Cognition最新文献_第4页

Beauty is in the eye of your cohort: Structured individual differences allow predictions of individualized aesthetic ratings of images 美在你的同伴眼中：结构化的个体差异允许对图像的个性化审美评级进行预测。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-12-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106036

Elif Celikors, David J. Field

In the last few years, there has been an increasing interest in computational models that are capable of predicting the aesthetic ratings of images based on objective image features. Given that aesthetic ratings vary across individuals, models that predict the average aesthetic ratings ignore the unique taste of an individual. In this paper, our goal is to better understand the individual differences in aesthetic ratings by investigating if individual differences follow structural rules or if taste is due to a random component of an individual's ratings. We address this question by using a collaborative filtering model that uses the similarities in ratings of a cohort of observers to predict individuals' ratings on a new set of images. Using Amazon Mechanical Turk, 299 online participants were instructed to rate how much they like a set of 50 art images. Using a subset of the images (40), we formed cohorts of individuals with similar ratings and used these cohorts to predict how each person would rate the remaining 10 images not included in the training set. The selected cohorts predicted individual ratings significantly better than random cohorts and outperformed predictions based on the mean image ratings. We also found that the optimal size was approximately 12 % of the sample size. These results imply that individual differences in fact have an underlying structure that is consistent across the cohort and are not random. Using personality scores and subject backgrounds, we also looked at the subject characteristics of the cohorts and found that the participants' art background was the only significant factor. Finally, we explored whether the cohorts used particular visual features in a consistent way. For our small set of features, we didn't find any evidence for this. These results provide important insights into the sources of individual differences in aesthetic preferences and highlight the potential for computational models to improve predictions of individual preferences by leveraging structured individual differences rather than relying solely on population averages.

最近几年，人们对能够根据客观图像特征预测图像审美评分的计算模型越来越感兴趣。鉴于审美评分因人而异，预测平均审美评分的模型忽略了个人的独特品味。在本文中，我们的目标是通过研究个体差异是否遵循结构规则，或者品味是否由个体评分中的随机成分造成，从而更好地理解审美评分中的个体差异。我们通过使用协同过滤模型来解决这个问题，该模型利用一组观察者评分的相似性来预测个体对一组新图像的评分。通过亚马逊 Mechanical Turk，我们指导 299 名在线参与者对一组 50 幅艺术图片的喜爱程度进行评分。我们利用其中的一个子集（40 幅），组成了具有相似评分的个人群组，并利用这些群组来预测每个人对未包含在训练集中的其余 10 幅图像的评分。所选队列对个人评分的预测效果明显优于随机队列，也优于基于平均图像评分的预测效果。我们还发现，最佳规模约为样本规模的 12%。这些结果表明，个体差异实际上具有一种潜在的结构，这种结构在整个队列中是一致的，而不是随机的。通过个性评分和受试者背景，我们还考察了组群的受试者特征，发现参与者的艺术背景是唯一显著的因素。最后，我们探讨了各组群是否以一致的方式使用特定的视觉特征。就我们的一小部分特征而言，我们没有发现任何相关证据。这些结果为我们提供了关于审美偏好个体差异来源的重要见解，并强调了计算模型通过利用结构化个体差异而非仅仅依赖群体平均值来改进个体偏好预测的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Hidden size: Size representations in implicitly coded objects 隐藏的尺寸：隐含编码对象中的尺寸表示。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-12-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106041

Elif Memis , Gizem Y. Yildiz , Gereon R. Fink , Ralph Weidner

Its angular representation on the retina does not solely determine the perceived size of an object. Instead, contextual information is interpreted. We investigated the levels of processing at which this interpretation occurs. Combining three experimental paradigms, we explored whether masked and more implicitly coded objects are already size-rescaled. We induced object size rescaling using a modified variant of the Ebbinghaus illusion. In this variant, six dots altered the size of a central stimulus and served as inducers generating Object-Substitution Masking (OSM). Participants reported the average size of multiple circles using the size-averaging paradigm, allowing us to test the contribution of masked and non-masked central target circles. Our Ebbinghaus illusion variant altered perceived stimulus size and showed robust masking via OSM. Furthermore, size-averaging was sensitive enough to detect perceived size changes in the magnitude of the ones induced by the Ebbinghaus illusion. Finally, combining all three paradigms, we observed that masked and non-masked stimuli contributed to size averaging in a size-rescaled manner. In a control experiment testing the general effects of Ebbinghaus inducers, we observed a contrast-like effect on size averaging. Large inducers decreased the perceived average size, while small inducers increased it. In summary, our experiments indicate that context integration, induced by the Ebbinghaus illusion, alters size representations at an early stage. These modified size representations are independent of whether a target is recognisable. Moreover, perceived average size appears to be coded relative to surrounding perceptual groups.

它在视网膜上的角度表现并不仅仅决定物体的感知大小。相反，上下文信息被解释。我们研究了发生这种解释的处理水平。结合三个实验范例，我们探讨了遮罩和更隐式编码的对象是否已经大小缩放。我们使用艾宾浩斯错觉的一种改进变体诱导物体大小重新缩放。在这种变体中，6个点改变了中心刺激的大小，并作为诱发物产生对象替代掩蔽（OSM）。参与者报告了使用大小平均范式的多个圆的平均大小，允许我们测试蒙面和非蒙面中心目标圆的贡献。我们的艾宾浩斯错觉变体改变了感知刺激的大小，并通过OSM显示出强大的掩蔽。此外，尺寸平均足够敏感，可以检测到由艾宾浩斯错觉引起的感知尺寸变化的幅度。最后，结合这三种范式，我们观察到掩蔽和非掩蔽刺激对尺寸平均的影响以尺寸重新缩放的方式进行。在测试艾宾浩斯诱导剂一般效果的对照实验中，我们观察到尺寸平均的对比效应。大型诱导剂降低了感知的平均尺寸，而小型诱导剂则增加了感知的平均尺寸。总之，我们的实验表明，由艾宾浩斯错觉引起的情境整合在早期阶段改变了尺寸表征。这些修改后的大小表示与目标是否可识别无关。此外，感知到的平均尺寸似乎是相对于周围的感知群体进行编码的。

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引用次数: 0

Is an eye truly for an eye? Magnitude differences affect moral praise more than moral blame 是否真的以眼还眼？大小差异对道德褒奖的影响大于道德指责。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-12-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106040

Lishi Tan, Rajen A. Anderson, Shankha Basu

Does the amount of perceived moral responsibility correspond to the magnitude of the act to the same degree regardless of whether the act is moral or immoral? In four experiments (N = 1617; all preregistered), we found that—when evaluating two agents who performed similar acts but with different magnitude—observers judged greater differences in their moral responsibility when those acts were moral than when they were immoral. That is, the same difference in magnitude had greater influence on perceived moral responsibility for moral acts compared to immoral acts. Furthermore, we also found that the asymmetry effect impacted perceivers' judgment of the moral character of the agent (Studies 2 and 3). Evaluating immoral (vs. moral) acts led participants to use a more affect-based (vs. reason-based) decision mode, which, in turn, led them to be more scope insensitive to the magnitude difference of the two acts (Study 3). Lastly, we showed that this asymmetry effect is moderated by the individual's concern with the relevant moral issue (Study 4). When perceivers care less about the issue (e.g., animal welfare), the asymmetry effect attenuates. These results together suggest that, when comparing the moral responsibility of different moral agents, magnitude of behavior matters more for positive than for negative acts.

无论行为是道德的还是不道德的，感知到的道德责任的数量与行为的大小是否在相同程度上对应？在四个实验中(N = 1617；我们发现，当评估两个行为相似但程度不同的人时，观察者判断出，当这些行为是道德的，而不是不道德的，他们在道德责任上的差异更大。也就是说，与不道德行为相比，同样大小的差异对道德行为的道德责任感知的影响更大。此外，我们还发现不对称效应影响了感知者对行为人道德品质的判断（研究2和3）。评估不道德（与道德）行为导致参与者使用更基于情感（与基于理性）的决策模式，这反过来又导致他们对两种行为的大小差异更加范围不敏感（研究3）。我们发现，这种不对称效应被个体对相关道德问题的关注所缓和（研究4）。当感知者对相关问题（如动物福利）的关注较少时，不对称效应就会减弱。这些结果共同表明，当比较不同道德行为人的道德责任时，积极行为的大小比消极行为的大小更重要。

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引用次数: 0

People expect artificial moral advisors to be more utilitarian and distrust utilitarian moral advisors 人们期望人工道德顾问更加功利，而不信任功利道德顾问。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-12-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106028

Simon Myers , Jim A.C. Everett

As machines powered by artificial intelligence increase in their technological capacities, there is a growing interest in the theoretical and practical idea of artificial moral advisors (AMAs): systems powered by artificial intelligence that are explicitly designed to assist humans in making ethical decisions. Across four pre-registered studies (total N = 2604) we investigated how people perceive and trust artificial moral advisors compared to human advisors. Extending previous work on algorithmic aversion, we show that people have a significant aversion to AMAs (vs humans) giving moral advice, while also showing that this is particularly the case when advisors - human and AI alike - gave advice based on utilitarian principles. We find that participants expect AI to make utilitarian decisions, and that even when participants agreed with a decision made by an AMA, they still expected to disagree with an AMA more than a human in future. Our findings suggest challenges in the adoption of artificial moral advisors, and particularly those who draw on and endorse utilitarian principles - however normatively justifiable.

随着人工智能驱动的机器技术能力的提高，人们对人工道德顾问（ama）的理论和实践理念越来越感兴趣：人工道德顾问是一种由人工智能驱动的系统，旨在帮助人类做出道德决策。在四项预先注册的研究中（总N = 2604），我们调查了与人类顾问相比，人们如何感知和信任人工道德顾问。我们扩展了之前关于算法厌恶的研究，表明人们对人工智能（相对于人类）给出道德建议有明显的厌恶，同时也表明，当顾问——人类和人工智能一样——基于功利原则给出建议时，情况尤其如此。我们发现，参与者希望人工智能做出功利主义的决定，即使参与者同意AMA做出的决定，他们仍然希望在未来不同意AMA而不是人类。我们的研究结果表明，在采用人工道德顾问方面存在挑战，尤其是那些利用和认可功利主义原则的人——无论这些原则在规范上是合理的。

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引用次数: 0

London taxi drivers exploit neighbourhood boundaries for hierarchical route planning 伦敦出租车司机利用社区边界进行分层路线规划。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-12-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106014

Eva-Maria Griesbauer , Pablo Fernandez Velasco , Antoine Coutrot , Jan M. Wiener , Jeremy G. Morley , Daniel McNamee , Ed Manley , Hugo J. Spiers

Humans show an impressive ability to plan over complex situations and environments. A classic approach to explaining such planning has been tree-search algorithms which search through alternative state sequences for the most efficient path through states. However, this approach fails when the number of states is large due to the time to compute all possible sequences. Hierarchical route planning has been proposed as an alternative, offering a computationally efficient mechanism in which the representation of the environment is segregated into clusters. Current evidence for hierarchical planning comes from experimentally created environments which have clearly defined boundaries and far fewer states than the real-world. To test for real-world hierarchical planning we exploited the capacity of London licensed taxi drivers to use their memory to construct a street by street plan across London, UK (>26,000 streets). The time to recall each successive street name was treated as the response time, with a rapid average of 1.8 s between each street. In support of hierarchical planning we find that the clustered structure of London's regions impacts the response times, with minimal impact of the distance across the street network (as would be predicted by tree-search). We also find that changing direction during the plan (e.g. turning left or right) is associated with delayed response times. Thus, our results provide real-world evidence for how humans structure planning over a very large number of states, and give a measure of human expertise in planning.

人类在复杂的情况和环境中表现出令人印象深刻的计划能力。解释这种规划的一个经典方法是树搜索算法，它通过可选的状态序列搜索最有效的路径。然而，由于计算所有可能序列的时间，当状态数量很大时，这种方法就失败了。分层路径规划作为一种替代方案被提出，它提供了一种计算效率高的机制，在这种机制中，环境的表示被划分为集群。目前层级规划的证据来自实验创造的环境，这些环境具有明确定义的边界，状态远少于现实世界。为了测试真实世界的分层规划，我们利用伦敦有执照的出租车司机的能力，利用他们的记忆在英国伦敦（大约26,000条街道）构建一条街一条街的规划。将回忆每个连续街道名称的时间作为响应时间，每个街道之间的快速平均值为1.8 s。为了支持分层规划，我们发现伦敦地区的集群结构会影响响应时间，而对街道网络距离的影响最小（通过树搜索可以预测）。我们还发现，在计划过程中改变方向（例如向左或向右转弯）与延迟的响应时间有关。因此，我们的结果为人类如何在非常多的状态下构建规划提供了现实世界的证据，并给出了人类在规划方面的专业知识的衡量标准。

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引用次数: 0

Blocking of associative learning by explicit descriptions 显性描述对联想学习的阻碍。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-12-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106015

Tom Kelly , Elliot A. Ludvig

People given written descriptions often learn and decide differently from those learning from experience, even in formally identical tasks. This paper presents two experiments detailing how telling participants about the value of one stimulus impacts a keystone learning effect – blocking. The paper investigates if descriptions can be used to effectively block future trial-by-trial learning. Participants were presented with coloured shape stimuli and asked if those shapes caused reward. Experiment 1 found both standard, trial-by-trial experienced blocking and the novel effect of described blocking of future trial-by-trial learning. Experiment 2 investigated the conditions that promote described blocking by manipulating the training that occurred prior to exposure to the description. In the Pre-training Present group, participants exposed to a training set of compound and elemental stimuli produced more pronounced blocking than the Pre-training Absent group, which had no such training. These results show that explicit descriptions about causal relations can block learning from subsequent experience, providing a new extension of associative learning toward the verbal domain.

即使在形式上相同的任务中，被书面描述的人的学习和决定往往与那些从经验中学习的人不同。本文提出了两个实验，详细说明了告诉参与者一个刺激的价值如何影响一个关键的学习效应-阻碍。本文探讨了描述是否可以有效地阻止未来的逐次学习。研究人员向参与者展示了彩色形状的刺激，并询问这些形状是否会引起奖励。实验1发现了标准的、逐次经历的阻碍和描述的阻碍对未来逐次学习的新影响。实验2研究了通过操纵描述前的训练来促进描述阻塞的条件。在训练前在场组中，暴露于复合和基本刺激训练集的参与者比没有进行此类训练的训练前缺席组产生了更明显的阻滞。这些结果表明，对因果关系的明确描述可以阻碍对后续经验的学习，为联想学习向言语领域的扩展提供了新的途径。

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引用次数: 0

Number adaptation: Reply 号码适配：回复

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-11-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105870

David Burr, Giovanni Anobile, Roberto Arrighi

Adaptation is a ubiquitous property of perceptual systems, increasing sensitivity to change and allowing them to operate over a large dynamic range. The number sense, like most other perceptual systems, is adaptable. Yousif et al. (2024) challenge the existence of number adaptation, offering an alternate explanation that they term the “old news hypothesis”. Here we consider the major evidence advanced for their theory and show that, while their predicted effects may reach statistical significance, they are far too small to begin to explain the robust phenomenon of adaptation. We also highlight a series of studies using fMRI, EEG, pupillometry and psychophysical techniques that support the existence of adaption, and are inconsistent with “old news”. We conclude that number adaptation, while not fully understood, does indeed exist, and remains an invaluable concept for understanding the number sense.

适应性是感知系统的一种普遍属性，它增加了对变化的敏感性，并允许它们在很大的动态范围内运行。与大多数其他感知系统一样，数字感具有适应性。Yousif等人（2024）对数字适应的存在提出了挑战，提出了另一种解释，他们称之为“旧新闻假说”。在这里，我们考虑了为他们的理论提出的主要证据，并表明，虽然他们预测的影响可能达到统计显著性，但它们太小，不足以开始解释强大的适应现象。我们还强调了一系列使用功能磁共振成像、脑电图、瞳孔测量和心理物理技术的研究，这些研究支持适应性的存在，并且与“旧新闻”不一致。我们的结论是，数字适应虽然没有被完全理解，但确实存在，并且仍然是理解数字感的宝贵概念。

引用次数: 0

Exploring the hierarchical structure of human plans via program generation 通过程序生成探索人类计划的层次结构

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-11-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105990

Carlos G. Correa , Sophia Sanborn , Mark K. Ho , Frederick Callaway , Nathaniel D. Daw , Thomas L. Griffiths

Human behavior is often assumed to be hierarchically structured, made up of abstract actions that can be decomposed into concrete actions. However, behavior is typically measured as a sequence of actions, which makes it difficult to infer its hierarchical structure. In this paper, we explore how people form hierarchically structured plans, using an experimental paradigm with observable hierarchical representations: participants create programs that produce sequences of actions in a language with explicit hierarchical structure. This task lets us test two well-established principles of human behavior: utility maximization (i.e. using fewer actions) and minimum description length (MDL; i.e. having a shorter program). We find that humans are sensitive to both metrics, but that both accounts fail to predict a qualitative feature of human-created programs, namely that people prefer programs with reuse over and above the predictions of MDL. We formalize this preference for reuse by extending the MDL account into a generative model over programs, modeling hierarchy choice as the induction of a grammar over actions. Our account can explain the preference for reuse and provides better predictions of human behavior, going beyond simple accounts of compressibility to highlight a principle that guides hierarchical planning.

人类行为通常被认为是分层结构的，由可以分解为具体行为的抽象行为组成。然而，行为通常是作为一系列动作来衡量的，这使得很难推断其层次结构。在本文中，我们探索了人们如何形成分层结构的计划，使用一个具有可观察到的分层表示的实验范式：参与者创建程序，用具有明确分层结构的语言产生动作序列。这个任务让我们测试了两个公认的人类行为原则：效用最大化（即使用更少的动作）和最小描述长度(MDL；例如，缩短课程时间)。我们发现人类对这两个指标都很敏感，但是这两个描述都无法预测人类创建的程序的一个定性特征，即人们更喜欢具有重用性的程序，而不是MDL的预测。我们通过将MDL帐户扩展到程序上的生成模型来形式化这种重用偏好，将层次选择建模为对操作的语法归纳。我们的解释可以解释对重用的偏好，并提供更好的人类行为预测，超越了简单的可压缩性解释，强调了指导分层规划的原则。

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引用次数: 0

Why might there be lexical-prelexical feedback in speech recognition? 为什么在语音识别中会有词汇-词汇前反馈？

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-11-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106025

Dennis Norris , James M. McQueen

In reply to Magnuson, Crinnion, Luthra, Gaston, and Grubb (2023), we challenge their conclusion that on-line activation feedback improves word recognition. This type of feedback is instantiated in the TRACE model (McClelland & Elman, 1986) as top-down spread of activation from lexical to phoneme nodes. We give two main reasons why Magnuson et al.'s demonstration that activation feedback speeds up word recognition in TRACE is not informative about whether activation feedback helps humans recognize words. First, the same speed-up could be achieved by changing other parameters in TRACE. Second, more fundamentally, there is room for improvement in TRACE's performance only because the model, unlike Bayesian models, is suboptimal. We also challenge Magnuson et al.'s claim that the available empirical data support activation feedback. The data they base this claim on are open to alternative explanations and there are data against activation feedback that they do not discuss. We argue, therefore, that there are no computational or empirical grounds to conclude that activation feedback benefits human spoken-word recognition and indeed no theoretical grounds why activation feedback would exist. Other types of feedback, for example feedback to support perceptual learning, likely do exist, precisely because they can help listeners recognize words.

作为对Magnuson、crinion、Luthra、Gaston和Grubb（2023）的回应，我们对他们关于在线激活反馈提高单词识别的结论提出了质疑。这种类型的反馈在TRACE模型(McClelland &；Elman, 1986)，从词汇节点到音素节点的自上而下的激活传播。Magnuson等人关于激活反馈在TRACE中加速单词识别的论证并不能说明激活反馈是否有助于人类识别单词，我们给出了两个主要原因。首先，可以通过更改TRACE中的其他参数来实现相同的加速。其次，更根本的是，TRACE的性能还有改进的空间，因为与贝叶斯模型不同，该模型不是最优的。我们也质疑Magnuson等人的说法，即现有的经验数据支持激活反馈。他们提出这一主张所依据的数据对其他解释是开放的，也有一些反对激活反馈的数据，他们没有讨论。因此，我们认为，没有计算或经验依据来得出激活反馈有利于人类口语识别的结论，实际上也没有理论依据来解释激活反馈为什么会存在。其他类型的反馈，例如支持感知学习的反馈，可能确实存在，正是因为它们可以帮助听者识别单词。

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引用次数: 0

Refreshing the conversation about adaptation and perceived numerosity: A reply to Yousif, Clarke and Brannon 更新关于适应和感知数量的对话：对Yousif， Clarke和Brannon的回复

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-11-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105883

Frank H. Durgin

Yousif et al. (2024) have raised a number of pertinent objections to the idea that number adaptation is a straightforward account of the readily-observable aftereffects that affect perceived numerosity. Their criticisms appear well-motivated, but their particular version of the old-news proposal, involving specific dots, may be insufficiently abstract given that adaptation accumulates. Two new experiments are presented that are meant to buttress their critique by (1) confirming their predictions concerning neutral adaptation, and (2) re-evaluating related claims concerning number vs. density comparisons that have been widely accepted. Present behavioral evidence dissociating effects of adapter size, adapter number and adapter density, supports the idea that density adaptation is implicated as a primary source of most phenomenologically-compelling aftereffects of perceived numerosity.

Experiment 2 was preregistered on AsPredicted.org. The pre-registration is available at the following link: https://aspredicted.org/PC7_2ZB

The full raw data sets for the two experiments reported her are available on OSF at the following links:

Experiment 1: https://osf.io/b9qwy/?view_only=73beb62d9c2046c3aa08cdeb96cd5cca

Experiment 2: https://osf.io/6ax5j/?view_only=723ceb0b44da47dba99e56db12db02a9

Yousif等人（2024）提出了许多相关的反对意见，反对数字适应是对影响感知数量的可观察后果的直接解释。他们的批评似乎是有动机的，但他们对旧新闻提议的特殊版本，涉及具体的点，可能不够抽象，因为适应是累积的。提出了两个新的实验，旨在通过(1)证实他们关于中性适应的预测，以及(2)重新评估已被广泛接受的关于数量与密度比较的相关主张来支持他们的批评。目前的行为证据表明，适配器大小、适配器数量和适配器密度的分离效应，支持了密度适应是感知数量的大多数现象学上引人注目的后果的主要来源的观点。实验2在AsPredicted.org上进行了预注册。预注册可在以下链接获得：https://aspredicted.org/PC7_2ZBThe她报告的两个实验的完整原始数据集可在OSF上通过以下链接获得：实验1:https://osf.io/b9qwy/?view_only=73beb62d9c2046c3aa08cdeb96cd5ccaExperiment 2: https://osf.io/6ax5j/?view_only=723ceb0b44da47dba99e56db12db02a9

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引用次数: 0