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Estimating the percentage of men who are childfree using the National Survey of Family Growth: A comment on Bozick (2023) 利用全国家庭增长调查估计无子女男性的比例:对Bozick(2023)的评论
IF 2.7 1区 社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES Pub Date : 2025-03-10 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.13092
Zachary P. Neal, Jennifer Watling Neal

Objective

This comment aims to clarify trends in the percentage of men in the United States who are childfree (i.e., do not have and do not want children).

Background

Bozick (2023, Journal of Marriage and Family, 85(1), 293–304) used data from the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) to examine trends in the percentage of men who are childfree during the first two decades of the 2000s, concluding that there was a considerable increase. However, these percentages were computed incorrectly.

Method

Data from the NSFG are reanalyzed, ensuring comparable sample universes by age, correctly applying sampling weights, and including data from 2002.

Results

Following a small decline between 2006 and 2015 (10.7%–12.1%), the percent of men who were childfree between 2015 and 2019 (14.2%–15.7%) returned to the levels observed in 2002 (14.3%).

Conclusions

Bozick's (2023, Journal of Marriage and Family, 85(1), 293–304) original conclusion that the percentage of men who are childfree has grown considerably is inconsistent with these revised analyses.

Implications

Childfree men, and childfree adults in general, are a large and understudied demographic group that warrants greater attention, but researchers should exercise caution when studying trends in childfree prevalence.

本评论旨在澄清美国无子女(即没有孩子也不想要孩子)男性比例的趋势。Bozick (2023, Journal of Marriage and Family, 85(1), 293-304)使用来自全国家庭增长调查(NSFG)的数据,研究了21世纪头20年无子女男性比例的趋势,得出结论,这一比例有相当大的增长。然而,这些百分比计算有误。方法重新分析来自NSFG的数据,确保样本宇宙按年龄进行比较,正确应用抽样权重,并包括2002年的数据。在2006年至2015年(10.7%-12.1%)小幅下降之后,2015年至2019年(14.2%-15.7%)无子女男性的比例恢复到2002年(14.3%)的水平。Bozick (2023, Journal of Marriage and Family, 85(1), 293-304)最初的结论是,没有孩子的男性比例已经大大增加,这与这些修订后的分析不一致。无子女男性,以及一般的无子女成年人,是一个庞大的、研究不足的人口群体,值得更多的关注,但研究人员在研究无子女流行趋势时应谨慎行事。
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引用次数: 0
Educational gap between partners and sterilization 伴侣之间的教育差距和绝育
IF 2.7 1区 社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES Pub Date : 2025-03-07 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.13091
Kate H. Choi

Objective

This study compares the sterilization behavior of couples with varying joint education levels and union types.

Background

A couple's joint education levels affect the resources available to them and the power dynamics within the relationship; they also help determine which spouse takes primary responsibility for the couple's fertility work. However, few studies have examined how couples' sterilization behavior differs according to their joint education levels and union type.

Methods

Using data from the 2006–2019 National Survey of Family Growth, this study estimated multinomial logistic regression models to predict the relative risk of relying on female sterilization, male sterilization, or reversible contraception for couples with varying joint education levels and union type.

Results

Married and cohabiting couples with higher joint levels of education were less likely than their lesser-educated counterparts to rely on female sterilization. Married couples with higher joint levels of education were more likely than their lesser-educated counterparts to rely on male sterilization. However, for cohabiting couples, disparities in reliance on male sterilization differed little according to their joint levels of education.

Conclusion

Future studies should consider how male and female partners' education interact to affect their sterilization behavior. When they do, they should consider their relative and absolute levels of education.

目的比较不同联合教育程度和结合方式夫妻的绝育行为。夫妻双方的共同教育水平会影响双方可用的资源和关系中的权力动态;它们还有助于确定哪一方对夫妇的生育工作负主要责任。然而,很少有研究调查夫妇的绝育行为如何根据他们的共同教育水平和结合类型而不同。方法利用2006-2019年全国家庭增长调查数据,估计多项logistic回归模型,预测不同共同教育水平和结合类型夫妻依赖女性绝育、男性绝育或可逆避孕的相对风险。结果共同受教育程度较高的已婚和同居夫妇比受教育程度较低的伴侣更不可能依赖女性绝育。共同受教育程度较高的已婚夫妇比受教育程度较低的夫妇更有可能依赖于男性绝育。然而,对于同居夫妇来说,依赖男性绝育的差异在他们共同的教育水平上差别不大。结论今后的研究应考虑男性和女性受教育程度如何相互影响其绝育行为。当他们这样做的时候,他们应该考虑他们的相对和绝对教育水平。
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引用次数: 0
Mate preferences and marriage-related behaviors: The case of Japan 配偶偏好与婚姻相关行为:以日本为例
IF 2.7 1区 社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES Pub Date : 2025-03-07 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.13088
Yuko Hara, Wei-hsin Yu

Objective

This study examines contributors to mate preferences and their changes, as well as behaviors corresponding to mate preferences in Japan, where mate preferences likely play a role in its steady marriage decline.

Background

Mate preferences are believed to guide mate selection processes. However, previous research has not adequately explained how individuals' circumstances contribute to shifts in preferences and how such shifts are linked to partnering behaviors, including partner-seeking actions and marriage formation.

Method

This study employs 11 years of data (N = 8946) from the Japanese Life Course Panel Survey. Random-effects, fixed-effects, and discrete-time proportional hazard models are used to uncover gender disparities in mate preferences, factors associated with changes in these preferences, and links between mate preferences and partnering behaviors.

Results

Women express more preferred characteristics in potential partners and are more likely than men to consider a partner's financial prospects as important. They are also unlikely to compromise on the mate's income with changes in partnering opportunities. Single men's preferences are somewhat more malleable. Moreover, identifying more mate-selection criteria is associated with a more active partner search, especially when individuals are eager to marry, but having many criteria slows the transition to marriage.

Conclusion

Japanese women's high and unwavering mate preferences likely reflect the rigid gender roles and high stakes of marriage they face. The negative relationship between insisting on many, especially gendered, mate preferences and marriage formation suggests that Japan's gender context discourages marriage formation through fostering singles' insistence on certain mate preferences.

本研究考察了日本择偶偏好的影响因素及其变化,以及与择偶偏好相对应的行为。在日本,择偶偏好可能在其稳步下降的婚姻中发挥了作用。择偶偏好被认为指导择偶过程。然而,之前的研究并没有充分解释个人的环境如何影响偏好的转变,以及这种转变如何与伴侣行为联系起来,包括寻找伴侣的行为和婚姻的形成。方法采用日本生命历程面板调查11年资料(N = 8946)。随机效应、固定效应和离散时间比例风险模型被用来揭示配偶偏好的性别差异、与这些偏好变化相关的因素,以及配偶偏好与伴侣行为之间的联系。结果女性在潜在伴侣身上表现出更多的偏好特征,并且比男性更看重伴侣的经济前景。他们也不太可能因为伴侣机会的改变而在配偶的收入上妥协。单身男性的偏好在某种程度上更具可塑性。此外,确定更多的择偶标准与更积极的伴侣寻找有关,特别是当个人渴望结婚时,但有许多标准会减缓向婚姻的过渡。日本女性强烈而坚定的择偶偏好可能反映了她们所面临的严格的性别角色和高风险的婚姻。坚持许多,特别是性别,伴侣偏好与婚姻形成之间的负相关关系表明,日本的性别背景通过鼓励单身人士坚持某些伴侣偏好而阻碍了婚姻的形成。
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引用次数: 0
Yes, parents, it reflects on you: Norms and Metanorms regulating teen daughters and parents 是的,父母们,这反映在你们身上:规范和变形规范着青春期的女儿和父母
IF 2.7 1区 社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES Pub Date : 2025-03-05 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.13090
Monica Kirkpatrick Johnson, Stefanie Mollborn, Christine Horne

Objective

Examine normative expectations of teens and parents related to teen behaviors in multiple domains.

Background

Parenting expectations have strengthened in an increasingly evaluative context. Existing literature does not address whether parents are evaluated based on their teens’ actions. We argue that understanding the pressures parents face is facilitated by an understanding of norms, which regulate behavior, and metanorms, which regulate the sanctioning of norm violations.

Method

Using an online vignette experiment, we tested three hypotheses about norm expectations evaluating a 16-year-old female's behavior and metanorm expectations evaluating her parents based on the teens’ behavior. 786 US adults were randomly assigned to one of eight vignettes varying a teen daughter's behavior with respect to contraception, number of sexual partners, shoplifting, and academic performance.

Results

Participants expected negative reactions to the teen girl when she engaged in nonnormative behaviors. They also expected she was more likely to be pregnant, even when the nonnormative behavior was not sexual. They expected more negative reactions to her parents based on her nonnormative behavior, even when nothing was known about their parenting. In some cases, the effects were smaller for parents than for the girl but still notable.

Conclusion

Parents and teens are both held accountable for teens’ behavior.

Implications

The study extends the theoretical understanding of metanorms and has implications for understanding parental reactions to teens’ behaviors.

目的探讨青少年和家长在多个领域对青少年行为的规范性期望。在评价性日益增强的背景下,为人父母的期望得到了加强。现有的文献并没有提到父母是否会根据孩子的行为来评估。我们认为,理解父母面临的压力,可以通过理解规范(规范行为)和规范(规范违反行为的制裁)来促进。方法采用在线小插图实验,对16岁女孩行为的规范期望和父母行为的异常期望进行了三种假设检验。786名美国成年人被随机分配到8个小插曲中的一个,这些小插曲改变了十几岁女儿在避孕、性伴侣数量、入店行窃和学习成绩方面的行为。结果当青少年女孩做出不规范的行为时,参与者预期会有负面反应。他们还认为她更有可能怀孕,即使这种不规范的行为与性无关。根据她的不规范行为,他们预计她的父母会有更多的负面反应,即使他们对父母的教育一无所知。在某些情况下,对父母的影响比对女孩的影响小,但仍然很明显。父母和青少年都要对青少年的行为负责。本研究扩展了对异态的理论认识,并对理解父母对青少年行为的反应具有启示意义。
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引用次数: 0
Occupational autonomy, paid maternity leave, and mothers' return to work after childbirth 职业自主权、带薪产假和母亲产后重返工作岗位
IF 2.7 1区 社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES Pub Date : 2025-03-02 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.13089
Camille Portier

Objective

This study formulates and tests a resource substitution hypothesis, examining whether mothers rely more on occupational autonomy to balance work and childrearing when paid maternity leave is unavailable.

Background

The tension between working for pay and caring for young children is crucial to understanding women's employment trajectories, especially in the United States, with its limited formal support for mothers around childbirth. In this context, occupational characteristics such as autonomy may serve as an important resource for working women to draw upon during the transition to motherhood.

Method

Using data from the first 19 rounds of the NLSY97 (N = 1813) and the O*NET, the author estimates logistic models and discrete-time event history models to consider the relationship between occupational autonomy, use of paid leave, and whether and when mothers come back to work after childbirth.

Results

The results highlight the nature of autonomy as a valuable resource in the transition back to work and confirm the resource substitution hypothesis. Mothers in occupations with greater autonomy are not only more likely to return to work after childbirth but also do so more promptly, particularly in the absence of paid leave.

Conclusion

These findings are significant, given the enduring impact of post-childbirth career breaks and the limited access to paid leave in the United States. They underscore the potential of occupational autonomy in mitigating the adverse effects of motherhood on career progression and in reducing disparities among mothers across various labor market sectors.

目的本研究提出并检验了一个资源替代假说,考察在没有带薪产假的情况下,母亲是否更依赖职业自主权来平衡工作和孩子。为挣钱而工作和照顾幼儿之间的紧张关系对于理解妇女的就业轨迹至关重要,特别是在美国,因为在分娩期间对母亲的正式支持有限。在这方面,自主等职业特征可作为职业妇女在过渡到母亲期间可利用的重要资源。方法利用NLSY97前19轮(N = 1813)和O*NET的数据,作者估计了logistic模型和离散时间事件历史模型,以考虑职业自主权、带薪休假的使用以及母亲在分娩后是否以及何时重返工作岗位之间的关系。结果研究结果突出了自主性作为一种有价值资源的性质,证实了资源替代假说。从事更大自主权职业的母亲不仅更有可能在分娩后重返工作岗位,而且也更迅速地重返工作岗位,尤其是在没有带薪休假的情况下。鉴于美国产后职业休假的持久影响和有限的带薪休假机会,这些发现具有重要意义。它们强调了职业自主在减轻做母亲对职业发展的不利影响和缩小母亲在不同劳动力市场部门之间的差距方面的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Maternal education, early language skills, and mother–child interactions across three welfare states 三个福利国家的母亲教育、早期语言技能和母子互动
IF 2.7 1区 社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES Pub Date : 2025-02-26 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.13087
Gülbin Şengül-İnal, Nicolai Topstad Borgen, Jan Skopek, Ane Nærde, Henrik Daae Zachrisson

Objective

This study aims to examine the extent to which maternal education-related disparities in child language development in preschool years are mediated by differences in mother–child interaction quality, and whether this mediation varies across different sociopolitical contexts: the U.S., Germany, and Norway.

Background

Socioeconomic disparities in language development have prompted research to investigate mechanisms underlying early language disparities. Moreover, welfare states structure the opportunities available and accessible to all parents and children. Thus, it becomes crucial to understand how family mechanisms differ across different sociopolitical contexts.

Method

The study uses data from the U.S., Germany, and Norway with comparable measures based on ex-post harmonization across early childhood to examine cross-country differences in whether the association between maternal education and language development was explained by the observed quality of mother–child interactions.

Results

Mother–child interactions partly mediate the association between maternal education and language skills, with similar indirect effects in all three countries. Because maternal education is more strongly associated with language skills in the U.S. compared to Germany and Norway, mother–child interactions explain a considerably lower proportion of the total effect in the U.S.

Conclusion

Mother–child interactions play a consistent role in language disparities regardless of sociopolitical context, suggesting that the broader sociopolitical context does not influence these micro-processes. Other factors related to the sociopolitical context seem to cause larger education-related gaps in language skills in the U.S. compared to Germany and Norway.

目的本研究旨在探讨母亲教育相关的学前儿童语言发展差异在多大程度上受母亲与儿童互动质量差异的中介作用,以及这种中介作用是否在不同的社会政治背景下存在差异:美国、德国和挪威。语言发展中的社会经济差异促使人们开始研究早期语言差异的机制。此外,福利国家构建了所有父母和孩子都能获得的机会。因此,了解家庭机制在不同社会政治背景下的差异变得至关重要。方法:本研究使用来自美国、德国和挪威的数据,以及基于幼儿前后协调的可比较措施,以检验母亲教育与语言发展之间的关联是否可以通过观察到的母子互动质量来解释。结果:母子互动在一定程度上调解了母亲教育与语言技能之间的关系,在所有三个国家都有类似的间接影响。因为与德国和挪威相比,美国的母亲教育与语言技能的关系更紧密,所以在美国,母亲与孩子的互动在语言差异中所占的比例要低得多。结论:无论社会政治背景如何,母亲与孩子的互动在语言差异中都起着一致的作用。这表明更广泛的社会政治背景不会影响这些微观过程。与德国和挪威相比,与社会政治背景相关的其他因素似乎造成了美国在语言技能方面更大的教育相关差距。
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引用次数: 0
A longitudinal dyadic analysis of gender ideology during the transition into parenthood 向为人父母过渡期间性别意识形态的纵向二元分析
IF 2.7 1区 社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES Pub Date : 2025-02-25 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.13086
Yexin Zheng, Senhu Wang, Muzhi Zhou

Objective

We aim to examine how the interplay between couples' gender ideology and economic power shapes gender ideology evolution during the transition into parenthood.

Background

Previous research has examined individual-level changes in gender ideology during the transition into parenthood, overlooking the dynamic interaction in which the characteristics of both spouses mutually shape each other's gender ideology.

Method

Analyzing longitudinal couple data from the United Kingdom (1991–2020) using a couple-level fixed effects model, this study examines how women's and men's gender ideologies evolve during the transition into parenthood and whether the patterns are configured by spousal gender ideologies and relative income.

Results

Throughout the transition into parenthood, there is a shift toward more traditional gender-role views among wives. This change is particularly pronounced if their husbands possess more traditional ideologies and earn more than the wives. The impact of parenthood on the husband's gender ideology is more varied. Husbands tend to adopt more traditional ideologies when their wives hold more traditional views and when they earn overwhelmingly high relative incomes. Conversely, their gender ideologies become more egalitarian when their wives hold more egalitarian views and when their incomes are similar to or lower than their wives'.

Conclusion

Our findings provide novel insights into the interactional process of gender ideology formation in different-sex couples when they become parents, highlighting the interplay between parenthood, gender ideology, and economic power. The strong ideological interaction between spouses suggests a significant opportunity for exchanging egalitarian beliefs between genders as society moves toward more gender-equal norms.

目的探讨夫妻性别意识形态与经济权力的相互作用如何影响夫妻转变为父母过程中性别意识形态的演变。以往的研究只考察了在为人父母的转变过程中个体层面上性别意识形态的变化,而忽略了夫妻双方的特征相互影响彼此性别意识形态的动态互动。方法采用夫妻层面的固定效应模型,对英国1991-2020年的纵向夫妻数据进行分析,探讨男女在过渡到为人父母阶段的性别意识形态演变过程,以及这种模式是否受到配偶性别意识形态和相对收入的影响。结果在转变为父母的过程中,妻子们的性别角色观念向传统的转变。如果她们的丈夫拥有更传统的意识形态,并且比妻子挣得多,这种变化尤其明显。为人父母对丈夫性别意识形态的影响更为多样。当他们的妻子持有更传统的观点,当他们的收入相对较高时,丈夫往往会接受更传统的意识形态。相反,当他们的妻子持有更平等的观点,当他们的收入与妻子相似或低于妻子时,他们的性别意识形态会变得更平等。结论本研究结果揭示了不同性别夫妻成为父母后性别意识形态形成的相互作用过程,突出了父母身份、性别意识形态和经济权力之间的相互作用。夫妻之间强烈的意识形态互动表明,随着社会走向更加性别平等的规范,两性之间交换平等主义信仰的机会很大。
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引用次数: 0
Splitting the penalty by taking turns? Same-sex mothers' earnings losses in Norway 通过轮流来分担惩罚?挪威同性母亲的收入损失
IF 2.7 1区 社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES Pub Date : 2025-02-20 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.13081
Ylva Moberg, Maaike van der Vleuten

Objective

This study describes the childbearing trajectories and earnings of mothers in female same-sex couples (FSSC) in Norway and, through comparisons with mothers in different-sex couples (DSC), explores three factors behind mothers' earnings losses.

Background

Mothers in FSSC experience smaller earnings penalties following parenthood than mothers in DSC. We investigate three potential reasons for this: the number of pregnancies/births the mother goes through, number of children in the family, and the partner's sex.

Method

The study utilized Norwegian register data, 1999–2021, including 1050 women in FSSC and 168,649 in DSC. An event study was used to estimate labor earnings changes after a first and second child, separately for mothers in DSC and FSSC, and for partners in FSSC who gave birth once, twice, or never, isolating the impact of each factor.

Results

Childbirth/pregnancy was the most important factor. Birth mothers experienced large earnings losses after each pregnancy, with no differences between FSSC and DSC. Likely due to strict regulations, high costs, and low availability of fertility treatments, FSSC had fewer children and (only) 50% switched birth parent for a second child.

Conclusion

(Birth) mothers' larger earnings losses stem primarily from time away from the labor market in connection with each pregnancy/birth. Mothers in FSSC on average go through fewer pregnancies, possibly explaining their overall smaller earnings penalties in the first 5 years of parenthood.

目的本研究描述了挪威女性同性伴侣(FSSC)中母亲的生育轨迹和收入,并通过与不同性别伴侣(DSC)中母亲的比较,探讨了母亲收入损失背后的三个因素。背景FSSC的母亲在生育后的收入惩罚比DSC的母亲要小。我们调查了三个潜在的原因:母亲怀孕/分娩的次数,家庭中孩子的数量,以及伴侣的性别。方法利用挪威1999-2021年的登记数据,包括1050名FSSC女性和168649名DSC女性。一项事件研究被用来估计第一胎和第二胎后的劳动收入变化,分别用于DSC和FSSC的母亲,以及FSSC中生育一次、两次或从未生育的伴侣,分离每个因素的影响。结果分娩/妊娠是最重要的影响因素。生母在每次怀孕后都经历了巨大的收入损失,FSSC和DSC之间没有差异。可能是由于严格的法规、高昂的费用和生育治疗的低可用性,FSSC生的孩子更少,(只有)50%的人换了第二个孩子。(生育)母亲的较大收入损失主要源于每次怀孕/分娩时离开劳动力市场的时间。FSSC的母亲平均怀孕次数更少,这可能解释了她们在成为父母的头5年里,总体上收入受到的惩罚更小。
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引用次数: 0
Who can work when, and why do we have to care? Education, care demands, and the gendered division of work schedules in France and Germany 谁能在什么时候工作,我们为什么要关心这些?法国和德国的教育、护理需求和工作时间表的性别分工
IF 2.7 1区 社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES Pub Date : 2025-02-20 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.13085
Carolin Deuflhard, Jeanne Ganault

Objective

This article investigates how education and the presence and age of children shape gendered work schedule arrangements among couples in France and Germany.

Background

Despite the prevalence of nonstandard work schedules, schools and daycare facilities typically operate during standard work hours. Nevertheless, little is known on the gendered division of work schedules. Both France and Germany have shifted toward labor market deregulation, favoring the concentration of nonstandard schedules in lower-class jobs. However, France provides full-day public education and care. In Germany, public childcare is less comprehensive, and daycare and school hours are considerably shorter.

Method

The study uses sequence and cluster analysis on time-use data (N = 11,268 days) to identify typical work schedules. Multinomial logistic regressions assess how education and the presence and age of children are associated with men's and women's types of days.

Results

In both countries, less-educated men were more likely to work shifts, whereas less-educated women were more likely to not be employed. However, standard work schedules prevailed among better-educated French men and women, whereas partial workdays and non-workdays predominated among German women.

Conclusion

In both labor market contexts, less-educated partnered women rather than men seem to opt out of employment due to scheduling conflicts between work and care. However, more work-facilitating family policies allow for more gender-equal schedules among better-educated men and women in France.

目的调查法国和德国夫妇的教育程度、子女的存在和年龄对两性工作时间安排的影响。尽管非标准工作时间表普遍存在,但学校和日托设施通常在标准工作时间内运作。然而,人们对工作时间表的性别分工知之甚少。法国和德国都已转向放松劳动力市场管制,倾向于将非标准时间表集中在下层工作岗位上。然而,法国提供全天的公共教育和看护。在德国,公共托儿服务不那么全面,日托和上学时间也短得多。方法采用序列分析和聚类分析方法对11,268天的时间使用数据进行分析,确定典型的工作时间表。多项逻辑回归评估了教育程度、孩子的存在和年龄与男性和女性的生活类型之间的关系。结果在这两个国家,受教育程度较低的男性更有可能轮班工作,而受教育程度较低的女性更有可能没有工作。但是,标准的工作时间表在受过良好教育的法国男女中占主导地位,而在德国妇女中占主导地位的是部分工作日和非工作日。在这两种劳动力市场背景下,受教育程度较低的有伴侣的女性,而不是男性,似乎会因为工作和照顾之间的时间安排冲突而选择退出就业。然而,在法国,更多的促进工作的家庭政策使得受过良好教育的男性和女性的时间表更加性别平等。
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引用次数: 0
Gender and housework in the post-retirement context: Longitudinal evidence from the U.S. 退休后的性别与家务:来自美国的纵向证据
IF 2.7 1区 社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES Pub Date : 2025-02-18 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.13083
In Jeong Hwang, Joseph Svec, Jeong Eun Lee

Objective

This study assesses the role of retirement as an equalizer for couple's housework production in tandem with changing demands for different types of housework after retirement.

Background

Retirement has received attention as an equalizer for household gender inequality. Among various changes brought by retirement, changing demands for housework can have different implications depending on chore types due to gender task segregation.

Methods

Using the Health and Retirement Study from 976 couples (N = 3,404) and fixed effects models, we predict the difference between husbands’ and wives’ housework time among different-gender married dual-earner couples as a function of retirement arrangements, time spent on feminine- and masculine-typed chores, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and time.

Results

Couple's retirement arrangements were generally not independently associated with housework gender inequality, but they moderated the effects of demands for gender-normative tasks. Consistent with the prediction that feminine-typed chores fall upon wives and masculine-typed chores on husbands, couples were more egalitarian when there was less feminine-typed chore to distribute. More masculine-typed chore contributed to gender equality but only under limited circumstances.

Conclusion

We found some evidence of gender task segregation but limited support for retirement as an equalizer. Even though husbands’ retirement brings an opportunity to improve housework gender equality, the success depends on the level of demands for gender-normative tasks.

Implications

This study highlights how gender ideological scripts can frame relational expectations and persist despite shifts in economic contributions to the household.

目的探讨退休后夫妻对不同类型家务劳动需求的变化,以及退休对夫妻家务劳动的平衡作用。退休作为家庭性别不平等的均衡器而受到关注。在退休带来的各种变化中,由于性别任务隔离,家务劳动需求的变化会因家务劳动类型的不同而产生不同的影响。方法利用976对夫妇(N = 3404)的健康与退休研究,采用固定效应模型,在控制社会人口统计学特征和时间的情况下,预测不同性别双职工夫妇中丈夫和妻子的家务劳动时间差异,并将其作为退休安排、女性和男性类型家务劳动时间的函数。结果夫妻退休安排与家务劳动性别不平等之间一般不存在独立关联,但会调节性别规范任务需求的影响。与“女性家务落在妻子身上,男性家务落在丈夫身上”的预测一致,当女性家务分配较少时,夫妻之间会更加平等。更多的男性家务有助于性别平等,但只在有限的情况下。结论我们发现了一些性别任务隔离的证据,但对退休作为均衡器的支持有限。尽管丈夫退休带来了改善家务性别平等的机会,但成功与否取决于对性别规范任务的需求程度。这项研究强调了性别意识形态脚本如何构建关系期望,并在家庭经济贡献发生变化的情况下持续存在。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Marriage and Family
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