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Slow to launch: Young men's parental coresidence and employment outcomes 启动缓慢:年轻男性与父母的共同生活和就业结果
IF 2.7 1区 社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-05-13 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.13001
Asya Saydam, Kelly Raley

Objective

The authors investigate the potential early career consequences of parental coresidence for young men and whether they vary by duration of coresidence.

Background

Young adult coresidence with parents is becoming more common, particularly since the Great Recession and the recent pandemic. Although many studies have investigated the factors that predict coresidence, few examine the consequences. Some prior research suggests that coresidence may directly reduce career opportunities and indirectly shape employment through its effects on mental health and family formation. Yet, the consequences may be milder if coresidence is short-term.

Method

Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, the authors examine the associations between parental coresidence after the age of 24 and employment status (n = 3915) and occupational standing (n = 3613) for young men in their early 30s in the United States. They explore how this association varies by the duration of coresidence, testing several model specifications and controlling for factors that select young men into parental coresidence.

Results

Short-term coresidence of about 1 year is marginally associated with an improved likelihood of full-time employment, but longer-term parental coresidence of 4 to 6 years is negatively associated with occupational standing.

Conclusion

Parental coresidence may be beneficial for young men in their peak ages of career growth if it is only for a few years. However, just as long-term unemployment can have a scarring effect on employment outcomes, long-term parental coresidence might negatively impact career growth.

作者调查了父母同住对年轻男性早期职业生涯的潜在影响,以及这些影响是否会因同住时间的长短而有所不同。年轻人与父母同住的现象越来越普遍,尤其是在经济大衰退和最近的大流行病之后。尽管许多研究都对预测同住的因素进行了调查,但很少有研究对同住的后果进行调查。之前的一些研究表明,同住可能会直接减少职业机会,并通过对心理健康和家庭组成的影响间接影响就业。作者利用 1997 年全国青年纵向调查(National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997)的数据,研究了美国 30 岁出头的年轻男性在 24 岁后父母同住与就业状况(n = 3915)和职业地位(n = 3613)之间的关联。他们探讨了这种关联如何随核心居住时间的长短而变化,测试了几种模型规格,并控制了选择年轻男性加入父母核心居住的因素。大约 1 年的短期核心居住与全职就业可能性的提高略有关联,但 4 到 6 年的长期父母核心居住与职业地位呈负相关。然而,正如长期失业会对就业结果产生伤痕效应一样,长期的父母共同居住也可能对职业发展产生负面影响。
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引用次数: 0
Youth's political identity and fertility desires 青年的政治身份和生育愿望
IF 2.7 1区 社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-05-13 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.13000
Heather M. Rackin, Christina M. Gibson-Davis

Objective

This study examines the association between political identity and young adults' fertility desires from 1989 to 2019.

Background

Understanding the factors that shape fertility preferences is important because these preferences are the critical bridge between social forces and fertility. Identity is a theorized, but understudied, predictor of fertility desires. The increasing salience of political identity suggests that the association between political identity and fertility desires has strengthened over time.

Method

Data come from the 1989–2019 waves of Monitoring the Future, a nationally representative study of 12th graders (N = 67,557). Regression models examined how political identity (measured by Republican or Democrat preference) predicts the desired number of children, measured both continuously and categorically.

Results

Regardless of the period, Republicans desired more children than Democrats—a difference that grew over time, from 0.07 in 1989–1993 to 0.29 in 2014–2019. Differences in religiosity and attitudes toward gender and childbearing explained pre-2004 partisan gaps. From 2004 and onward, these factors attenuated, but did not fully explain, Republican–Democrat gaps. In later periods, relative to Democrats, Republicans still wanted more children on average, had a higher probability of wanting four or more children in 2004–2013 and a lower probability of eschewing parenthood in 2014–2019.

Conclusion

Political identity has become increasingly salient for fertility desires, suggesting that identity might shape fertility intentions and future fertility behavior.

本研究探讨了 1989 年至 2019 年期间政治认同与年轻人生育意愿之间的关联。了解形成生育意愿的因素非常重要,因为这些意愿是社会力量与生育之间的关键桥梁。身份是预测生育意愿的一个理论依据,但研究不足。政治认同的日益突出表明,随着时间的推移,政治认同与生育意愿之间的关联在不断加强。数据来自 1989-2019 年的 "监测未来"(Monitoring the Future)调查,这是一项对 12 年级学生(N = 67,557 人)进行的具有全国代表性的调查。回归模型考察了政治身份(以共和党或民主党偏好衡量)如何预测期望的子女数量(连续和分类衡量)。无论在哪个时期,共和党人都比民主党人期望更多的子女--随着时间的推移,这一差异从 1989-1993 年的 0.07 增至 2014-2019 年的 0.29。宗教信仰以及对性别和生育的态度差异解释了 2004 年之前的党派差距。从 2004 年起,这些因素减弱了共和党与民主党之间的差距,但并不能完全解释这种差距。在后期,相对于民主党人,共和党人仍然平均想要更多的孩子,2004-2013 年想要四个或更多孩子的概率更高,2014-2019 年放弃生育的概率更低。
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引用次数: 0
The long-term effects of formal child support 正式子女抚养费的长期影响
IF 2.7 1区 社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12998
Jooyoung Kong, Quentin Riser, Maria Cancian, Daniel R. Meyer

Objective and Background

Previous research shows the benefits of formal child support to children during their childhood; however, the long-term effect of child support receipt on outcomes as adults has not been studied. This inquiry examines whether adults who received formal child support as children have different labor market outcomes than those who did not.

Method

We conducted two sets of analyses with complementary strengths to examine young adults' earnings and employment status. Our primary method exploited experimental variation in child support receipt among welfare participants, as part of the Wisconsin Child Support Demonstration Evaluation; the secondary analyses used propensity score matching to construct statistically equivalent comparison groups drawn from a broader population included in Wisconsin Court Record Data.

Results

Across both studies, we found the receipt of child support was associated with a substantive and statistically significant increase in adult earnings; results for employment status were mixed.

Conclusion

Findings suggest that formal child support may disrupt patterns of intergenerational disadvantage, reducing the economic vulnerability of children living with resident mothers, and then improving those children's earnings as adults. In addition to contributing to our understanding of the relationship between childhood economic status and adult outcomes, the findings provide critical new information to policymakers assessing family policy.

以往的研究表明,正式的子女抚养费对童年时期的儿童有好处;但是,关于子女抚养费的领取对成年后结果的长期影响,还没有进行过研究。我们进行了两组优势互补的分析,以考察年轻成年人的收入和就业状况。作为威斯康星州儿童抚养示范评估的一部分,我们的主要方法是利用福利参与者在领取儿童抚养费方面的实验性差异;辅助分析则使用倾向得分匹配法,从威斯康星州法院记录数据中更广泛的人群中构建出统计上等效的比较组。在这两项研究中,我们发现获得子女抚养费与成人收入的实质性和统计意义上的显著增加有关;而就业状况的结果则好坏参半。研究结果表明,正式的子女抚养费可能会打破代际弱势模式,降低与常住母亲生活在一起的儿童的经济脆弱性,进而提高这些儿童成年后的收入。除了有助于我们理解童年经济状况与成年结果之间的关系外,研究结果还为评估家庭政策的决策者提供了重要的新信息。
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引用次数: 0
Disentangling between- and within-person variation in relationship science 在关系科学中厘清人与人之间的差异和人与人之间的差异
IF 2.7 1区 社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12999
Marcus Mund, Yoobin Park, Steffen Nestler

Objective

This article provides an overview of the Cross-Lagged Panel Model (CLPM), Random-Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Model (RI-CLPM), and Latent Curve Model with Structured Residuals (LCM-SR), highlighting the major issues of the CLPM for relationship science, and discusses dyadic extensions of those three models.

Background

Understanding interdependencies among people and constructs is a central interest in relationship science. Addressing such research questions requires complex designs ideally using data collected at multiple measurement occasions of multiple constructs from at least two persons (e.g., both partners of a couple). The Cross-Lagged Panel Model (CLPM) has been widely used to analyze such data, however, particularly during the last decade, it has been pointed out that the CLPM confounds between- and within-person variation. As a consequence, alternative models such as the Random-Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Model (RI-CLPM) and the Latent Curve Model with Structured Residuals (LCM-SR) were proposed that aim to disentangle between- and within-person variation and, hence, allow conclusions regarding within-person dynamics.

Method

As an illustrative example, we apply dyadic extensions of the CLPM, RI-CLPM, and LCM-SR to investigate the dynamic interplay between depression and relationship satisfaction in a sample of 1699 mixed-gender couples surveyed in the German Family Panel.

Results

While the CLPM indicated a reciprocal relationship between depression and satisfaction, the RI-CLPM and LCM-SR indicated a unidirectional association flowing from depression to satisfaction.

Conclusion

We discuss how findings like this can foster theory-building and, ultimately, strengthen relationship science.

本文概述了交叉滞后面板模型(Cross-Lagged Panel Model,CLPM)、随机截距交叉滞后面板模型(Random-Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Model,RI-CLPM)和带结构化残差的潜曲线模型(Latent Curve Model with Structured Residuals,LCM-SR),强调了交叉滞后面板模型在关系科学中的主要问题,并讨论了这三种模型的关系扩展。要解决此类研究问题,需要复杂的设计,最好是使用从至少两个人(如夫妻双方)的多个测量场合收集到的多个构念的数据。交叉滞后面板模型(CLPM)被广泛用于分析此类数据,然而,特别是在过去十年中,有人指出交叉滞后面板模型混淆了人与人之间和人与人之间的差异。因此,人们提出了随机截距交叉滞后面板模型(RI-CLPM)和具有结构化残差的潜曲线模型(LCM-SR)等替代模型,旨在将人与人之间的变化和人内部的变化区分开来,从而得出人内部动态变化的结论。作为一个示例,我们应用了CLPM、RI-CLPM和LCM-SR的配对扩展,在德国家庭小组调查的1699对混合性别夫妇样本中研究了抑郁和关系满意度之间的动态相互作用。CLPM表明抑郁和满意度之间存在互惠关系,而RI-CLPM和LCM-SR则表明从抑郁到满意度之间存在单向关系。
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引用次数: 0
Race and ethnic differences in step- versus biological parent support to adult children 继父母与亲生父母对成年子女支持的种族和民族差异
IF 2.7 1区 社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-04-26 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12994
Corrine E. Wiborg MA, Jenjira J. Yahirun PhD

Objective

This brief report examines differences in step- versus biological family support between White, Black, and Hispanic families in the United States.

Background

The increasing share of stepfamilies reflects a potential shift in family relationships. Although research finds that stepfamilies are generally less likely to engage in instrumental support than biological families, recent work suggests that the relationship between family structure and family behaviors may vary across racial/ethnic groups.

Method

Using data from the 2015 to 2017 Add Health Parent Study, this report examines racial/ethnic differences in step- versus biological family support between parents and adult children. Specifically, parents' likelihood of and hours of providing instrumental support to adult children are assessed.

Results

Findings from this report indicate that for Black and White families, stepfamilies are less likely to provide instrumental support to their adult children than biological families. Among Hispanic families, however, stepfamilies are not more or less likely to provide support than biological families. When hours of instrumental support are examined, White stepfamilies provide fewer hours of support than biological families, whereas no difference is found for Black or Hispanic families.

Conclusion

Findings from this study contribute to broader work that calls for a more nuanced understanding of the differential effects of family structure across social groups. Future research should consider applying within-race/ethnicity analyses when examining the association between family structure and intergenerational support.

本简要报告探讨了美国白人家庭、黑人家庭和西班牙裔家庭在继室与亲生家庭支持方面的差异。 背景 继家庭比例的增加反映了家庭关系的潜在变化。尽管研究发现,与亲生家庭相比,继家庭一般不太可能参与工具性支持,但最近的研究表明,家庭结构与家庭行为之间的关系可能因种族/族裔群体而异。 方法 本报告利用 2015 年至 2017 年 "添加健康父母研究"(Add Health Parent Study)的数据,研究了父母与成年子女之间在继室与亲生家庭支持方面的种族/民族差异。具体而言,报告评估了父母为成年子女提供工具性支持的可能性和时长。 结果 本报告的研究结果表明,对于黑人和白人家庭来说,与亲生家庭相比,继子女家庭为其成年子女提供工具性支持的可能性较小。然而,在西班牙裔家庭中,与亲生家庭相比,继父家庭提供支持的可能性并不比亲生家庭高或低。在考察提供工具性支持的小时数时,白人继家庭提供支持的小时数少于亲生家庭,而黑人或西班牙裔家庭则没有发现差异。 结论 本研究的结果有助于更广泛的工作,即呼吁对家庭结构在不同社会群体中的不同影响进行更细致的了解。未来的研究在考察家庭结构与代际支持之间的关联时,应考虑应用种族/族裔内部分析。
{"title":"Race and ethnic differences in step- versus biological parent support to adult children","authors":"Corrine E. Wiborg MA,&nbsp;Jenjira J. Yahirun PhD","doi":"10.1111/jomf.12994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12994","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This brief report examines differences in step- versus biological family support between White, Black, and Hispanic families in the United States.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The increasing share of stepfamilies reflects a potential shift in family relationships. Although research finds that stepfamilies are generally less likely to engage in instrumental support than biological families, recent work suggests that the relationship between family structure and family behaviors may vary across racial/ethnic groups.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Using data from the 2015 to 2017 Add Health Parent Study, this report examines racial/ethnic differences in step- versus biological family support between parents and adult children. Specifically, parents' likelihood of and hours of providing instrumental support to adult children are assessed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Findings from this report indicate that for Black and White families, stepfamilies are less likely to provide instrumental support to their adult children than biological families. Among Hispanic families, however, stepfamilies are not more or less likely to provide support than biological families. When hours of instrumental support are examined, White stepfamilies provide fewer hours of support than biological families, whereas no difference is found for Black or Hispanic families.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Findings from this study contribute to broader work that calls for a more nuanced understanding of the differential effects of family structure across social groups. Future research should consider applying within-race/ethnicity analyses when examining the association between family structure and intergenerational support.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48440,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marriage and Family","volume":"86 4","pages":"1119-1131"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jomf.12994","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141624594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Corrigendum to “Illuminating associations between parenting and deleterious neighborhood characteristics via exhaustive modeling” "通过详尽模型阐明养育子女与有害邻里特征之间的关联 "的更正
IF 2.7 1区 社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-04-26 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12982

Burt, S.A., Thaler, D., Shewark, E.A., Pearson, A.M., Anaya, C., Tomlinson, R.C., Neiderhiser, J.M., Klump, K.L., & Lonstein, J.S. (2023). Illuminating associations between parenting and deleterious neighborhood characteristics via an exhaustive modeling approach. Journal of Marriage and Family, 85, 153172.

In the final sentence of paragraph 3 in the Participants section in the Method, the text, “More than a third of the families (38.5%) resided in rural areas, 25.5% in suburban areas, and 36.0% in urban areas” was incorrect. These are the proportions for the state of Michigan as a whole. The text describing our specific sample should read, “More than a third of the families (43.5%) resided in rural areas, 27.4% in suburban areas, and 29.1% in urban areas.”

In the beginning of the Videotaped parent–child interactions description under the Measures section, the text, “In the event that families were unable or unwilling to travel to the university, assessments took place in participants' homes (127 families; families with younger twins were more likely to complete home visits, as were families that identified as White)” was incorrect. Families participating in home visits were less likely to identify as White. The text should read, “In the event that families were unable or unwilling to travel, however, assessments took place in participants' homes (13%). Families with younger twins were more likely to complete home visits than on-site assessments visits (Cohen's d = −.24, p = .01), as were families of color (d = −.21; p < .05).”

We apologize for these errors.

Burt, S.A., Thaler, D., Shewark, E.A., Pearson, A.M., Anaya, C., Tomlinson, R.C., Neiderhiser, J.M., Klump, K.L., & Lonstein, J.S. (2023)。 通过详尽的建模方法阐明养育子女与有害邻里特征之间的关联。在 "方法 "中 "参与者 "一节第 3 段的最后一句中,"超过三分之一的家庭(38.5%)居住在农村地区,25.5%居住在郊区,36.0%居住在城市地区 "是不正确的。这些是密歇根州的整体比例。描述我们的具体样本的文字应为:"超过三分之一的家庭(43.5%)居住在农村地区,27.4%居住在郊区,29.1%居住在城市地区。"在 "措施 "部分的 "亲子互动录像 "描述的开头,"如果家庭无法或不愿前往大学,评估将在参与者家中进行(127 个家庭;双胞胎年龄较小的家庭更有可能完成家访,自称为白人的家庭也是如此)"的文字是不正确的。参加家访的家庭不太可能被认定为白人。文本应为:"然而,如果家庭无法或不愿出行,评估则在参与者家中进行(13%)。与现场评估访问相比,双胞胎年龄较小的家庭更有可能完成家访(Cohen's d = -.24, p = .01),有色人种家庭也是如此(d = -.21; p <.05)。
{"title":"Corrigendum to “Illuminating associations between parenting and deleterious neighborhood characteristics via exhaustive modeling”","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/jomf.12982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12982","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000 <span>Burt, S.A.</span>, <span>Thaler, D.</span>, <span>Shewark, E.A.</span>, <span>Pearson, A.M.</span>, <span>Anaya, C.</span>, <span>Tomlinson, R.C.</span>, <span>Neiderhiser, J.M.</span>, <span>Klump, K.L.</span>, &amp; <span>Lonstein, J.S.</span> (<span>2023</span>). <span>Illuminating associations between parenting and deleterious neighborhood characteristics via an exhaustive modeling approach</span>. <i>Journal of Marriage and Family</i>, <span>85</span>, <span>153</span>–<span>172</span>.</p><p>In the final sentence of paragraph 3 in the Participants section in the Method, the text, “More than a third of the families (38.5%) resided in rural areas, 25.5% in suburban areas, and 36.0% in urban areas” was incorrect. These are the proportions for the state of Michigan as a whole. The text describing our specific sample should read, “More than a third of the families (43.5%) resided in rural areas, 27.4% in suburban areas, and 29.1% in urban areas.”</p><p>In the beginning of the Videotaped parent–child interactions description under the Measures section, the text, “In the event that families were unable or unwilling to travel to the university, assessments took place in participants' homes (127 families; families with younger twins were more likely to complete home visits, as were families that identified as White)” was incorrect. Families participating in home visits were <span>less</span> likely to identify as White. The text should read, “In the event that families were unable or unwilling to travel, however, assessments took place in participants' homes (13%). Families with younger twins were more likely to complete home visits than on-site assessments visits (Cohen's <i>d</i> = −.24, p = .01), as were families of color (<i>d</i> = −.21; p &lt; .05).”</p><p>We apologize for these errors.</p>","PeriodicalId":48440,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marriage and Family","volume":"86 4","pages":"1149"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jomf.12982","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141624595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Motherhood myths and mystiques: How childless women navigate cultural beliefs about motherhood 母亲的神话与神秘:无子女妇女如何驾驭有关母性的文化信仰
IF 2.7 1区 社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-04-25 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12996
Holly Hummer

Objective

This study identifies five common, cultural beliefs that women perceive as encouraging motherhood in the United States and examines how they impact the parenthood decision-making and experiences of currently childless women.

Background

Research shows how cultural ideas about “good” motherhood impact women's lives. We know less about the role of cultural beliefs that encourage motherhood despite its well-known hardships, nor how currently childless women navigate these beliefs.

Method

This study uses 107 interviews with American women ages 35–50 who for varied reasons have not (yet) had children. It identifies five prominent beliefs about motherhood and examines how currently childless women consider and respond to them.

Results

Two beliefs—that motherhood provides fulfillment and that children ensure future security—functioned more as “myths” and were often rejected by interviewees. Three beliefs—that women are “wired” to want children; women are nurturing; and motherhood bestows a unique form of joy —functioned as essentialist “mystiques,” remaining unquestioned or only slightly revised by interviewees. Further, all beliefs, but particularly the “mystiques,” complicated many women's parenthood decision-making processes and experiences of childlessness.

Conclusion

To understand how the institution of motherhood impacts women who have not (yet) had children, it is crucial to account for the role of cultural beliefs that support its appeal. This study highlights the heterogeneous ways that cultural beliefs that encourage motherhood impact women's parenthood decision-making and their experiences of childlessness. It emphasizes, in particular, the durability and universality of essentialist ideas (mystiques) about motherhood.

研究表明,关于 "好 "母亲的文化观念是如何影响妇女生活的。研究表明,关于 "好 "母亲的文化观念如何影响妇女的生活,但我们对鼓励做母亲的文化观念的作用知之甚少,尽管众所周知做母亲的艰辛,我们也不知道目前没有孩子的妇女是如何驾驭这些观念的。研究发现了五种关于母性的重要观念,并探讨了目前没有孩子的女性是如何考虑和应对这些观念的。有两种观念--母性能带来成就感和孩子能确保未来的安全--更像是 "神话",经常被受访者所摒弃。有三个信念--女性 "天生 "就想要孩子;女性是养育子女的;做母亲会带来独特的喜悦--则是本质主义的 "神秘主义",受访者对其不置可否,或只是稍作修正。此外,所有的信念,尤其是 "神秘主义",使许多妇女的生育决策过程和无子女的经历复杂化。要了解母性制度如何影响(尚未)生育子女的妇女,关键是要解释支持其吸引力的文化信念的作用。本研究强调了鼓励做母亲的文化信仰对妇女生育决策及其无子女经历的不同影响方式。它特别强调了关于母性的本质主义观念(神秘主义)的持久性和普遍性。
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引用次数: 0
The multiracial family as an anomaly: Experiences of monoracism 作为反常现象的多种族家庭:单一种族的经历
IF 2.7 1区 社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-04-23 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12995
Katherine Johnson

Objective

Through qualitative in-depth interviews with interracial parents across the United States, this study explores how multiracial families as a unit experience monoracism via racial surveillance, voyeurism, and dissection.

Background

Despite increasing representations of mixed-race families in various media, studies find that many people in the United States assume that family members should phenotypically resemble each other and also represent one obvious racial category. Interracial partners and multiracial families experience the paradox of being both the “ideal” family in a post-racial US society, but also an anomalous family that challenges assumptions about what family is. This study examines two broad research questions: (1) How do interracial parents and their multiracial families experience racism and/or other forms of discrimination? (2) How do families make sense of and respond to these experiences?

Method

This study utilized qualitative in-depth interviews with 19 sets of interracial parents, or 38 individuals, in the US Black-White, Asian-White, and Black-Asian families are included in the sample.

Results

Interracial parents in this study discussed experiencing racial dissection, surveillance, and voyeurism in their daily lives, which the author identified as mechanisms of monoracism. Monoracism, typically studied as an experience of multiracial people, is a form of oppression that targets those who do not fit into one racial category. However, monoracism also impacts multiracial family units. As a result, multiracial families were often prepared to prove their familial bonds, such as through birth certificates, or altered their behavior in public as a means of “performing” family in more obvious ways.

Conclusion

Through a MultiCrit lens, this study reveals how interracial parents and their children experience monoracism. This study extends previous scholarship by exploring how multiracial families as a unit experience and navigate monoracism in their daily lives.

本研究通过对美国各地跨种族父母的深入定性访谈,探讨了多种族家庭作为一个单元,如何通过种族监视、窥视和剖析来体验单一种族主义。尽管各种媒体对混血家庭的描述越来越多,但研究发现,美国许多人认为家庭成员在表型上应该彼此相似,并且代表一个明显的种族类别。异族伴侣和多种族家庭既是美国后种族社会中的 "理想 "家庭,又是挑战家庭假设的反常家庭,这两者之间存在着矛盾。本研究探讨了两个广泛的研究问题:(1) 异族父母及其多种族家庭如何经历种族主义和/或其他形式的歧视?(2) 家庭如何理解和应对这些经历?本研究采用定性深入访谈的方式,对美国黑人-白人、亚洲人-白人和黑人-亚洲人家庭中的 19 对跨种族父母(38 人)进行了访谈。单一种族主义通常是作为多种族人的经历来研究的,是一种针对那些不属于某一种族类别的人的压迫形式。然而,一族主义也影响到多种族家庭单位。因此,多种族家庭往往准备通过出生证明等方式来证明他们的家庭纽带,或者改变他们在公共场合的行为,以此来以更明显的方式 "表演 "家庭。本研究通过探讨多种族家庭作为一个整体如何在日常生活中体验和驾驭一族主义,对以往的学术研究进行了扩展。
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引用次数: 0
Parental identity and socialization mediate parental racial discrimination's impact on child adjustment 父母的身份认同和社会化对父母种族歧视对儿童适应性的影响起中介作用
IF 2.7 1区 社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-04-17 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12992
Qianyu Zhu, Cixin Wang, Charissa S. L. Cheah

Objective

The study explored the mediating role of Chinese American parents' ethnic–racial identity (ERI) in linking their discrimination experiences, ethnic–racial socialization (ERS), and their children's mental health, testing whether neighborhood racial diversity and perceived Chinese density moderated these mediation paths.

Background

During COVID-19, Chinese American families faced increased discrimination, impacting their mental well-being. However, few studies have examined how parents' discrimination experiences influence their ERI, ERS practice, and ultimately their children's mental health difficulties.

Method

Data from 294 Chinese immigrant parents (Mage = 44.28, 79% female) were collected in two waves, 2020 and 2021. Path analysis tested if parental discrimination affects their ERI and ERS, and children's mental health. Multigroup analysis assessed if mediation models varied for families living in communities with low versus high racial diversity or Chinese density.

Results

Parental racism-related stress at T1 had significant indirect effects on parental ERS practices (higher use of maintenance of heritage culture and lower use of avoidance of outgroups practice) at T2 via parental ERI (greater private regard) at T2. Parental racial discrimination (perceived sinophobia in the media and racism-related stress) at T1 had significant indirect effects on children's mental health difficulties at T2 via parental ERS practices (use of maintenance of heritage culture and avoidance of outgroups practices) at T2. The neighborhood racial diversity moderated the mediation model.

Conclusion

These findings advance the understanding of both individual (i.e., parental ERI) and contextual factors (i.e., neighborhood racial diversity) in the complex associations between parents' discrimination experiences and children's mental health difficulties.

该研究探讨了华裔美国父母的族裔-种族认同(ERI)在他们的歧视经历、族裔-种族社会化(ERS)和他们子女的心理健康之间的中介作用,测试了邻里种族多样性和感知到的华人密度是否调节了这些中介路径。在COVID-19期间,华裔美国家庭面临越来越多的歧视,影响了他们的心理健康。然而,很少有研究探讨父母的歧视经历如何影响他们的ERI、ERS实践,并最终影响其子女的心理健康问题。我们在2020年和2021年的两次调查中收集了294名中国移民父母(年龄=44.28,79%为女性)的数据。路径分析测试了父母的歧视是否会影响他们的 ERI 和 ERS 以及子女的心理健康。多组分析评估了居住在种族多样性或华人密度较低和较高社区的家庭的中介模型是否存在差异。在T1阶段,父母与种族主义相关的压力通过T2阶段父母的ERI(更多的私人关注)对T2阶段父母的ERS实践(更多地使用维护传统文化和较少使用回避外群体的实践)产生了显著的间接影响。T1时父母的种族歧视(从媒体中感受到的仇外心理和与种族主义相关的压力)通过T2时父母的ERS做法(使用维护传统文化和回避外群体的做法)对T2时儿童的心理健康困难有显著的间接影响。这些发现加深了人们对父母的歧视经历与子女的心理健康问题之间复杂关系中的个体因素(即父母的 ERI)和环境因素(即社区的种族多样性)的理解。
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引用次数: 0
The asymmetric effects of improving and declining marital satisfaction on cognitive function 婚姻满意度提高和降低对认知功能的非对称影响
IF 2.7 1区 社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-04-09 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12991
Jinho Kim, Sungsik Hwang

Objective

This study examines the association between marital satisfaction and cognitive function, while distinguishing between the effects of improving and declining marital satisfaction. Moreover, potential differences in these asymmetric effects of marital satisfaction between middle-aged and older adults are explored.

Background

Marital satisfaction is known to promote cognitive function. However, previous studies have assumed that the effects of improving and declining marital satisfaction are symmetrical.

Method

Using seven waves of data from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging 2006–2018 (N = 7407), we employ a novel asymmetric fixed effects model to estimate the effects of improving and declining marital satisfaction separately. Stratified analyses were conducted by age group and gender.

Results

The association between declining marital satisfaction and cognitive function (b = −0.292, p < .001) was stronger than the association between improving marital satisfaction and cognitive function (b = 0.102, p < .001). These asymmetric effects were predominantly driven by older adults. The effect of declining marital satisfaction on cognitive function was significantly greater for older adults than middle-aged adults (−0.395 vs. −0.148). We did not find gender differences.

Conclusion

Findings suggest that the negative impact of declining marital satisfaction on cognitive function outweighs the positive effects of improving marital satisfaction, especially among older adults. Reducing marital dissatisfaction and fostering healthy marital relationships are crucial strategies to promote the cognitive well-being of older adults.

本研究探讨了婚姻满意度与认知功能之间的关系,同时区分了婚姻满意度提高和降低的影响。此外,研究还探讨了婚姻满意度在中年人和老年人之间的非对称效应的潜在差异。利用韩国老龄化纵向研究 2006-2018 年的七波数据(N = 7407),我们采用了一种新的非对称固定效应模型,分别估算了婚姻满意度提高和降低的效应。婚姻满意度下降与认知功能之间的关联(b = -0.292,p < .001)强于婚姻满意度提高与认知功能之间的关联(b = 0.102,p < .001)。这些不对称效应主要由老年人驱动。婚姻满意度下降对认知功能的影响在老年人中明显大于中年人(-0.395 vs. -0.148)。我们没有发现性别差异。研究结果表明,婚姻满意度下降对认知功能的负面影响大于提高婚姻满意度的正面影响,尤其是在老年人中。减少婚姻不满意度和培养健康的婚姻关系是促进老年人认知健康的重要策略。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Marriage and Family
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