Cognition最新文献_第6页

Identification performance across the life span: Lineups and the reaction time-based Concealed Information Test 跨越生命周期的识别能力：排队和基于反应时间的隐藏信息测试。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105996

Melanie Sauerland , Sera Wiechert , Elias Czarnojan , Elisabeth Deiman , Linda Dörr , Nick J. Broers , Bruno Verschuere

Cognitive and social factors can deteriorate eyewitness identification performance in children and older adults. An identification procedure that mitigates the effect of such factors could be beneficial for child and older adult witnesses. In a field experiment, we mapped identification performance in a large community sample (N = 1239) across the lifespan (ages 6–79 years) for two different identification procedures: classic lineups and reaction time-based Concealed Information Test (RT-CIT). Visitors of a science museum or science fair witnessed a recorded mock theft and then took either a classic lineup, or the RT-CIT. Young adults (18–35-year-olds) outperformed younger and older age groups in lineup performance. The RT-CIT showed a moderate capacity to diagnose face recognition and absence of recognition in the target-absent condition. Age did not affect identification with the RT-CIT. However, children were often not able to follow the RT-CIT instructions, leading to a large number of exclusions. A direct comparison of lineup vs. RT-CIT performance showed that children and adolescents showed better identification performance in RT-CIT than lineups. For young adults, there was no difference between the two procedures. The trend turned around at mid-adult age who showed better identification performance when they were given a lineup compared to an RT-CIT. These findings suggest that the RT-CIT might be considered an alternative identification procedure for children and adolescents, offering protection for innocent suspects.

认知和社会因素会降低儿童和老年人的目击证人指认能力。一个能减轻这些因素影响的辨认程序可能对儿童和老年人证人有益。在一项现场实验中，我们对一个大型社区样本（N = 1239）在整个生命周期（6-79 岁）内的两种不同辨认程序的辨认表现进行了测绘，这两种程序分别是经典的列队辨认和基于反应时间的隐蔽信息测试（RT-CIT）。科学博物馆或科学展览会的参观者目睹了一场模拟盗窃案的录制过程，然后进行了传统排队或 RT-CIT 测试。年轻人（18-35 岁）的列队表现优于年轻人和老年人。在目标缺失条件下，RT-CIT 显示出中等的人脸识别诊断能力和缺失识别能力。年龄并不影响 RT-CIT 的识别能力。然而，儿童往往无法遵循 RT-CIT 的指示，导致大量排除。直接比较列队与 RT-CIT 的成绩表明，儿童和青少年在 RT-CIT 中的识别成绩优于列队。对于青壮年来说，两种程序之间没有差异。这一趋势在中年人身上发生了逆转，他们在列队与 RT-CIT 相比时表现出更好的识别能力。这些研究结果表明，RT-CIT 可以作为儿童和青少年的另一种识别程序，为无辜的嫌疑人提供保护。

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引用次数: 0

Developmental changes in the perceived moral standing of robots 机器人道德地位感知的发展变化。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105983

Madeline G. Reinecke , Matti Wilks , Paul Bloom

Emerging evidence suggests that children may think of robots—and artificial intelligence, more generally—as having moral standing. In this paper, we trace the developmental trajectory of this belief. Over three developmental studies (combined N = 415) and one adult study (N = 156), we compared participants' judgments (Experiments 1–3) and donation choices (Experiment 4) towards a human boy, a humanoid robot, and control targets. We observed that, on the whole, children endorsed robots as having moral standing and mental life. With age, however, they tended to deny experiential mental life to robots, which aligned with diminished ascription of moral standing. Older children's judgments more closely mirrored those of adult participants, who overwhelmingly denied these attributes to robots. This sheds new light on children's moral cognitive development and their relationship to emerging technologies.

新的证据表明，儿童可能认为机器人--更广泛地说，人工智能--具有道德地位。在本文中，我们将追溯这种信念的发展轨迹。在三项发展研究（总人数=415）和一项成人研究（总人数=156）中，我们比较了参与者对人类男孩、仿人机器人和对照目标的判断（实验 1-3）和捐赠选择（实验 4）。我们发现，总体而言，儿童认可机器人具有道德地位和精神生活。然而，随着年龄的增长，他们倾向于否认机器人的精神生活体验，这与他们对道德地位认同的减少相一致。年长儿童的判断更接近成人参与者的判断，他们绝大多数否认机器人具有这些属性。这为儿童的道德认知发展及其与新兴技术的关系提供了新的启示。

引用次数: 0

Beyond risk preferences in sequential decision-making: How probability representation, sequential structure and choice perseverance bias optimal search 超越顺序决策中的风险偏好：概率表征、顺序结构和选择毅力如何影响最优搜索。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106001

Christiane Baumann , René Schlegelmilch , Bettina von Helversen

Sequential decision-making, where choices are made one after the other, is an important aspect of our daily lives. For example, when searching for a job, an apartment, or deciding when to buy or sell a stock, people often have to make decisions without knowing what future opportunities might arise. These situations, which are known as optimal stopping problems, involve a risk associated with the decision to either stop or continue searching. However, previous research has not consistently found a clear connection between individuals’ search behavior in these tasks and their risk preferences as measured in controlled experimental settings. In this paper, we explore how particular characteristics of optimal stopping tasks affect people’s choices, extending beyond their stable risk preferences. We find that (1) the way the underlying sampling distribution is presented (whether it is based on experience or description), (2) the sequential presentation of options, and (3) the unequal frequencies of choices to reject versus to accept significantly bias people choices. These results shed light on the complex nature of decisions that unfold sequentially and emphasize the importance of incorporating context factors when studying human decision behavior.

顺序决策，即一个接一个地做出选择，是我们日常生活的一个重要方面。例如，在找工作、找房子或决定何时买卖股票时，人们往往不得不在不知道未来可能出现什么机会的情况下做出决定。这些情况被称为 "最优停止问题"，与停止或继续寻找的决定相关联。然而，以往的研究并没有发现个人在这些任务中的搜索行为与他们在受控实验环境中的风险偏好之间有明显的联系。在本文中，我们探讨了最优停止任务的特定特征是如何影响人们的选择的，这些特征超越了人们稳定的风险偏好。我们发现：(1) 基本抽样分布的呈现方式（是基于经验还是基于描述）；(2) 选项的顺序呈现；(3) 拒绝与接受的选择频率不等，这些都会对人们的选择产生重大影响。这些结果揭示了依次展开的决策的复杂性，并强调了在研究人类决策行为时纳入情境因素的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Impact of conflicts between long- and short-term priors on the weighted prior integration in visual perception 视觉感知中长期和短期先验冲突对加权先验整合的影响。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106006

Qi Sun , Xiu-Mei Gong , Qian Sun

The prior distribution of values for a specific feature can be categorized as long- or short-term priors based on their respective learning durations. Studies have demonstrated that the visual system can integrate both priors through weighted averaging and then utilize the integrated prior to efficiently encode stimuli. It is unclear what determines the two priors' relative weights. To address this question, we arranged the orientations according to three distributions: natural, anti-natural, and natural with increased-amplitude distributions. The natural distribution mirrors the distribution of orientations in the natural world, so it does not conflict with the long-term prior; according to the Kullback-Leibler divergence analysis, the natural distribution had a higher conflict with the anti-natural distribution than with the natural distribution with increased amplitude. It was found that the cardinal bias — the orientation estimates are biased away from the cardinal orientations — was strongest in the natural distribution with increased amplitude but weakest in the anti-natural distribution. These results were accurately predicted by an efficient Bayesian observer model in which the prior is the weighted integration of the long- and short-term priors. Importantly, the weight of the short-term prior in the new prior decreased as the level of the conflict between the long- and short-term priors increased. Therefore, this study reveals that the visual system integrates the long- and short-term priors through weighted averaging, with the conflicting level between the two priors determining their relative weights in the integration prior. The integrated prior was used by visual systems to efficiently encode stimuli.

特定特征值的先验分布可根据各自的学习持续时间分为长期先验和短期先验。研究表明，视觉系统可以通过加权平均法整合两种先验值，然后利用整合后的先验值对刺激进行有效编码。目前还不清楚是什么决定了两种先验的相对权重。为了解决这个问题，我们将方向按照三种分布进行了排列：自然分布、反自然分布和振幅增加的自然分布。自然分布反映了自然界中的方向分布，因此它与长期先验并不冲突；根据库尔贝克-莱伯勒发散分析，自然分布与反自然分布的冲突要高于与振幅增加的自然分布的冲突。研究发现，在振幅增大的自然分布中，先验偏差（方向估计偏离先验方向）最强，而在反自然分布中则最弱。有效的贝叶斯观察模型可以准确预测这些结果，在该模型中，先验值是长期和短期先验值的加权整合。重要的是，短期先验在新先验中的权重随着长期先验和短期先验之间冲突程度的增加而降低。因此，这项研究揭示了视觉系统是通过加权平均来整合长期先验和短期先验的，两个先验之间的冲突程度决定了它们在整合先验中的相对权重。视觉系统利用整合先验对刺激进行有效编码。

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引用次数: 0

Predicting large-scale spatial ability from small-scale spatial abilities in children: An application of the double-dimension framework 从儿童的小尺度空间能力预测大尺度空间能力：双维度框架的应用

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105982

Daria Lasc, Stephanie Grinshpun, Michael T. Bixter, Yingying Yang

Wayfinding, a large-scale spatial ability, involves the navigation of one's environment and can be classified into three types of knowledge: route, landmark, and survey. Newcombe and Shipley (2015) proposed a double-dimension spatial framework that classifies spatial abilities into four categories: intrinsic-static, intrinsic-dynamic, extrinsic-static, and extrinsic-dynamic. These abilities are usually assessed in small-scale environments, such as in desktop settings. Examining the relationship between wayfinding knowledge and small-scale spatial abilities has important theoretical implications for understanding spatial cognition at different environmental scales. It also has practical implications for designing more effective training programs to improve wayfinding skills. However, the existing literature linking the two is limited and mixed, especially in children. The current study utilized the double-dimension framework to examine the relationship between small-scale and large-scale spatial abilities in children. We hypothesized that intrinsic abilities should be associated with landmark knowledge while dynamic abilities should be related to route knowledge. Eight small-scale spatial tasks measuring four spatial categories and one wayfinding task measuring route and landmark knowledge were administered to 171 typically developing children between the ages of four and nine. Dynamic spatial abilities significantly predicted route knowledge and mediated the effects of age and sex on route knowledge. In addition, dynamic and intrinsic-static abilities predicted landmark knowledge and also mediated the effects of age on landmark knowledge. These results showed the associations between small-scale spatial abilities and large-scale spatial abilities were selective and specific yet strong, providing insights into further theoretical advancements in spatial cognition. Practical implications were also discussed.

寻路是一种大规模的空间能力，涉及对环境的导航，可分为路线、地标和调查三种知识。Newcombe 和 Shipley（2015 年）提出了一个双维空间框架，将空间能力分为四类：内在-静态、内在-动态、外在-静态和外在-动态。这些能力通常在桌面等小规模环境中进行评估。研究寻路知识与小尺度空间能力之间的关系对于理解不同环境尺度下的空间认知具有重要的理论意义。它对于设计更有效的培训计划以提高寻路技能也有实际意义。然而，将这两者联系起来的现有文献十分有限，而且参差不齐，尤其是针对儿童的文献。本研究利用双维度框架来研究儿童小尺度空间能力和大尺度空间能力之间的关系。我们假设，内在能力应与地标知识相关，而动态能力应与路线知识相关。我们对 171 名 4 至 9 岁发育正常的儿童进行了八项测量四个空间类别的小规模空间任务和一项测量路线和地标知识的寻路任务。结果表明，动态空间能力对路线知识有明显的预测作用，并能调节年龄和性别对路线知识的影响。此外，动态能力和内在静态能力也能预测地标知识，并能调节年龄对地标知识的影响。这些结果表明，小尺度空间能力与大尺度空间能力之间的关联具有选择性和特异性，但又很强，为空间认知理论的进一步发展提供了启示。此外，还讨论了实际意义。

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引用次数: 0

Blending simulation and abstraction for physical reasoning 融合模拟和抽象，促进物理推理

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105995

Felix A. Sosa , Samuel J. Gershman , Tomer D. Ullman

How are people able to understand everyday physical events with such ease? One hypothesis suggests people use an approximate probabilistic simulation of the world. A contrasting hypothesis is that people use a collection of abstractions or features. While it has been noted that the two hypotheses explain complementary aspects of physical reasoning, there has yet to be a model of how these two modes of reasoning can be used together. We develop a “blended model” that synthesizes the two hypotheses: under certain conditions, simulation is replaced by a visuo-spatial abstraction (linear path projection). This abstraction purchases efficiency at the cost of fidelity, and the blended model predicts that people will make systematic errors whenever the conditions for applying the abstraction are met. We tested this prediction in two experiments where participants made judgments about whether a falling ball will contact a target. First, we show that response times are longer when straight-line paths are unavailable, even when simulation time is held fixed, arguing against a pure-simulation model (Experiment 1). Second, we show that people incorrectly judge the trajectory of the ball in a manner consistent with linear path projection (Experiment 2). We conclude that people have access to a flexible mental physics engine, but adaptively invoke more efficient abstractions when they are useful.

人们为什么能够如此轻松地理解日常物理事件？一种假设认为，人们使用的是对世界的近似概率模拟。与之相反的假设则认为，人们使用的是一系列抽象概念或特征。虽然人们注意到这两种假设可以解释物理推理的互补性，但还没有一个模型可以说明这两种推理模式如何结合使用。我们开发了一种 "混合模型"，它综合了这两种假设：在某些条件下，模拟被视觉空间抽象（线性路径投影）所取代。这种抽象以逼真度为代价来提高效率，混合模型预测，只要满足应用抽象的条件，人们就会犯系统性错误。我们在两个实验中测试了这一预测，实验中参与者对下落的球是否会接触目标做出判断。首先，我们表明，当直线路径不可用时，即使模拟时间保持不变，人们的反应时间也会更长，这与纯模拟模型相悖（实验 1）。其次，我们证明了人们以符合直线路径投射的方式错误地判断了球的轨迹（实验 2）。我们的结论是，人们可以使用灵活的心理物理引擎，但在有用时会自适应地调用更有效的抽象概念。

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引用次数: 0

Motor inhibition prevents motor execution during typing imagery: Evidence from an action-mode switching paradigm 运动抑制阻止了打字想象过程中的运动执行：来自动作模式转换范式的证据

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105997

Ladislas Nalborczyk , F.-Xavier Alario , Marieke Longcamp

Motor imagery is accompanied by a subjective multisensory experience. This sensory experience is thought to result from the deployment of internal models developed for the execution and monitoring of overt actions. If so, how is it that motor imagery does not lead to overt execution? It has been proposed that inhibitory mechanisms may prevent execution during imagined actions such as imagined typing. To test this hypothesis, we combined an experimental with a modelling approach. We conducted an experiment in which participants (N = 49) were asked to alternate between overt (executed) and covert (imagined) typing. We predicted that motor inhibition should lead to longer reaction and movement times when the current trial is preceded by an imagined vs. an executed trial. This prediction was borne out by movement times, but not by reaction times. We introduced and fitted an algorithmic model of motor imagery to disentangle potentially distinct inhibitory mechanisms underlying these effects. Results from this analysis suggest that motor inhibition may affect different aspects of the latent activation function (e.g., the shape of the activation function or the motor execution threshold) with distinct consequences on reaction times and movement times. Overall, these results suggest that typing imagery involves the inhibition of motor commands related to typing acts. Preregistration, complete source code, and reproducible analyses are available at https://osf.io/y9a3k/.

运动想象伴随着主观的多感官体验。这种感觉体验被认为是为执行和监控公开动作而开发的内部模型的部署结果。既然如此，为什么运动想象不会导致公开执行呢？有人提出，抑制机制可能会阻止想象中动作的执行，例如想象中的打字。为了验证这一假设，我们将实验与建模方法相结合。我们进行了一项实验，要求参与者（49 人）交替进行公开（执行）和隐蔽（想象）打字。我们预测，当当前试验之前是想象试验而不是执行试验时，运动抑制应导致更长的反应和运动时间。运动时间证实了这一预测，但反应时间没有证实。我们引入并拟合了一个运动想象的算法模型，以区分这些效应背后潜在的不同抑制机制。分析结果表明，运动抑制可能会影响潜在激活函数的不同方面（如激活函数的形状或运动执行阈值），从而对反应时间和运动时间产生不同的影响。总之，这些结果表明，打字想象涉及对与打字行为相关的运动指令的抑制。预注册、完整源代码和可重现分析可在 https://osf.io/y9a3k/ 上获取。

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引用次数: 0

On the role of analytic thinking in religious belief change: Evidence from over 50,000 participants in 16 countries 分析思维在宗教信仰改变中的作用：来自 16 个国家 50,000 多名参与者的证据。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105989

Michael Nicholas Stagnaro , Gordon Pennycook

Religious beliefs are among the most ubiquitous ideological beliefs in the world and often critical to people's worldview. Nonetheless, there is a great deal of variability in the strength and persistence of such beliefs, both across and within cultures. Here, we are interested in what underlying cognitive processes are associated with the phenomena of religious belief change. Although previous research has linked the tendency to engage in analytic thinking with religious dis-belief, this work has missed the potentially larger relationship between analytic thinking and belief change more broadly – that is change in any/either direction over time. Using a cross-sectional correlational study across two large datasets, including 16 countries and 50,827 individuals, we found that roughly 25 % of individuals indicated having substantively changing their beliefs at least once. Further, the relationship between analytic thinking and belief change appears independent from the association between analytic thinking and reported level of belief. Therefore, although analytic thinking is generally associated with a decrease in religious belief, we find some evidence that it may also support an increase in belief among those indicating past change. In total, this work provides evidence for a robust link between analytic thinking and religious belief change over time.

宗教信仰是世界上最普遍的意识形态信仰之一，通常对人们的世界观至关重要。然而，无论是在不同文化之间还是在不同文化内部，宗教信仰的强度和持久性都存在着很大的差异。在这里，我们感兴趣的是宗教信仰变化现象与哪些潜在的认知过程有关。虽然以往的研究将分析性思维倾向与宗教不信联系在一起，但这些研究忽略了分析性思维与信仰变化之间更广泛的潜在关系--即随着时间的推移在任何/任一方向上的变化。通过对两个大型数据集（包括 16 个国家和 50,827 人）进行横截面相关研究，我们发现大约 25% 的人表示至少有一次实质性地改变了自己的信仰。此外，分析性思维与信念改变之间的关系似乎独立于分析性思维与报告的信念水平之间的关系。因此，尽管分析性思维通常与宗教信仰的减少有关，但我们发现一些证据表明，在那些表示过去信仰发生变化的人中，分析性思维也可能支持信仰的增加。总之，这项研究提供了证据，证明分析性思维与宗教信仰随时间的变化之间存在密切联系。

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引用次数: 0

Drawings reveal changes in object memory, but not spatial memory, across time 绘画揭示了物体记忆的变化，但不包括空间记忆的变化。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105988

Emma Megla , Samuel R. Rosenthal , Wilma A. Bainbridge

Time has an immense influence on our memory. Truncated encoding leads to memory for only the ‘gist’ of an image, and long delays before recall result in generalized memories with few details. Here, we used crowdsourced scoring of hundreds of drawings made from memory after variable encoding (Experiment 1) and retentions of that memory (Experiment 2) to quantify what features of memory content change across time. We found that whereas some features of memory are highly dependent on time, such as the proportion of objects recalled from a scene and false recall for objects not in the original image, spatial memory was highly accurate and relatively independent of time. We also found that we could predict which objects were recalled across time based on the location, meaning, and saliency of the objects. The differential impact of time on object and spatial memory supports a separation of these memory systems.

时间对我们的记忆有着巨大的影响。截断编码会导致我们只能记住图像的 "要点"，而长时间的延迟则会导致我们的记忆过于笼统，缺乏细节。在这里，我们通过对数百幅经过可变编码（实验 1）和记忆保持（实验 2）后的记忆图画进行众包评分，来量化记忆内容的哪些特征会随着时间的推移而发生变化。我们发现，记忆的某些特征高度依赖于时间，例如从场景中回忆起的物体比例以及对原始图像中没有的物体的错误回忆，而空间记忆则高度准确，且相对独立于时间。我们还发现，我们可以根据物体的位置、含义和显著性来预测哪些物体在不同时间段会被回忆起来。时间对物体记忆和空间记忆的不同影响支持了这两种记忆系统的分离。

引用次数: 0

Perceived hand size and perceived hand weight 感知手的大小和感知手的重量。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105998

Denise Cadete, Vincenzo P. Marino, Elisa R. Ferrè, Matthew R. Longo

The dimensions of objects and our body parts influence our perception of the weight of objects in our surroundings. It has been recently described a dramatic underestimation of the perceived weight of the hand. However, little is known on how perceived size informs the perceived weight of our own body parts. Here we investigated the effects of embodying an enlarged and a shrunken hand on perceived hand weight. We manipulated hand size using a visual-tactile illusion with magnifying and minifying mirrors. We then measured perceived hand weight using a psychophysical matching task in which participants estimate if a weight hanged on their wrist feels heavier or lighter than the experienced weight of their hand. Our results indicated that participants tended to underestimate the weight of their hand more when embodying a smaller hand, and less so when embodying a larger hand. That is, the perceived size of the hand plays a role in shaping its perceived weight. Importantly, our results revealed that the perception of the weight of body parts is processed differently from the perception of object weight, demonstrating resistance to the size-weight illusion. We suggest a model based on constant density to elucidate the influence of hand size in determining hand weight.

物体和身体部位的尺寸会影响我们对周围物体重量的感知。最近有研究表明，人们对手掌重量的感知被严重低估。然而，人们对感知尺寸如何影响我们对自身身体部位重量的感知却知之甚少。在这里，我们研究了放大和缩小的手对手部重量感知的影响。我们利用放大镜和缩小镜的视觉触觉错觉来操纵手的大小。然后，我们使用心理物理匹配任务来测量感知到的手的重量，在这个任务中，参与者要估计挂在他们手腕上的砝码感觉比他们手的经验重量更重还是更轻。我们的结果表明，当参与者的手较小时，他们往往更容易低估自己手的重量，而当他们的手较大时，低估的程度则较低。也就是说，感知到的手的大小对其感知重量有影响。重要的是，我们的研究结果表明，对身体部位重量的感知与对物体重量的感知是不同的，这表明了对大小-重量错觉的抵抗力。我们提出了一个基于恒定密度的模型，以阐明手的大小在决定手的重量方面的影响。

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引用次数: 0