Cognition最新文献_第4页

A novel task for measuring numerical bias among adults 一项测量成人数值偏差的新任务

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2026.106439

Shachar Hochman , Mattan S. Ben-Shachar , Roi Cohen Kadosh , Avishai Henik

Numerical bias is the spontaneous tendency to base decisions on numerical rather than equally available non-numerical information. We introduce the Congruent Learning–Incongruent Probe (CLIP) task, a computerised paradigm for indexing numerical bias in adults. The task presents digit pairs that vary in numerical value and physical size, organised into blocks. In feedback-based learning trials, digits are congruent (larger number in larger font) and participants learn which stimulus is “correct” for that block. In subsequent no-feedback probe trials (test trials), the same pairs are presented incongruently, revealing whether choices are spontaneously driven by numerical or physical dimensions. A sample of 129 adults completed a multi-day battery to validate the CLIP task. Drift–diffusion modelling indicated substantial individual differences in numerical bias. Higher numerical bias correlated positively with maths fluency and quantitative reasoning, paralleling child findings on spontaneous focus on numerosity (SFON) and maths competence. To establish convergent validity, we also administered a numerical Stroop task that requires suppressing numerical information; individuals with stronger numerical bias showed larger interference and facilitation effects. These findings validate the CLIP task as a reliable measure of numerical bias and, more broadly, highlight how variability in spontaneous numerical processing shapes cognitive-control demands, illuminating the interplay between domain-specific biases and executive function.

数值偏差是一种自发的倾向，即基于数值而不是同等可用的非数值信息来做决定。我们介绍了一致学习-不一致探针（CLIP）任务，这是一个用于索引成人数值偏差的计算机化范例。该任务呈现不同数值和物理大小的数字对，组织成块。在基于反馈的学习试验中，数字是一致的（更大的数字，更大的字体），参与者学习哪一个刺激对那个块是“正确的”。在随后的无反馈探针试验（测试试验）中，相同的配对被不一致地呈现，揭示了选择是由数字维度还是物理维度自发驱动的。129名成年人的样本完成了多天的电池测试，以验证CLIP任务。漂移扩散模型表明数值偏差存在显著的个体差异。较高的数字偏见与数学流畅性和定量推理呈正相关，与儿童自发关注数字（SFON）和数学能力的研究结果相似。为了建立收敛效度，我们还执行了一个需要抑制数值信息的数值Stroop任务；数值偏见越强的个体，其干扰和促进作用越大。这些发现验证了CLIP任务作为数字偏差的可靠测量，更广泛地说，强调了自发数字处理的可变性如何塑造认知控制需求，阐明了特定领域偏差与执行功能之间的相互作用。

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引用次数: 0

Naïve epistemics: A theory of rational and error-prone mental state reasoning Naïve认识论：理性的和容易出错的精神状态推理的理论

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106328

Branden J. Bio , Sangeet Khemlani

Effective communication depends on reasoning about what others know and believe, and failures in executive functioning can disrupt the way adults reason about mental states. Studies reveal that failures in interpreting premises, simulating possibilities, and formulating conclusions can all yield systematic errors in reasoning – but no account exists of the specific sorts of error people produce when these failures occur in the context of mental state reasoning. We developed such a theory to account for both rational and error-prone mental state reasoning. The theory makes three proposals: first, people build representations of possibilities, and tag those representations, to distinguish knowledge from belief; second, they update, inspect, and consolidate representations of possibilities to engage in mental state reasoning; and third, they can integrate semantic contents into their representations of belief states by constructing or else blocking the construction of alternative possibilities. We tested the theory by examining the patterns of conclusions reasoners produced using a novel sentence construction interface or else through free response. These generative tasks permitted analyses of participants' tendency to draw sensible epistemic conclusions as well as their systematic errors, and they corroborate the central tenets of the theory.

有效的沟通依赖于对他人所知和所相信的事情的推理，而执行功能的失败会破坏成年人对精神状态的推理方式。研究表明，在解释前提、模拟可能性和形成结论方面的失败都可能导致推理中的系统性错误——但是，当这些失败发生在精神状态推理的背景下时，人们产生的具体错误种类却没有任何解释。我们发展了这样一个理论来解释理性和容易出错的精神状态推理。该理论提出了三个建议：第一，人们构建可能性表征，并对这些表征进行标记，以区分知识和信念；其次，他们更新、检查和巩固可能性表征，以进行心理状态推理；第三，他们可以通过构建或阻止其他可能性的构建，将语义内容整合到他们对信念状态的表征中。我们通过检查推理者使用新的句子结构界面或通过自由反应产生的结论模式来测试这一理论。这些生成任务允许分析参与者的倾向，得出明智的认识结论，以及他们的系统错误，他们证实了理论的核心原则。

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引用次数: 0

Instructed prevention actions reveal the associative nature of propositional response-effect contingency knowledge 指示预防行动揭示了命题反应-效应权变知识的联想性质

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2026.106435

Solveig Tonn , Viola Mocke , Moritz Schaaf , Wilfried Kunde

Because prevention actions result in the non-occurrence of certain events, it is rather unclear how action-event linkages can emerge for these action types. Here, we investigated whether verbal instructions alone can establish such linkages and how they influence behavior. Therefore, participants had to memorize propositional knowledge about prevention actions, and we tested how actions in a subsequent, unrelated task were impacted by this knowledge. Our results demonstrate that actions were facilitated by the very event they are known to prevent, not by the absence of this event. Thus, these action-event linkages were both (a) ‘propositional’, as they were established by verbal instructions alone, and also (b) ‘associative’, as they impacted behavior akin to unqualified, bidirectional associations.

由于预防行动导致某些事件不发生，因此对于这些行动类型如何出现行动-事件联系尚不清楚。在这里，我们调查是否口头指令单独可以建立这样的联系，以及它们如何影响行为。因此，参与者必须记住关于预防行动的命题知识，我们测试了这些知识如何影响后续不相关任务中的行动。我们的研究结果表明，行动是由他们已知要预防的事件所促进的，而不是因为没有这个事件。因此，这些行动-事件联系既是(a)“命题”的，因为它们仅由口头指令建立，也是(b)“联想”的，因为它们影响的行为类似于不确定的、双向的联系。

引用次数: 0

Domain-general categorisation explains constrained cross-linguistic variation in noun classification 领域一般分类解释了名词分类中受约束的跨语言差异

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106411

Ponrawee Prasertsom, Kenny Smith, Jennifer Culbertson

Languages appear limited in the range of concepts that are grammatically encoded. For example, person, number, and animacy distinctions are regularly found in e.g., grammatical agreement systems. But, despite their visual salience, colour distinctions are completely absent from such systems. Some have taken this to indicate domain-specific constraints on what can and cannot be part of grammars. Here, we test an alternative possibility, that domain-general cognitive capacities can explain these regularities. Using animacy- and colour-based agreement as our test cases, we show that a bias for animacy over colour indeed exists during learning of a miniature artificial agreement system. We then show that a parallel animacy-over-colour bias is found in a non-linguistic sorting task. Finally, we explore the cognitive roots of the animacy bias. Specifically, we ask whether it is driven by a domain-general categorisation principle favouring categorisation based on features that are highly predictive of other features. Using natural language corpus data, we find that animacy-based classification produces distinct and more compact categories, which are more easily learnable. We also find preliminary causal evidence for this explanation: when animacy is less predictive of other object features than colour, learners who notice this novel predictive structure learn animacy-based noun classes worse. Taken together, our results support the idea that domain-general principles may be responsible for the prevalence of certain semantic distinctions over others in grammar.

语言在语法编码的概念范围内似乎是有限的。例如，人称、数和动性的区别经常出现在语法一致系统中。但是，尽管它们在视觉上很突出，但在这种系统中完全没有颜色的区别。有些人将此作为特定于领域的约束，即哪些可以成为语法的一部分，哪些不可以。在这里，我们测试了另一种可能性，即领域一般认知能力可以解释这些规律。使用基于动画和颜色的协议作为我们的测试用例，我们表明在学习微型人工协议系统期间确实存在对动画的偏见。然后，我们证明了在非语言分类任务中发现了平行的动物-颜色偏好。最后，我们探讨了动物性偏见的认知根源。具体来说，我们询问它是否由一个领域一般分类原则驱动，该原则倾向于基于对其他特征具有高度预测性的特征进行分类。使用自然语言语料库数据，我们发现基于动物的分类产生了更清晰、更紧凑的类别，更容易学习。我们还为这一解释找到了初步的因果证据：当animacy对其他物体特征的预测能力不如对颜色的预测能力时，注意到这种新颖预测结构的学习者在学习基于animacy的名词类时表现得更差。综上所述，我们的研究结果支持领域通用原则可能是语法中某些语义差异盛行的原因。

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引用次数: 0

Making an impression: Participant-led voice synthesis reveals the acoustic signatures of trait impressions 留下印象：参与者主导的声音合成揭示了特征印象的声学特征

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-01-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106423

Nadine Lavan , Andrey Anikin

Listeners rapidly form trait impressions from voices, inferring multiple person characteristics within milliseconds. We employed a novel method, Self-Steered Sound Synthesis (S4), to identify and compare the acoustic signatures underlying these impressions. Participants interactively used S4 to synthesise voices expressing six person characteristics - age, masculinity, health, attractiveness, dominance, and trustworthiness - by manipulating four perceptually salient acoustic dimensions: mean pitch, pitch excursion, breathiness, and formant spacing. Masculinity, older age, and dominance were conveyed by lowering mean pitch and formant spacing, consistent with projecting the impression of a large person, and by flattening the intonation. Physical health, attractiveness, and trustworthiness were conveyed by choosing less extreme and more “typical” acoustic properties. A second perceptual experiment confirmed that the synthesised voices from Experiment 1 indeed conveyed the intended person characteristics to an independent sample of listeners, and that listeners relied on similar acoustic cues for their evaluations. From a methodological perspective, we demonstrate the robustness of S4 and present convergent evidence from two drastically different approaches, thus providing a comprehensive account of impression formation that bridges voice production (or synthesis) and perception. From a theoretical perspective, our findings agree with the hypothesis that trait impressions occur within a continuous “trait space”, highlighting the graded and intercorrelated nature of different person characteristics on a perceptual and conceptual level. We extend this framework by showing that not only perceptual judgements, but also the acoustic signatures of person characteristics show intercorrelations, thus integrating acoustic cues into perceptual models of voice perception.

听众从声音中迅速形成特征印象，在几毫秒内推断出多个人的特征。我们采用了一种新颖的方法，自导向声音合成（S4），来识别和比较这些印象背后的声学特征。参与者通过操纵四个感知上显著的声学维度：平均音高、音高偏移、呼吸和共振峰间隔，互动地使用S4来合成表达六种人特征的声音——年龄、男子气概、健康、吸引力、支配力和可信度。通过降低平均音高和峰间距来传达男性气质、年龄和支配地位，这与突出大个子的印象一致，并通过平坦的语调来传达。通过选择不那么极端和更“典型”的声学特性来传达身体健康、吸引力和可信度。第二个感知实验证实，实验1中合成的声音确实向一个独立的听众样本传达了目标人物的特征，听众也依赖于类似的声音线索来进行评估。从方法学的角度来看，我们展示了S4的稳健性，并从两种截然不同的方法中提出了收敛的证据，从而提供了一个全面的印象形成的描述，它连接了声音产生（或合成）和感知。从理论角度来看，我们的研究结果与特质印象发生在连续的“特质空间”中的假设一致，突出了不同人的特征在感知和概念层面上的分级和相互关联性质。我们扩展了这一框架，表明不仅感知判断，而且人特征的声学特征也显示出相互关联，从而将声学线索整合到声音感知的感知模型中。

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引用次数: 0

Dynamics of efficient ensemble coding 高效集成编码的动力学

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-01-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106432

Long Ni, Alan A. Stocker

Ensemble coding creates compressed representations of a stimulus array. However, not all items in the array necessarily contribute equally to the ensemble code. For example, when discriminating the ensemble average against a reference, items whose feature values lie closer to the reference are typically weighted more strongly. We have recently shown that this inhomogeneous weighting can be explained as a form of efficient coding, by which the precision of the sensory representation is dynamically adapted according to the array’s overall statistics relative to a variable reference. However, the specific process underlying the formation of such a relative efficient ensemble code remains unknown. Here, we probed the dynamic interplay between the presentation of the ensemble and the reference stimuli. We found that the relative timing between the presentation of the reference and the stimulus ensemble has a strong effect on participants’ decision behavior. Model analysis showed that efficient ensemble coding is established only when reference and ensemble are simultaneously presented. It is much weaker when the ensemble preceded the reference, and is largely absent when the ensemble followed the reference. As captured by our model, reduced efficient ensemble coding coincides with decreased decision accuracy in those asynchronous conditions. Our results indicate that any temporal offset between the ensemble and reference stimuli substantially disrupts the dynamic reallocation of coding resource. This suggests that efficient ensemble coding is not the result of a preparatory attentional process nor is it due to evidence selection at the decision stage. Rather, it arises from a fast interaction between the simultaneously evoked, sensory representations of reference and ensemble stimuli.

集成编码创建刺激数组的压缩表示。然而，并不是数组中的所有项对集成代码的贡献都是相同的。例如，当根据参考区分集成平均值时，特征值更接近参考的项通常加权更强。我们最近表明，这种非均匀加权可以解释为一种有效的编码形式，通过这种编码，感官表征的精度根据数组相对于变量参考的总体统计动态调整。然而，形成这种相对有效的集成代码的具体过程仍然未知。在此，我们探讨了整体呈现与参考刺激之间的动态相互作用。研究发现，参考信息呈现与刺激集合呈现之间的相对时间对被试的决策行为有很强的影响。模型分析表明，只有同时提供参考和集成，才能建立有效的集成编码。当集合在参考之前时，它要弱得多，当集合在参考之后时，它基本上不存在。正如我们的模型所捕获的那样，在那些异步条件下，高效集成编码的降低与决策精度的降低是一致的。我们的研究结果表明，集合和参考刺激之间的任何时间偏移都会严重破坏编码资源的动态再分配。这表明，有效的集成编码不是一个准备注意过程的结果，也不是由于决策阶段的证据选择。相反，它产生于同时被唤起的参考和集合刺激的感官表征之间的快速相互作用。

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引用次数: 0

Plausibility in episodic counterfactual thinking does not depend on the difficulty of the mental simulation 情景性反事实思维的合理性并不取决于心理模拟的难度

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-01-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106424

Ricardo Morales-Torres , Kaylee Miceli , Felipe De Brigard

People often engage in episodic counterfactual thinking, simulating alternative ways in which past events might have unfolded. Existing research has shown that the perceived plausibility of episodic counterfactual simulations influences judgments of regret, mood, prosocial behavior, and false memories. However, knowledge about the factors influencing the perceived plausibility of episodic counterfactuals is limited or derived from studies using vignettes or semantic-based hypothetical scenarios. In this study, we explore three potential factors that may influence the perceived plausibility of episodic counterfactual thoughts: the difficulty of generating the simulation, the vividness of the simulation, and a sampling process that prioritizes plausible alternatives. Experiment 1 (N = 91) showed that while plausibility is related to both difficulty and vividness, it does not depend solely on either factor. Experiments 2 (N = 468) and 3 (N = 77) revealed that when people generate episodic counterfactual thoughts, they initially produce the most plausible and vivid mental simulations, without concurrent changes in difficulty. Overall, our findings suggest that the perceived plausibility of episodic counterfactual simulations, while may depend in part on their vividness and sampling order, does not depend on how difficult it feels to imagine them.

人们经常进行情景反事实思维，模拟过去事件可能展开的其他方式。现有的研究表明，情景反事实模拟的感知合理性会影响对后悔、情绪、亲社会行为和错误记忆的判断。然而，关于影响情景反事实的感知合理性的因素的知识是有限的，或者来自使用小插曲或基于语义的假设情景的研究。在本研究中，我们探讨了可能影响情景反事实思想感知合理性的三个潜在因素：生成模拟的难度、模拟的生动性以及优先考虑合理替代方案的抽样过程。实验1 （N = 91）表明，虽然可信性与难度和生动性都有关，但它并不仅仅取决于其中任何一个因素。实验2 （N = 468）和3 （N = 77）显示，当人们产生情景性反事实思想时，他们最初产生的是最可信、最生动的心理模拟，而难度没有同时变化。总的来说，我们的研究结果表明，情景反事实模拟的感知合理性，虽然可能部分取决于它们的生动程度和采样顺序，但并不取决于想象它们的难度。

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引用次数: 0

Intuitive insight: Fast associative processes drive sound creative thinking 直观的洞察力：快速的联想过程驱动健全的创造性思维。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-01-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106422

Jérémie Beucler, Wim De Neys

Convergent thinking, the ability to find a single optimal solution to a well-defined problem, is considered a core component of creativity, and is often assumed to rely on controlled, deliberative processes. We tested this assumption using the Compound Remote Associates (CRA) test, where participants have to find a word that connects three seemingly unrelated words (e.g., “river, note, account”; solution: “bank”). We implemented a two-response paradigm wherein participants provided an initial, intuitive response (under cognitive load and time constraints to minimize deliberation), followed by a final, deliberate response. Our findings reveal that, in most cases, extended deliberation was not necessary for sound thinking—correct final responses were typically preceded by accurate intuitive responses produced under time pressure and cognitive load. By using large language models and semantic network modeling, we found that items with a smaller semantic search space are better solved intuitively, and that participants with a more efficient and flexible semantic memory structure display higher intuitive performance on the CRA. These results suggest that effective problem-solving in creative tasks may often rely on fast, automatic associative processes within semantic memory, without necessarily requiring extended deliberation.

趋同思维，即为明确定义的问题找到单一最佳解决方案的能力，被认为是创造力的核心组成部分，通常被认为依赖于可控的、深思熟虑的过程。我们使用复合远程联系（CRA）测试来验证这个假设，在测试中，参与者必须找到一个连接三个看似不相关的单词（例如，“river, note, account”；解决方案：“bank”）。我们实施了一个双反应范式，其中参与者提供了一个初始的，直观的反应（在认知负荷和时间限制下，以尽量减少考虑），然后是一个最终的，深思熟虑的反应。我们的研究结果表明，在大多数情况下，长时间的深思熟虑对于健全的思考是不必要的——正确的最终反应通常是在时间压力和认知负荷下产生的准确的直觉反应之前。通过使用大型语言模型和语义网络建模，我们发现语义搜索空间越小的项目的直观求解效果越好，语义记忆结构越高效和灵活的参与者在CRA上的直观表现越好。这些结果表明，创造性任务的有效解决可能往往依赖于语义记忆中快速、自动的联想过程，而不一定需要长时间的思考。

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引用次数: 0

Schema drift: Relational concepts and conceptual change 模式漂移：关系概念和概念变化

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-01-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106418

Richard Vagnino , Caren Walker

Analogical reasoning is one of the most common ways individuals bring previous experience to bear on unfamiliar situations. Most theories describe this process as a structured comparison that involves mapping the relational properties between a familiar source and unfamiliar target. This both allows the transfer of useful inferences from the source to the target and highlights the common structure shared by both analogs, represented by an abstract schema. This schema can help with identifying and reasoning about structurally similar situations in the future. While researchers have studied how representations of source and target analogs undergo alterations as a result of this mapping process, little attention has been paid to how the abstract schemas thought to guide future analogical reasoning might similarly change with use. We explore this question in three experiments and present evidence that suggests abstract schemas do indeed drift under certain conditions.

类比推理是一种最常见的方法，人们把以前的经验运用到不熟悉的情况中。大多数理论将这一过程描述为一种结构化的比较，包括在熟悉的源和不熟悉的目标之间映射关系属性。这既允许将有用的推断从源转移到目标，又突出了两个类似物共享的公共结构，由抽象模式表示。这种模式可以帮助识别和推理未来结构上类似的情况。虽然研究人员已经研究了源类比物和目标类比物的表征如何在这种映射过程中发生变化，但很少有人关注被认为指导未来类比推理的抽象图式如何随着使用而发生类似的变化。我们在三个实验中探讨了这个问题，并提供了证据，表明抽象图式确实在某些条件下漂移。

引用次数: 0

Collective intelligence as collective information processing 集体智慧即集体信息处理

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106433

Zara Anwarzai , Cody Moser , Hannah Dromiack , Ketika Garg , Gabriel Ramos-Fernandez

Collective intelligence research spans multiple disciplines and focuses on a broad range of collective behaviors, including group problem-solving, flocking in social animals, and the formation of social knowledge. It is not apparent what these different forms of collective intelligence have in common, apart from being instances of collective behavior. In this paper, we develop a framework that enables us to better classify different forms of collectively intelligent behavior in relation to one another based on the information processing mechanisms involved. We argue that these behaviors share a common foundation, which we call collective information processing, or CIP. CIP involves two key mechanisms: (1) individual processing of group information and (2) group processing, or group-level sensitivity to the arrangement of individual information. We operationalize the CIP framework to analyze different forms of collective intelligence, both classifying them in relation to one another and in alignment with generalized quantifiable measures of information processing. Our account of collective intelligence as CIP offers a novel framework for identifying and classifying forms of collective intelligence across a wide range of disciplinary contexts. This framework is meant to unify and subsume, rather than simply challenge, existing attempts to define collective intelligence.

集体智慧的研究跨越多个学科，关注广泛的集体行为，包括群体问题解决、群居动物和社会知识的形成。这些不同形式的集体智慧除了都是集体行为的实例外，还有什么共同之处还不清楚。在本文中，我们开发了一个框架，使我们能够更好地根据所涉及的信息处理机制对不同形式的集体智能行为进行分类。我们认为这些行为有一个共同的基础，我们称之为集体信息处理（CIP）。CIP涉及两个关键机制：(1)个体对群体信息的处理和(2)群体处理，或群体对个体信息安排的敏感性。我们运用CIP框架来分析不同形式的集体智慧，既将它们彼此分类，又与信息处理的广义量化措施保持一致。我们对集体智慧作为CIP的描述提供了一个新的框架，用于在广泛的学科背景下识别和分类集体智慧的形式。这个框架意在统一和包容现有的集体智慧定义，而不是简单地挑战。

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引用次数: 0