Cognition最新文献_第5页

Belief updating in the face of misinformation: The role of source reliability 错误信息下的信念更新：信源可靠性的作用

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-02-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106090

Greta Arancia Sanna, David Lagnado

This paper investigates the process of belief updating in the presence of contradictory and potentially misleading information, focusing on the impact of source reliability. Across four experiments, we examined how individuals revise their beliefs when confronted with retracted information and varying source credibility. Experiment 1 revealed that participants discounted retracted information and reverted to their prior beliefs, in contrast to the Continued Influence Effect commonly reported in the literature. Experiment 2 demonstrated that source reliability significantly influences belief updating: reliable sources led participants to discount initial allegations more effectively than unreliable sources. Experiments 3 and 4 examined how people update their beliefs given opposing sources of differing reliability; we found that participants appropriately incorporated source reliability and penalised sources that were corrected, regardless of the corrector's reliability. Additionally, in contrast to previous research, both trustworthiness and expertise contributed to judgments of source reliability. Our results resolve some of the mixed findings in previous research, and highlight that individuals' belief updating are rationally sensitive to differences in source reliability. Our findings have broad implications for correcting misinformation in political, medical, and other applied contexts, and further underscore the need to ground misinformation correction strategies in robust psychological research.

本文研究了在存在矛盾和潜在误导信息的情况下信念更新的过程，重点研究了信源可靠性的影响。在四个实验中，我们研究了个体在面对被撤回的信息和来源可信度变化时如何修正自己的信念。实验1显示，与文献中普遍报道的持续影响效应相反，参与者对收回的信息不予考虑，并恢复到他们先前的信念。实验2表明，信度显著影响信念更新：可靠的信度比不可靠的信度更有效地引导被试对初始指控进行贴现。实验3和4考察了人们如何在不同可靠度的相反来源下更新自己的信念；我们发现，不管校正者的可靠性如何，参与者都适当地结合了源可靠性并惩罚了被纠正的源。此外，与以往的研究相比，可信度和专业知识都有助于对来源可靠性的判断。我们的研究结果解决了以往研究中一些混杂的结果，并强调了个体的信念更新对信度差异的理性敏感。我们的研究结果对纠正政治、医学和其他应用环境中的错误信息具有广泛的意义，并进一步强调了在稳健的心理学研究中建立错误信息纠正策略的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

Implicit prediction as a consequence of statistical learning 作为统计学习结果的内隐预测

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-02-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106088

Laura J. Batterink, Sarah Hsiung, Daniela Herrera-Chaves, Stefan Köhler

The sensory input that we encounter while navigating through each day is highly structured, containing patterns that repeat over time. Statistical learning is the process of becoming attuned to these patterns and can facilitate online processing. These online facilitation effects are often ascribed to prediction, in which information about an upcoming event is represented before it occurs. However, previously observed facilitation effects could also be due to retrospective processing. Here, using a speech-based segmentation paradigm, we tested whether statistical learning leads to the prediction of upcoming syllables. Specifically, we probed for a behavioural hallmark of genuine prediction, in which a given prediction benefits online processing when confirmed, but incurs costs if disconfirmed. In line with the idea that prediction is a key outcome of statistical learning, we found a trade-off in which a greater benefit for processing predictable syllables was associated with a greater cost in processing syllables that occurred in a “mismatch” context, outside of their expected positions. This trade-off in making predictions was evident at both the participant and the item (i.e., individual syllable) level. Further, we found that prediction did not emerge indiscriminately to all syllables in the input stream, but was deployed selectively according to the trial-by-trial demands of the task. Explicit knowledge of a given word was not required for prediction to occur, suggesting that prediction operates largely implicitly. Overall, these results provide novel behavioural evidence that prediction arises as a natural consequence of statistical learning.

我们每天在导航中遇到的感官输入是高度结构化的，包含随着时间重复的模式。统计学习是适应这些模式的过程，可以促进在线处理。这些在线促进效应通常归因于预测，在预测中，关于即将发生的事件的信息在事件发生之前就被表示出来了。然而，先前观察到的促进效应也可能是由于回顾性加工。在这里，我们使用基于语音的分割范例，测试了统计学习是否会导致对即将到来的音节的预测。具体来说，我们探索了真实预测的行为特征，其中给定的预测在被证实时有利于在线处理，但如果不被证实则会产生成本。根据预测是统计学习的关键结果这一观点，我们发现了一种权衡，即处理可预测音节的更大收益与处理“不匹配”上下文中出现的音节的更大成本相关，超出了它们的预期位置。这种预测的权衡在参与者和项目（即单个音节）水平上都很明显。此外，我们发现预测并不是不分青红皂白地出现在输入流中的所有音节上，而是根据任务的逐次要求有选择地部署。预测并不需要对给定单词有明确的了解，这表明预测在很大程度上是隐性的。总的来说，这些结果提供了新的行为学证据，表明预测是统计学习的自然结果。

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引用次数: 0

Does age affect metacognition? A cross-domain investigation using a hierarchical Bayesian framework 年龄会影响元认知吗？使用分层贝叶斯框架的跨域调查

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-02-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106089

Lucile Meunier-Duperray , Audrey Mazancieux , Céline Souchay , Stephen M. Fleming , Christine Bastin , Chris J.A. Moulin , Lucie Angel

According to previous research, the accuracy of metacognitive judgments in aging depends on the cognitive domain involved in the task, the experimental design, and the metacognitive index used. Older adults are frequently less accurate than younger adults in judging their episodic memory, while no difference is typically observed for semantic metamemory. In addition, age-related changes in metaperception appear to be highly task-dependent. Other metacognitive domains (such as metacognition of executive functioning) have been seldom explored. This study aimed to integrate methodological and theoretical advances in the study of metacognition to answer the question of whether metacognition is impaired in healthy aging. Data were collected in a large sample (n = 443) of participants aged 18 to 79. Participants provided retrospective confidence judgments in four domains: episodic memory, semantic memory, executive functioning, and visual perception. Our measure of accuracy, metacognitive efficiency, was estimated using a hierarchical Bayesian implementation of the meta-d’ model. Results showed that metacognitive efficiency decreased with age in the episodic task and increased with age in the semantic task. There was no effect of age on metacognitive efficiency in the executive and perception tasks. Moreover, metacognitive efficiency appeared to rely on a domain-general process in older adults. Explaining the episodic metamemory deficit in aging could help understand the difficulties of older adults to use inferential processes for memory search and retrieval as well as their difficulties to implement memory strategies.

根据以往的研究，老年人元认知判断的准确性取决于任务所涉及的认知领域、实验设计和使用的元认知指标。老年人在判断情景记忆时往往不如年轻人准确，而在语义元记忆方面通常没有观察到差异。此外，与年龄相关的元知觉变化似乎高度依赖于任务。其他元认知领域（如执行功能的元认知）很少被探索。本研究旨在整合元认知研究的方法学和理论进展，以回答健康老龄化中元认知是否受损的问题。数据收集于年龄在18岁至79岁之间的大样本（n = 443）。参与者提供了四个领域的回顾性信心判断：情景记忆、语义记忆、执行功能和视觉感知。我们的准确性测量，元认知效率，是使用元d '模型的分层贝叶斯实现来估计的。结果表明，情景任务的元认知效率随年龄的增长而降低，语义任务的元认知效率随年龄的增长而增加。在执行和知觉任务中，年龄对元认知效率没有影响。此外，老年人的元认知效率似乎依赖于一个领域一般过程。对老年情景元记忆缺陷的解释有助于理解老年人运用推理过程进行记忆搜索和提取的困难，以及他们实施记忆策略的困难。

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引用次数: 0

Involvement of episodic memory in language comprehension: Naturalistic comprehension pushes unrelated words closer in semantic space for at least 12 h 情景记忆在语言理解中的参与：自然理解将不相关的词在语义空间中推得更近至少12小时

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-02-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106086

Matthew H.C. Mak , Lewis V. Ball , Alice O'Hagan , Catherine R. Walsh , M. Gareth Gaskell

Recent experience with a word significantly influences its subsequent interpretation. For instance, encountering bank in a river-related context biases future interpretations toward ‘side of a river’ (vs. ‘financial bank’). To explain this effect, the episodic context account posits that episodic memory helps bind word meanings in the language input, creating a temporary, context-specific representation that can bias subsequent lexical interpretation. This account predicts that even unrelated words would be linked together in episodic memory, potentially altering their interpretation. In Experiments 1–3, participants read unrelated word pairs (e.g., sword—microwave, privacy—export) embedded in meaningful sentences, then completed a speeded relatedness judgement task after delays of 5 min, 20 min, or 12 h (including sleep). Results showed that sentence exposure increased the likelihood of the unrelated pairs being judged as related—a robust effect observed across all delay intervals. Experiment 4 showed that this exposure effect was abolished when words in a target pair were read in separate sentences, suggesting that the exposure effect may be dependent on lexical co-occurrence. Experiment 5, also with a 12-h delay (including sleep), additionally used an innovative word arrangement task to assess word relatedness without presenting the target pairs simultaneously or successively. In line with relatedness judgement, sentence exposure pushed the unrelated words closer in semantic space. Overall, our findings suggest that a context-specific representation, supported by episodic memory, is generated during language comprehension, and in turn, these representations can influence lexical interpretation for at least 12 h and across different linguistic circumstances. We argue that these representations endow the mental lexicon with the efficiency to deal with word burstiness and the dynamic nature of language.

最近使用一个词的经历会显著影响其随后的解释。例如，在与河流相关的语境中遇到银行，会使未来的解释偏向于“河的一边”（而不是“金融银行”）。为了解释这一效应，情景语境解释假设情景记忆有助于将语言输入中的单词含义联系起来，创造一种临时的、特定于情境的表征，这种表征可能会影响随后的词汇解释。这种说法预测，即使是不相关的单词也会在情景记忆中联系在一起，可能会改变它们的解释。在实验1-3中，参与者阅读嵌入在有意义的句子中的不相关单词对（如剑-微波，隐私-出口），然后在延迟5分钟，20分钟或12小时（包括睡眠）后完成快速相关性判断任务。结果表明，句子暴露增加了不相关对被判断为相关的可能性——在所有延迟间隔中都观察到一个强有力的效应。实验4表明，在单独的句子中阅读目标对中的单词时，这种暴露效应被消除，这表明暴露效应可能依赖于词汇共现。实验5，同样是延迟12小时（包括睡眠），在不同时或连续呈现目标对的情况下，使用创新的单词排列任务来评估单词相关性。根据相关性判断，句子暴露使语义空间中不相关的词更接近。总的来说，我们的研究结果表明，在语言理解过程中产生了一个由情景记忆支持的情境特定表征，反过来，这些表征可以影响词汇解释至少12小时，并跨越不同的语言环境。我们认为，这些表征赋予了心理词汇处理突发性和语言动态性的效率。

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引用次数: 0

People accurately predict the shape but not the parameters of skill learning curves 人们准确地预测了技能学习曲线的形状，但不能预测其参数

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-02-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106083

Xiuyuan Zhang , Samuel D. McDougle , Julia A. Leonard

Decades of research have shown that skill learning often unfolds exponentially — people improve rapidly early on, and then performance gradually levels off. Given how important expectations of learning are for actual learning, we explored whether people accurately intuit this canonical time course of skill learning. Across six preregistered experiments (n = 500), we find that people correctly predict that skill learning curves (error reductions over time) on a novel visuomotor task will follow an exponential decay function, both for an imagined naïve player and for themselves, before engaging with the task. Moreover, people are sensitive to conditions that merit exponential learning within a bounded time frame and only predict these curves when an imagined player puts in effort and the task is not too difficult. However, people systematically misestimate specific parameters of skill learning (e.g., initial and average performance, and rate of improvement), which relates to reduced affect at the beginning of learning. Critically, these negative effects can be ameliorated by practice: Providing people with minimal practice reduces their prediction errors and, in turn, buffers them from negative feelings at the beginning of learning.

几十年的研究表明，技能学习通常呈指数增长——人们在早期迅速提高，然后表现逐渐趋于平稳。考虑到学习预期对实际学习的重要性，我们探讨了人们是否能准确地凭直觉判断技能学习的标准时间过程。通过6个预先注册的实验（n = 500），我们发现，在参与任务之前，对于想象中的naïve玩家和他们自己，人们正确地预测了新视觉运动任务的技能学习曲线（随着时间的推移误差减少）将遵循指数衰减函数。此外，人们对需要在有限时间内进行指数级学习的条件很敏感，只有当想象中的玩家投入努力且任务不是太难时，人们才会预测这些曲线。然而，人们系统地错误估计了技能学习的具体参数（例如，初始和平均表现，以及改进速度），这与学习开始时的情感降低有关。重要的是，这些负面影响可以通过练习得到改善：给人们提供最少的练习可以减少他们的预测错误，反过来，缓冲他们在学习之初的负面情绪。

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引用次数: 0

Reflection predicts and leads to decreased conspiracy belief 反思预示并导致阴谋信念的减少

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-02-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106085

Fatih Bayrak , Vahdet Sümer , Burak Dogruyol , S. Adil Saribay , Sinan Alper , Ozan Isler , Onurcan Yilmaz

Recent research indicates a generally negative relationship between reflection and conspiracy beliefs. However, most of the existing research relies on correlational data on WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic) populations. The few existing experimental studies are limited by weak manipulation techniques that fail to reliably activate cognitive reflection. Hence, questions remain regarding (1) the consistency of the negative relationship between conspiracy beliefs and cognitive reflection, (2) the extent of cross-cultural variation and potential moderating factors, and (3) the presence of a causal link between cognitive reflection and conspiracy beliefs. In two preregistered studies, we investigated the association between cognitive reflection and conspiracy beliefs. First, we studied the correlation between two variables across 48 cultures and investigated whether factors such as WEIRDness and narcissism (personal and collective) moderate this relationship. In the second study, we tested the causal effect of reflection using a reliable and effective manipulation technique—debiasing training—on both generic and specific conspiracy beliefs. The first study confirmed the negative association between reflection and belief in conspiracy theories across cultures, with the association being notably stronger in non-WEIRD societies. Both personal and collective narcissism played significant moderating roles. The second study demonstrated that debiasing training significantly decreases both generic and COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs in a non-WEIRD context, with more pronounced effects for general conspiracy beliefs. Our research supports that reflection is a consistent cross-cultural predictor of conspiracy beliefs and that activating reflection can reduce such beliefs through rigorous experimental interventions.

最近的研究表明，反思和阴谋信仰之间普遍存在负相关关系。然而，大多数现有的研究依赖于WEIRD（西方，受过教育，工业化，富裕，民主）人群的相关数据。现有的少数实验研究受限于薄弱的操作技术，无法可靠地激活认知反射。因此，关于(1)阴谋信念与认知反思之间的负相关关系的一致性，(2)跨文化差异的程度和潜在的调节因素，以及(3)认知反思与阴谋信念之间是否存在因果关系的问题仍然存在。在两项预先登记的研究中，我们调查了认知反射和阴谋信念之间的关系。首先，我们研究了48种文化中两个变量之间的相关性，并调查了怪异和自恋（个人和集体）等因素是否调节了这种关系。在第二项研究中，我们使用一种可靠而有效的操纵技术-去偏见训练-对一般和特定的阴谋信念进行了反思的因果效应测试。第一项研究证实，在不同文化中，反思与阴谋论信仰之间存在负相关，这种关联在非weird社会中尤为明显。个人自恋和集体自恋都起到了显著的调节作用。第二项研究表明，在非weird背景下，去偏见训练显著降低了通用阴谋信念和COVID-19阴谋信念，对一般阴谋信念的影响更为明显。我们的研究支持反思是阴谋信念的一致的跨文化预测因素，激活反思可以通过严格的实验干预减少这种信念。

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引用次数: 0

From preference shifts to information leaks: Examining Individuals' sensitivity to information leakage in the framing effect 从偏好转移到信息泄露：框架效应下个体对信息泄露的敏感性考察

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-02-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106087

Omid Ghasemi , Adam J.L. Harris , Ben R. Newell

The framing effect is a highly robust phenomenon, wherein logically equivalent options (e.g., 90 % chance of winning vs. 10 % chance of losing) trigger different preferences. The Information Leakage account provides a rational interpretation of this effect by suggesting that choice of frame ‘leaks’ information to decision-makers, making the frames informationally non-equivalent. For example, decision-makers might interpret a positive frame (e.g., 90 % chance of winning) as an implicit recommendation to take a risk. In a series of six preregistered experiments (total N = 1211), we manipulated the informativeness of frames by 1) reducing the perceived freedom of a speaker to choose a frame (the Choice Limitation manipulation), and 2) varying the communication context between the speaker and the listener from collaborative to competitive (the Interest Alignment manipulation). We expected a diminished framing effect in scenarios where the leaked information conveys no useful or trustworthy cues. While the Choice Limitation manipulation occasionally attenuated the framing effect, particularly in within-subject designs, the Interest Alignment manipulation consistently led to a reduction in the framing effect in both within-subject and between-subject designs. These findings show that individuals can be adaptable and sensitive to the informational value of frames and suggest that competition prompts inferences more readily than a speaker's agency over the choice of frame. The implications of these results for rational accounts of framing effects are discussed.

框架效应是一种非常强大的现象，其中逻辑上相等的选项（例如，90%的获胜机会vs 10%的失败机会）会触发不同的偏好。“信息泄漏”理论为这种效应提供了一个合理的解释，认为框架的选择向决策者“泄漏”了信息，使框架在信息上不相等。例如，决策者可能会将一个积极的框架（例如，90%的获胜机会）解释为一个隐含的建议去冒险。在一系列6个预注册实验中（总N = 1211），我们通过以下方式操纵框架的信息性：1)减少说话者选择框架的感知自由（选择限制操纵）；2)改变说话者和听者之间的沟通环境，从合作到竞争（兴趣对齐操纵）。我们预计，在泄露的信息没有传达有用或值得信赖的线索的情况下，框架效应会减弱。虽然选择限制操作偶尔会减弱框架效应，特别是在主题内设计中，但兴趣对齐操作始终导致主题内和主题间设计中的框架效应降低。这些发现表明，个体对框架的信息价值具有适应性和敏感性，并表明在框架的选择上，竞争比说话者的代理更容易促使推理。讨论了这些结果对框架效应合理解释的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Abstractness impacts conversational dynamics 抽象性影响会话动态

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-02-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106084

Claudia Mazzuca , Caterina Villani , Tommaso Lamarra , Marianna Marcella Bolognesi , Anna M. Borghi

Conversation topics may vary in abstractness. This might impact the effort required by speakers to reach a common ground and, ultimately, an interactive alignment. In fact, people typically feel less confident with abstract concepts and single-words rating studies suggest abstract concepts are more associated with social interactions than concrete concepts—hence suggesting increasing levels of abstractness enhance inner and mutual monitoring processes. However, experimental studies addressing conversational dynamics afforded by abstract concepts are still sparse. In three preregistered experiments we ask whether abstract sentences are associated with specific constructs in dialogue, i.e., higher uncertainty, more curiosity and willingness to continue a conversation, and more questions related to causal and agency aspects. We do so by asking participants to evaluate the plausibility of linguistic exchanges referring to concrete and abstract concepts. Results support theories proposing that abstract concepts involve more inner monitoring and social dynamics compared to concrete concepts and suggest that reaching alignment in dialogue is more effortful with abstract than with concrete concepts.

对话主题的抽象程度可能有所不同。这可能会影响发言者达成共识并最终达成互动一致所需要的努力。事实上，人们通常对抽象概念缺乏信心，单词评级研究表明，抽象概念比具体概念更能与社会互动联系在一起——因此，抽象程度的提高可以增强内部和相互监督的过程。然而，针对抽象概念提供的对话动态的实验研究仍然很少。在三个预先注册的实验中，我们询问抽象句子是否与对话中的特定结构相关，即更高的不确定性，更多的好奇心和继续对话的意愿，以及更多与因果和代理方面相关的问题。我们要求参与者评估具体和抽象概念的语言交流的合理性。研究结果支持以下理论：与具体概念相比，抽象概念涉及更多的内部监控和社会动态，并表明在对话中，抽象概念比具体概念更容易达成一致。

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引用次数: 0

The road to Aha: A recipe for mental breakthroughs 通往顿悟之路：精神突破的秘诀

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-02-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106081

Kadi Tulver, Karl Kristjan Kaup, Jaan Aru

We present a novel framework for understanding the diverse spectrum of mental breakthrough events, ranging from problem-solving insights to profound personal transformations. We propose that these events, while varied in expression and impact, share common underlying mechanisms of representational change. We also hypothesise that the differences in phenomenological intensity can be conceptualized along a continuum. Central to our model are three core components – tension, altered salience, and enhanced flexibility – which we identify as essential prerequisites for significant cognitive restructuring. These components interact within an iterative cycle, influencing both the emergence and nature of insight experiences. Drawing on examples from different fields, we explore how a conflict between existing models can trigger this cycle, wherein mechanisms of attention allocation and relaxation of constraints work in tandem to facilitate the emergence of insights. Furthermore, we propose that the intensity of the “aha-moment” and the breadth of its impact are contingent on how central the conflict is within one's conceptual landscape and the extent to which existing mental models are challenged. Thus, the model accounts for both the subtle, momentary insights in problem-solving and the transformative realizations that reshape core beliefs and self-perception. By synthesising insights from various domains, including psychotherapy, contemplative science, and psychedelic research, we present a theoretical account with broad scope, aiming to shed light on the complex processes that can lead to a wide array of mental breakthroughs, thereby contributing to the understanding of insight phenomena across disciplines.

我们提出了一个新的框架来理解各种各样的心理突破事件，从解决问题的洞察力到深刻的个人转变。我们认为，尽管这些事件在表达和影响上各不相同，但它们具有共同的代表性变化的潜在机制。我们还假设，现象学强度的差异可以沿着连续统概念化。我们模型的核心是三个核心组成部分——张力、显著性改变和增强的灵活性——我们认为这是重大认知重组的必要先决条件。这些组件在迭代循环中相互作用，影响洞察力体验的出现和本质。借鉴来自不同领域的例子，我们探讨了现有模型之间的冲突如何触发这种循环，其中注意力分配和约束放松的机制协同工作以促进见解的出现。此外，我们提出，“啊哈时刻”的强度及其影响的广度取决于冲突在一个人的概念景观中的中心位置，以及现有心智模型受到挑战的程度。因此，该模型既解释了解决问题时微妙的、瞬间的洞察力，也解释了重塑核心信念和自我认知的变革性实现。通过综合来自不同领域的见解，包括心理治疗、冥想科学和迷幻研究，我们提出了一个范围广泛的理论解释，旨在阐明可能导致广泛心理突破的复杂过程，从而有助于理解跨学科的顿悟现象。

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引用次数: 0

Mental imagery shapes emotions in people's decisions related to risk taking 心理意象塑造了人们在冒险决策中的情绪

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-02-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106082

Joanna M. Smieja, Tomasz Zaleskiewicz, Agata Gasiorowska

This research investigates the specific effects of mental imagery on people's emotional responses and risk-taking decisions. We present findings across four studies, including three experiments, that highlight emotions as a mediator between the valence of mental images related to risk and subsequent risk-taking propensity. Our research identifies two key factors that moderate this relationship: the category of cognitive process (analytical thinking vs. visual mental imagery) and the vividness of mental imagery. In Study 1, we found an effect of the valence of mental images on the intensity of emotional reactions, which in turn were linked to risk-taking willingness. Positive imagery corresponded with stronger positive emotions and increased declared risk taking. The experimental Study 2 provided causal evidence for these associations, showing that participants positively imagining risk-related behaviors reported more intense positive feelings and a greater inclination to take risks than those imagining risk taking in a negative manner. Subsequent preregistered experiments (Studies 3 and 4) corroborated our central hypothesis that mental imagery is a distinct driver of emotional responses in risk-related decision making and showed potential boundary conditions for this effect. Study 3 emphasized that decisions influenced by mental imagery had greater emotional strength than those based on analytical reasoning. The final Study 4 demonstrated that vividness of mental imagery further moderates this effect: more vivid images led to stronger emotions, thus affecting risk-taking propensity. These results underscore the significance of emotions in decision making, particularly when decisions are based on mental imagery rather than analysis, and point to the amplifying effect of image vividness on emotional and decision-making processes.

本研究探讨了心理意象对人的情绪反应和冒险决策的具体影响。我们展示了四项研究的发现，包括三个实验，强调情绪是与风险相关的心理图像的效价和随后的冒险倾向之间的中介。我们的研究确定了调节这种关系的两个关键因素：认知过程的类别（分析思维vs.视觉心理意象）和心理意象的生动性。在研究1中，我们发现心理图像的效价对情绪反应的强度有影响，而情绪反应的强度又与冒险意愿有关。积极意象与更强烈的积极情绪和更大的风险承担相对应。实验研究2为这些关联提供了因果证据，表明积极想象风险相关行为的参与者比以消极方式想象风险的参与者报告了更强烈的积极感受和更大的冒险倾向。随后的预注册实验（研究3和4）证实了我们的中心假设，即心理意象是风险相关决策中情绪反应的独特驱动因素，并显示了这种影响的潜在边界条件。研究3强调，受心理意象影响的决策比基于分析推理的决策具有更大的情感力量。最后的研究4表明，生动的心理意象进一步缓和了这种影响：更生动的意象导致更强烈的情绪，从而影响冒险倾向。这些结果强调了情绪在决策中的重要性，特别是当决策是基于心理意象而不是分析时，并指出了形象生动对情绪和决策过程的放大效应。

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引用次数: 0