Cognition最新文献_第5页

AI contextual information shapes moral and aesthetic judgments of AI-generated visual art AI语境信息塑造了AI生成的视觉艺术的道德和审美判断。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106063

Ionela Bara , Richard Ramsey , Emily S. Cross

Throughout history, art creation has been regarded as a uniquely human means to express original ideas, emotions, and experiences. However, as Generative Artificial Intelligence reshapes visual, aesthetic, legal, and economic culture, critical questions arise about the moral and aesthetic implications of AI-generated art. Despite the growing use of AI tools in art, the moral impact of AI involvement in the art creation process remains underexplored. Understanding moral judgments of AI-generated art is essential for assessing AI's impact on art and its alignment with ethical norms. Across three pre-registered experiments combining explicit and implicit paradigms with Bayesian modelling, we examined how information about AI systems influences moral and aesthetic judgments and whether human art is implicitly associated with positive attributes compared to AI-generated art. Experiment 1 revealed that factual information about AI backend processes reduced moral acceptability and aesthetic appeal in certain contexts, such as gaining financial incentives and art status. Experiment 2 showed that additional information about AI art's success had no clear impact on moral judgments. Experiment 3 demonstrated that an implicit association task did not reliably link human art with positive attributes and AI art with negative ones. These findings show that factual information about AI systems shapes judgments, while different information doses about AI art's success have limited moral impact. Additionally, implicit associations between human-made and AI-generated art are similar. This work enhances understanding of moral and aesthetic perceptions of AI-generated art, emphasizing the importance of examining human—AI interactions in an arts context, and their current and evolving societal implications.

纵观历史，艺术创作一直被视为人类表达原创思想、情感和体验的独特手段。然而，随着生成式人工智能重塑视觉、美学、法律和经济文化，关于人工智能生成艺术的道德和美学含义的关键问题出现了。尽管人工智能工具在艺术领域的使用越来越多，但人工智能在艺术创作过程中的道德影响仍未得到充分探讨。理解人工智能生成艺术的道德判断对于评估人工智能对艺术的影响及其与道德规范的一致性至关重要。通过将显式和隐式范式与贝叶斯建模相结合的三个预注册实验，我们研究了人工智能系统的信息如何影响道德和审美判断，以及与人工智能生成的艺术相比，人类艺术是否隐含地与积极属性相关。实验1显示，在某些情况下，关于人工智能后端处理的事实信息会降低道德可接受性和审美吸引力，例如获得经济激励和艺术地位。实验2表明，关于AI艺术成功的额外信息对道德判断没有明显影响。实验3表明，内隐关联任务不能可靠地将人类艺术与积极属性和人工智能艺术与消极属性联系起来。这些发现表明，关于人工智能系统的事实信息会影响判断，而关于人工智能艺术成功的不同信息剂量对道德的影响有限。此外，人造艺术和人工智能艺术之间的隐含联系是相似的。这项工作增强了对人工智能生成艺术的道德和审美感知的理解，强调了在艺术背景下研究人类与人工智能互动的重要性，以及它们当前和不断发展的社会影响。

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引用次数: 0

Transfer of congruency effects between Stroop and multiplication tasks: Evidence that retrieval of multiplication facts requires inhibitory control Stroop和乘法任务之间一致性效应的转移：乘法事实的检索需要抑制控制的证据。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-01-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106054

Joanne Eaves , Camilla Gilmore , Shachar Hochman , Lucy Cragg

Inhibitory control is classically considered a domain-general process, yet recent findings suggest it may operate in context-specific ways. This has important implications for theories in other cognitive domains, such as mathematics, in which inhibitory control is proposed to play a key role. Inhibitory control has been implicated in resolving interference between competing number facts when retrieving them from memory, yet clear evidence for this is lacking. Here we report two pre-registered experiments with adults that investigated transfer of inhibitory control between interleaved Stroop and multiplication fact retrieval trials. Experiment 1 (n = 450) measured the congruency sequence effect, where transfer of inhibitory control between trials leads to a reduced congruency effect following an incongruent trial. Experiment 2 (n = 370) measured transfer of the list-wide proportion congruency effect, where the congruency effect is reduced when incongruent trials are more frequent. We found evidence of transfer of the congruency sequence effect between Stroop and multiplication. This did not differ depending on whether the Stroop task used number or animal stimuli. There was no transfer of the list-wide proportion congruency effect. These results suggest that reactive, transient domain-general inhibitory control processes are involved in retrieving multiplication facts from memory. Our findings have implications for theories of cognitive control and mathematical cognition, but caution should be taken in interpreting implications for educational interventions.

抑制性控制通常被认为是一个领域一般过程，但最近的研究结果表明，它可能以特定情境的方式运作。这对其他认知领域的理论有重要的启示，如数学，其中抑制控制被认为起着关键作用。抑制控制涉及到在从记忆中检索数字事实时解决相互竞争的数字事实之间的干扰，但缺乏明确的证据。在这里，我们报告了两个预先注册的成人实验，研究了交叉Stroop和乘法事实检索试验之间的抑制控制转移。实验1 （n = 450）测量了一致性序列效应，其中试验之间的抑制控制转移导致不一致试验后一致性效应降低。实验2 （n = 370）测量了全列表比例一致性效应的转移，其中不一致试验越频繁，一致性效应越低。我们发现了同余序列效应在Stroop和乘法之间转移的证据。这并不取决于Stroop任务是使用数字刺激还是动物刺激。全表比例一致性效应不存在转移。这些结果表明，反应性，瞬态域-一般抑制控制过程涉及从记忆中检索乘法事实。我们的研究结果对认知控制和数学认知理论具有启示意义，但在解释教育干预的意义时应谨慎。

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引用次数: 0

Arithmetic is not arithmetic: Paradigm matters for arithmetic effects 算术不是算术：范式对算术效果很重要。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-01-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106060

Xinru Yao , Christina Artemenko , Yunfeng He , Hans-Christoph Nuerk

Research on arithmetic uses different experimental paradigms. So far, it is unclear whether these different paradigms lead to the same effects or comparable effect sizes. Therefore, this study explores how different experimental paradigms influence mental arithmetic performance, focusing on understanding the potential differences and similarities in cognitive processes between paradigms. Six paradigms were systematically compared: decision paradigms (verification, forced-choice, delayed forced-choice) and production paradigms (written production, verbal-keyboard production, and simple verbal production). The results show consistent arithmetic effects related to operation (addition vs. subtraction) and task difficulty (with or without carry/borrow) across all paradigms, particularly in reaction time measures. However, accuracy varied between paradigms, with verbal-keyboard production and simple verbal production paradigms showing higher effect sizes for accuracy measures. These findings underscore the importance of considering each paradigm’s specific demands and characteristics in arithmetic research, suggesting that paradigm selection can influence the observed outcomes. Our study provides critical methodological insights that can guide future research in the design and interpretation of arithmetic tasks, enhancing the reliability and ecological validity of findings in numerical cognition.

算术研究使用不同的实验范式。到目前为止，尚不清楚这些不同的范式是否会导致相同的效果或可比较的效果大小。因此，本研究探讨了不同实验范式对心算成绩的影响，重点了解不同实验范式之间认知过程的潜在异同。系统地比较了六种范式：决策范式（验证、强迫选择、延迟强迫选择）和生产范式（书面生产、口头键盘生产和简单口头生产）。结果表明，在所有范式中，特别是在反应时间测量中，与运算（加减法）和任务难度（有或没有进位/借位）相关的算术效果是一致的。然而，准确性在范式之间存在差异，词汇键盘生成范式和简单词汇生成范式对准确性测量显示出更高的效应值。这些发现强调了在算术研究中考虑每个范式的具体要求和特征的重要性，表明范式选择可以影响观察结果。我们的研究提供了关键的方法论见解，可以指导未来的研究在算术任务的设计和解释，提高可靠性和生态效度的研究结果在数字认知。

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引用次数: 0

Diversity in research on the psychology of language: A large-scale examination of sampling bias 语言心理学研究的多样性：抽样偏差的大规模检验。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106043

Robyn Berghoff, Emanuel Bylund

The human capacity for language cannot be fully understood without appreciation of its ability to adapt to startling diversity. Narrow sampling therefore undermines the psycholinguistic enterprise. Concerns regarding a lack of sample diversity in psycholinguistics are increasingly being raised, but large-scale data on the state of the field remain absent. In the current paper, we address this empirical gap by documenting sample diversity in over 5500 psycholinguistic studies published over two decades. Moreover, we consider several hitherto unexplored issues regarding diversity in (psycho)linguistics, including the impact of sample biases on knowledge uptake and the implementation of diversification strategies often proposed in the literature. We identify marked overrepresentations in the data – of English, North America, and tertiary education students – and provide new evidence of their consequences, where papers on more commonly studied languages and locations tend to be cited more. We also demonstrate that absolute diversity has increased over time, albeit insufficiently to disrupt the linguistic and geographic concentrations observed. We find that representation of Global South researchers and contexts has grown, but this growth is centered in a handful of countries (China, Israel), and Africa and Southeast Asia remain severely underrepresented. Regarding the implementation of diversification strategies, we show that online data collection has yet to contribute much to diversification, while cross-national collaboration is effective in this respect. Finally, we challenge prevalent conceptions of diversification in which “exotic” languages spoken in remote locations assume a central role by highlighting the neglected linguistic diversity of the major hubs of psycholinguistic knowledge production.

如果不了解人类适应惊人多样性的能力，就无法充分了解人类的语言能力。因此，狭窄的抽样破坏了心理语言学的事业。人们越来越关注心理语言学中缺乏样本多样性的问题，但关于该领域现状的大规模数据仍然缺乏。在本文中，我们通过记录20多年来发表的5500多项心理语言学研究的样本多样性来解决这一经验差距。此外，我们考虑了几个迄今为止尚未探索的关于（心理）语言学多样性的问题，包括样本偏差对知识吸收的影响以及文献中经常提出的多样化策略的实施。我们在数据中发现了明显的过度表征-英语，北美和高等教育学生-并提供了其后果的新证据，其中关于更常用语言和地区的论文往往被引用得更多。我们还证明了绝对多样性随着时间的推移而增加，尽管不足以破坏所观察到的语言和地理集中。我们发现，全球南方研究人员和背景的代表性有所增加，但这种增长集中在少数几个国家（中国、以色列），非洲和东南亚的代表性仍然严重不足。关于多元化战略的实施，我们表明，在线数据收集尚未对多元化做出很大贡献，而跨国合作在这方面是有效的。最后，我们通过强调心理语言学知识生产的主要中心被忽视的语言多样性，挑战了在偏远地区使用的“外来”语言发挥核心作用的普遍多样化观念。

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引用次数: 0

Are there unconscious visual images in aphantasia? Development of an implicit priming paradigm 在幻像症中是否存在无意识的视觉形象？内隐启动范式的发展。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106059

Rudy Purkart , Maël Delem , Virginie Ranson , Charlotte Andrey , Rémy Versace , Eddy Cavalli , Gaën Plancher

For some people the experience of visual imagery is lacking, a condition recently referred to as aphantasia. So far, most of the studies on aphantasia rely on subjective reports, leaving the question of whether mental images can exist without reaching consciousness unresolved. In the present study, the formation of mental images was estimated in individuals with aphantasia without explicitly asking them to generate mental images. 151 Participants performed an implicit priming task where a probe is assumed to automatically reactivate a mental image. An explicit priming task, where participants were explicitly required to form a mental image after a probe, served as a control task. While control participants showed a priming effect in both the implicit and explicit tasks, aphantasics did not show any priming effects. These results suggest that aphantasia relies on a genuine inability to generate mental images rather than on a deficit in accessing these images consciously. Our priming paradigm might be a promising tool for characterizing mental images without relying on participant introspection.

对于一些人来说，缺乏视觉意象的体验，这种情况最近被称为幻觉。到目前为止，大多数关于幻觉的研究都依赖于主观报告，留下了一个问题，即心理图像是否可以在没有意识的情况下存在。在本研究中，在没有明确要求他们产生心理图像的情况下，估计了幻像症患者心理图像的形成。参与者执行了一个内隐启动任务，假设探针会自动重新激活一个心理图像。一项显性启动任务作为控制任务，参与者被明确要求在探测后形成一个心理图像。而对照组的参与者在内隐和外显任务中都表现出启动效应，而幻觉组则没有任何启动效应。这些结果表明，幻像症依赖于真正无法产生心理图像，而不是有意识地访问这些图像的缺陷。我们的启动范式可能是一个很有前途的工具，可以在不依赖于参与者内省的情况下描述心理图像。

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引用次数: 0

Automatic and strategic components of bilingual lexical alignment 双语词汇对齐的自动和策略组成部分。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-01-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106046

Iva Ivanova, Dacia Carolina Hernandez, Aziz Atiya

Second-language speakers are more likely to strategically reuse the words of their conversation partners (Zhang & Nicol, 2022). This study investigates if this is also the case for lower-proficiency bilinguals from a bilingual community, who use language more implicitly, and if there is more alignment with lower than with higher proficiency, provided the words to be aligned to are all highly familiar. In two experiments, Spanish-English bilinguals took turns with a confederate to name and match pictures in Spanish. The confederate named critical pictures with a dispreferred but acceptable name (e.g., agua [Sp. water] for a picture of rain). In Experiment 1, bilinguals were more likely to name critical pictures with dispreferred names after hearing these names from the confederate than after the confederate named an unrelated picture instead (i.e., an alignment effect). In support of our hypothesis, there was more alignment in lower-proficiency speakers. In Experiment 2, designed to reduce the possibility for strategic alignment, only confederates but not participants performed the matching task, which precluded participants from linking the dispreferred names with a referent, and removed the incentive to pay attention to the confederate's names. As a result, alignment was reduced (though still present). Of most interest, the reduction was greater for lower-proficiency speakers, supporting the hypothesis that strategic lexical-referential alignment is more likely with lower proficiency even for bilinguals from a bilingual community. The study also isolates measurable strategic and automatic components of lexical-referential alignment.

第二语言使用者更有可能策略性地重复使用对话伙伴的词汇（Zhang & Nicol, 2022）。这项研究调查了来自双语社区的低水平双语者是否也是如此，他们更含蓄地使用语言，如果要对齐的单词都是高度熟悉的，那么低水平双语者是否比高水平双语者有更多的对齐。在两项实验中，西班牙语-英语双语者轮流与同伴用西班牙语命名和匹配图片。同盟者用一个不受欢迎但可以接受的名字来命名重要的图片（例如，用agua [Sp. water]来命名雨的图片）。在实验1中，双语者在听到同伴说出不喜欢的关键图片的名字后，比听到同伴说出不喜欢的图片后更有可能说出这些名字（即对齐效应）。为了支持我们的假设，低水平的说话者有更多的一致性。在实验2中，为了减少战略结盟的可能性，只有同盟者而不是被试执行匹配任务，这就排除了被试将不喜欢的名字与一个参照物联系起来，并消除了注意同盟者名字的动机。结果，对齐减少了（尽管仍然存在）。最有趣的是，低水平说话者的这种减少更大，这支持了一种假设，即即使是来自双语社区的双语者，低水平也更有可能出现战略性词汇-参考对齐。该研究还分离了可测量的策略和自动成分的词汇-参考对齐。

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引用次数: 0

Evidence that altercentric biases in a continuous false belief task depend on highlighting the agent's belief 证据表明，在连续错误信念任务中，替代中心偏差依赖于突出代理的信念。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-01-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106055

Marie Luise Speiger , Katrin Rothmaler , Ulf Liszkowski , Hannes Rakoczy , Charlotte Grosse Wiesmann

As social beings, we excel at understanding what other people think or believe. We even seem to be influenced by the belief of others in situations where it is irrelevant to our current tasks. Such altercentric interference has been proposed to reflect implicit belief processing. However, in which situations altercentric interference occurs and to what extent it is automatic or dependent on the relevance of the belief in context are open questions. To investigate this, we developed a novel task testing whether participants show an altercentric bias when searching for an object in a continuous search space (a ‘sandbox’). Critically, another agent is present that holds either a true or a false belief about the object location, depending on condition. We predicted that participants' search for the object would deviate from its actual location in direction of where the agent believed the object to be. Further, we tested how this altercentric bias would interact with an explicit belief reasoning version of the task, where participants are asked where the agent would look for the object. In two large, preregistered studies (N = 113 and N = 157), we found evidence for an altercentric bias in participants' object search. Importantly, this bias was only present in participants who conducted the explicit before the implicit task and started the experiment with the false belief condition. These findings indicate that altercentric biases depend on the relevance of the other's belief in the context of the task, suggesting that spontaneous belief processing is not automatic but context dependent.

作为社会生物，我们擅长理解别人的想法或信仰。在与我们当前任务无关的情况下，我们甚至似乎会受到他人信仰的影响。这种异中心干扰被提出来反映内隐信念加工。然而，在哪些情况下会发生交替中心干扰，以及它在多大程度上是自动的或依赖于背景中信念的相关性，这些都是悬而未决的问题。为了研究这一点，我们开发了一个新的任务，测试参与者在连续搜索空间（“沙盒”）中搜索物体时是否表现出替代中心偏见。关键的是，另一个代理存在，根据条件对物体位置持有正确或错误的信念。我们预测，参与者对物体的搜索将偏离其实际位置，偏离代理认为物体所在的方向。此外，我们测试了这种另类中心偏见如何与任务的明确信念推理版本相互作用，在该版本中，参与者被问及代理将在哪里寻找对象。在两项大型预注册研究（N = 113和N = 157）中，我们发现了参与者在对象搜索中存在异中心偏倚的证据。重要的是，这种偏见只出现在那些先执行外显任务后执行内隐任务，并以错误信念条件开始实验的参与者身上。这些发现表明，替代中心偏见依赖于任务情境中他人信念的相关性，这表明自发信念加工不是自动的，而是依赖于情境的。

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引用次数: 0

Disclosing sample bias fails to fully correct judgments of partisan extremity 揭示样本偏见并不能完全纠正党派极端的判断。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-01-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106050

Alexandra M. van der Valk , Alexander C. Walker , Jonathan A. Fugelsang , Derek J. Koehler

How do we infer the beliefs of an entire group (e.g., Democrats) after being exposed to the beliefs of only a handful of group members? What if we know that the beliefs we encountered were selected in a biased manner? Across two experiments, we recruited 640 U.S. residents and assessed whether they could recognize and correct for such sample bias. Some participants viewed biased samples that exclusively featured the political opinions of extreme partisans, while others viewed representative samples free from selection biases. Results suggest that people do attempt to correct for known sample bias, but their efforts are often insufficient, leading them to make inaccurate inferences that align with sample bias. Specifically, participants tended to overestimate the ideological extremity of both Democrats and Republicans to a greater extent when exposed to explicitly biased samples, as opposed to representative ones. They also perceived members of the political party in question as holding more homogenous views, presumably because samples of extreme party members' views tend to have less variability than representative samples. Perhaps as a consequence, participants exposed to what they knew to be a biased sample, and who subsequently gave more biased estimates, did not express lower confidence in their estimates compared to participants who were shown representative samples. We discuss how a tendency to insufficiently adjust for transparently biased samples may contribute to partisan misperceptions that fuel political polarization.

在只接触到少数群体成员的信仰后，我们如何推断出整个群体（例如民主党人）的信仰？如果我们知道我们遇到的信念是以一种有偏见的方式选择的呢？在两个实验中，我们招募了640名美国居民，并评估他们是否能够识别和纠正这种样本偏差。一些参与者看到的是带有偏见的样本，其中只包含极端党派的政治观点，而另一些人看到的是没有选择偏见的代表性样本。结果表明，人们确实试图纠正已知的样本偏差，但他们的努力往往不够，导致他们做出与样本偏差一致的不准确推断。具体来说，当参与者接触到明显有偏见的样本时，他们倾向于在更大程度上高估民主党和共和党的意识形态极端，而不是代表性的样本。他们还认为，所讨论的政党成员持有更一致的观点，大概是因为极端政党成员的观点样本往往比代表性样本具有更小的可变性。也许正因为如此，那些暴露在他们所知道的有偏差样本中的参与者，以及随后给出更有偏差估计的参与者，对他们的估计并没有表现出比展示有代表性样本的参与者更低的信心。我们讨论了不充分调整透明偏见样本的倾向如何可能导致党派误解，从而加剧政治两极分化。

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引用次数: 0

Part-based processing, but not holistic processing, predicts individual differences in face recognition abilities 基于部分的处理，而不是整体的处理，可以预测人脸识别能力的个体差异。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106057

Pierre-Louis Audette, Laurianne Côté, Caroline Blais, Justin Duncan, Francis Gingras, Daniel Fiset

This study aimed to assess the roles of part-based and holistic processing for face processing ability (FPA). A psychophysical paradigm in which the efficiency at recognizing isolated or combined facial parts was used (N = 64), and holistic processing was defined as the perceptual integration from multiple parts. FPA and object processing ability were measured using a battery of tasks. A multiple linear regression including three predictors, namely perceptual integration, part-based efficiency, and object processing, explained 40 % of the variance in FPA. Most importantly, our results reveal a strong predictive relationship between part-based efficiency and FPA, a small predictive relationship between object processing ability and FPA, and no predictive relationship between perceptual integration and FPA. This result was obtained despite considerable variance in perceptual integration skills–with some participants exhibiting a highly efficient integration. These results indicate that part-based processing plays a pivotal role in FPA, whereas holistic processing does not.

本研究旨在探讨部分加工和整体加工对人脸加工能力的影响。一种心理物理范式，其中使用了识别孤立或组合面部部位的效率（N = 64），整体加工被定义为来自多个部分的感知整合。FPA和物体处理能力是通过一系列任务来测量的。多元线性回归包括三个预测因子，即感知整合、基于零件的效率和物体处理，解释了40%的FPA方差。最重要的是，我们的研究结果表明，零件效率与FPA之间存在较强的预测关系，物体处理能力与FPA之间存在较小的预测关系，而感知整合与FPA之间没有预测关系。这一结果是在感知整合技能有很大差异的情况下得出的，一些参与者表现出了高效的整合。这些结果表明，部分加工在FPA中起关键作用，而整体加工在FPA中不起关键作用。

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引用次数: 0

Music-reading expertise associates with configural face processing but not featural face processing

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106056

Rui-ting Zhang , Pan-pan Yuan , Wenjie Li , Jie Chen

Music-reading expertise has been proposed to be associated with the ability of face processing. However, the underlying mechanism and the neural correlates of this transfer effect remain unclear. The study further investigated the relationship between music reading experience and configural face processing, as well as featural face processing. In Experiment 1, 32 musical experts and 32 musical novices were recruited and completed the same-different task. In Experiment 2, another 23 musical experts and 23 musical novices were instructed to perform the same-different task during ERP recording. Compared with musical novices, musical experts showed better performance for configural face processing relative to featural face processing. Moreover, the better configural face processing performance was associated with the earlier onset training age and the longer length of music-reading training. Larger N170 and P300 amplitudes were elicited by featural than configural faces, whereas larger P2 amplitudes were elicited by configural than featural faces. Moreover, the P2 differences (configural versus featural face processing) were larger in the music expert group than in the music novice group. A larger P2 amplitude was associated with a longer length of music-reading training when processing configural faces. In summary, our behavioral and ERP data suggest that music-reading expertise was associated with configural face but not featural face processing, and provide evidence to support the proposal that the similarities in the perceptual processes play a key role in the transfer effect.

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引用次数: 0