次数: 0

The Changing Links Between Socioeconomic Status and Single Women's Entry Into Parenthood 社会经济地位与单身女性成为父母关系的变化

IF 3.4 1区社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES

Journal of Marriage and Family

Pub Date : 2025-06-23 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.70006

Denise B. Musni, Christine Schnor

Objective

We examined how education and income impacted the likelihood of single women having a first child at younger (< 35) and later ages (35+).

Background

Single women's fertility remains understudied despite its prevalence and increasing relevance in the context of rising (involuntary) childlessness. Meanwhile, some studies have investigated a small but growing number of women who decided to have a child alone, often at later ages, as their fecundity declines.

Method

We used Belgian administrative data from 2005 to 2015 to estimate the hazards of first childbirth among single women aged 25–48 (587,390 women), according to their education and income. Further analyses were conducted on single, still-childless women aged 35 and older (165,700 women), as advancing age heightened their risk of permanent childlessness.

Results

At younger ages (< 35), high education and income decreased the risk of having a child while single, while at later ages (35+), high education increased it. The income effect at later ages varied by education—higher income raised the risk of single-childbearing only for long-tertiary educated women. Among single women aged 35 and older, those with low education were most likely to remain childless.

Conclusion

Socioeconomic disparities shape family-formation pathways throughout the life course. Having a child alone may be a strategy to catch up on delayed fertility, but this option is primarily available to women with high SES.

目的：我们研究了教育和收入如何影响单身女性在更年轻（35岁）和更晚（35岁以上）生育第一胎的可能性。背景：单身妇女的生育能力仍未得到充分的研究，尽管其普遍存在，并在（非自愿）无子女的背景下日益重要。与此同时，一些研究调查了少数但越来越多的女性，她们决定独自生孩子，通常是在年龄较晚的时候，因为她们的生育能力下降。方法利用比利时2005 - 2015年的行政数据，根据教育程度和收入，估计25-48岁单身女性（587,390名）首次分娩的危害。对年龄在35岁及以上的单身无子女女性（165,700名女性）进行了进一步的分析，因为年龄的增长增加了她们永久无子女的风险。结果在年龄较小（35岁）时，高学历和高收入降低了未婚生育风险，而在年龄较大（35岁以上）时，高学历增加了未婚生育风险。随着受教育程度的不同，收入对年龄的影响也有所不同——只有受过高等教育的女性，收入越高，生育一个孩子的风险越大。在35岁及以上的单身女性中，受教育程度较低的女性最有可能没有孩子。结论：社会经济差异影响了一生中家庭形成的途径。单独生孩子可能是一种弥补延迟生育的策略，但这种选择主要适用于高SES的女性。

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引用次数: 0

“First Phone Call Is Usually Family”: Informal Borrowing Among Low-Income Debtors “第一个电话通常是家人”：低收入债务人的非正式借贷

IF 3.4 1区社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES

Journal of Marriage and Family

Pub Date : 2025-06-23 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.70007

Trisha Chanda, Jason N. Houle, Lisa Klein Vogel, Rachel E. Dwyer, Lawrence M. Berger

Objective

We examine experiences of informal borrowing (from friends and family) among a sample of low-income debtors.

Background

Low-income populations often take on debt to cope with economic insecurity. However, most research on debt focuses on formal market debts (e.g., credit cards) even though research on informal exchanges identifies significant borrowing between family and friends. We ask how low-income debtors navigate these informal credit markets.

Method

We conducted 16 qualitative interviews from a purposive sample of lower-income adult debtors in Wisconsin. Interviews focused on participants' debts and repayment practices. We coded the data in NVivo and used thematic analysis with multiple coders.

Results

We find: (1) borrowers perceived informal borrowing as a superior alternative to borrowing from financial institutions, despite the potential for reputational risks; (2) participants often borrowed to weather a financial shock, make a large purchase, or repay, supplement, or replace existing market debts; (3) participants borrowed from family and friends that had greater economic resources than they did, and whom they held in high esteem; and (4) when borrowing, participants worried about straining their personal relationships, reputation, and self-image and engaged in significant relational work that drew on the logic of market exchange in order to maintain those relationships and their own sense of trustworthiness.

Conclusion

We conclude that informal borrowing is an important financial coping strategy that is distinct from, but similar to, informal financial support, and that borrowers draw on a range of relational tools to manage these relationships.

目的研究低收入债务人的非正式借贷经历（从朋友和家人那里）。低收入人群经常举债以应对经济不安全。然而，大多数关于债务的研究侧重于正式的市场债务（例如，信用卡），尽管对非正式交换的研究确定了家庭和朋友之间的大量借款。我们询问低收入债务人如何驾驭这些非正式信贷市场。方法对威斯康星州低收入成人债务人进行了16次定性访谈。访谈的重点是参与者的债务和还款方式。我们在NVivo中对数据进行编码，并使用多个编码器进行主题分析。结果发现：(1)尽管存在潜在的声誉风险，借款人仍将非正式借款视为向金融机构借款的更好选择；(2)参与者经常借贷以抵御金融冲击，进行大额购买，或偿还、补充或替换现有的市场债务；(3)参与者向比自己拥有更多经济资源、并且自己很尊重的家人和朋友借钱；(4)在借贷时，参与者担心自己的人际关系、声誉和自我形象会受到影响，为了维持这些关系和自己的信任感，他们会从事基于市场交换逻辑的重要关系工作。我们的结论是，非正式借贷是一种重要的财务应对策略，与非正式金融支持不同，但又相似，借款人利用一系列关系工具来管理这些关系。

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引用次数: 0