Cognition最新文献_第6页

The effect of gaze contingencies on infants' looking preference 注视随变对婴儿注视偏好的影响。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-12-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106417

Tal Ravid-Roth , Romi Livne , Ariel Berlinger , Wilfried Kunde , Baruch Eitam , Sagi Jaffe-Dax

Infants exhibit robust predictive capacities from birth; Most research has focused on how they process externally generated events, leaving unexplored how predictions rooted in their own actions influence attention. We asked whether the source of predictability- self-generated vs. externally structured- affects infants' looking preferences beyond overall predictability. Across two gaze-contingent eye-tracking experiments, we investigated whether infants prefer to look at stimuli whose movements are triggered by their own gaze, or at stimuli that move independently. In Experiment 1 (n = 21, M = 10.11 months), we compared a stimulus whose movement was fully gaze-contingent with a stimulus whose movement pattern was identical to the target, but with a randomly timed onset. In Experiment 2 (n = 22, M = 8.24 months), we presented a gaze-contingent stimulus alongside a moderately predictable but uncontrollable alternative, directly comparing self-generated versus externally structured predictability. In both experiments, infants consistently preferred the gaze-contingent target. This preference was especially pronounced in younger infants and diminished with age. Pupil size analyses supported this interpretation. In Experiment 1, contingent stimuli elicited lower arousal, which is consistent with learned predictability. In contrast, in Experiment 2, pupil responses were similarly low for both stimuli, indicating that their predictability was indeed matched and that contingency itself drove the preference. Overall, these findings suggest that infants are not only attuned to the structure of their environment, but to their own causal influence within it. The results are congruent with the Reinforcement from Sensorimotor Predictability (RSP) framework, which posits that predictable outcomes of self-initiated actions are intrinsically rewarding. Thus, from the earliest months of life, infants appear not only to seek stimulation, but also evidence of their own effectiveness.

婴儿从出生起就表现出强大的预测能力；大多数研究都集中在他们如何处理外部产生的事件，而没有探索根植于他们自己行为的预测是如何影响注意力的。我们的问题是，可预测性的来源——自我产生的还是外部结构的——是否会影响婴儿在整体可预测性之外的外貌偏好。通过两个随注视而变化的眼球追踪实验，我们调查了婴儿是更喜欢看由他们自己的注视触发的刺激，还是更喜欢看独立运动的刺激。在实验1 （n = 21, M = 10.11个月）中，我们比较了一组运动完全随凝视而变化的刺激和一组运动模式与目标相同但开始时间随机的刺激。在实验2 （n = 22, M = 8.24个月）中，我们提出了一个凝视偶然刺激和一个适度可预测但不可控的替代刺激，直接比较了自我产生的可预测性和外部结构的可预测性。在这两个实验中，婴儿始终更喜欢与凝视有关的目标。这种偏好在年幼的婴儿中尤其明显，并随着年龄的增长而减弱。瞳孔大小分析支持这一解释。在实验1中，偶然刺激引起的唤醒较低，这与习得的可预测性一致。相反，在实验2中，学生对两种刺激的反应同样低，这表明他们的可预测性确实是匹配的，偶然性本身驱动了偏好。总的来说，这些发现表明，婴儿不仅适应环境的结构，而且适应环境对他们自身的因果影响。结果与来自感觉运动可预测性（RSP）框架的强化一致，该框架假设自我发起行为的可预测结果本质上是有益的。因此，从生命的最初几个月开始，婴儿不仅要寻求刺激，而且要证明自己的有效性。

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引用次数: 0

Dynamic categorical memory distortion from “visual verbs” “视觉动词”造成的动态范畴记忆扭曲。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-12-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106379

Huichao Ji , Brian J. Scholl

We see the world not only in terms of features and objects (such as the color or shape of a ball), but also in terms of a set of abstract “event types” (such as a ball swinging or bouncing). This form of categorical perception occurs spontaneously during passive viewing, as a part of visual processing itself — even when task-irrelevant, and even when verbal encoding is discouraged or disrupted. Here we demonstrate that such representations yield an adaptive type of dynamic categorical memory distortion, based on the different predictions afforded by different event types. This was inspired by the idea that the purpose of perception is not only to characterize the present (“What's out there?”) but also to predict the future (“What's about to happen?”). Observers viewed animations of a moving ball, and reported its final position after the display disappeared. Critically, the same trajectories were displayed in the context of visual events such as swinging vs. tossing, or bouncing vs. rolling. These categorical event types had powerful systematic influences on visual memory, e.g. with less horizontal (but not vertical) motion extrapolation for swinging, compared to tossing — since a swinging ball is limited in how far it can travel before reversing its trajectory. And careful controls showed that this depended on the event types themselves, rather than any lower-level properties. Memory for dynamic information is thus distorted in adaptive ways by the operation of ‘visual verbs’ — effectively changing what is encoded based on categorical predictions about how events will unfold.

我们不仅根据特征和物体（如球的颜色或形状）来看待世界，而且还根据一组抽象的“事件类型”（如球摆动或弹跳）来看待世界。这种形式的分类感知在被动观看时自发发生，作为视觉处理本身的一部分——即使是在任务无关的情况下，即使是在语言编码被阻止或中断的情况下。在这里，我们证明了这种表征产生一种自适应类型的动态分类记忆失真，基于不同事件类型提供的不同预测。这是受这样一种观点的启发，即感知的目的不仅仅是表征现在（“外面有什么？”）还能预测未来（“即将发生什么？”）。观察者观看了一个移动的球的动画，并报告了它在显示消失后的最终位置。关键的是，同样的轨迹也显示在视觉事件的背景下，如摇摆与投掷，或弹跳与滚动。这些分类事件类型对视觉记忆具有强大的系统性影响，例如，与投掷相比，摆动的水平运动（而不是垂直运动）外推较少，因为摆动的球在改变其轨迹之前可以移动的距离有限。仔细的控制表明，这取决于事件类型本身，而不是任何较低级别的属性。因此，动态信息的记忆通过“视觉动词”的操作以自适应的方式被扭曲——有效地改变基于对事件如何展开的分类预测的编码。

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引用次数: 0

Low socioeconomic status amplifies the perceived rarity of large rewards 低社会经济地位放大了大额奖励的稀缺性。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-12-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106409

Simon Ciranka , Coralie Chevallier , Daniel Nettle

Decision-making relies on heuristics derived from past experiences that likely vary with socioeconomic status. We investigate socioeconomic differences in people's reliance on a risk-reward heuristic, which exploits the tendency for larger rewards to be less probable in the world. In simulations, we show that a stronger relationship between rewards and their occurrence probability is expected under conditions of scarcity and high competition when foraging for resources. We then developed lottery and vignette tasks in which participants estimated the probability of rewards of different magnitudes. We found, and replicated, that participants with lower socioeconomic status (n = 144) rate larger rewards as less probable, but smaller rewards as more probable, than participants with higher socioeconomic status (n = 154). The same interaction was observed when comparing success probabilities of competitive foragers in environments where resources are scarce versus abundant. Telling participants about different levels of scarcity and competition in the vignettes altered their probability estimates in a manner consistent with the foraging model. We suggest that the heuristics used by people with lower socioeconomic status are a concrete adaptation to experiences of scarcity. This means psychological socioeconomic differences will persist unless actions directly tackle scarcity.

决策依赖于来自过去经验的启发，这些经验可能因社会经济地位而异。我们研究了人们对风险回报启发式的依赖的社会经济差异，这种启发式利用了世界上更大的回报不太可能出现的趋势。在模拟中，我们发现在资源稀缺和竞争激烈的条件下，奖励与其出现概率之间的关系更强。然后，我们开发了彩票和小插曲任务，在这些任务中，参与者估计不同大小奖励的概率。我们发现，与社会经济地位较高的参与者（n = 154）相比，社会经济地位较低的参与者（n = 144）认为较大的奖励可能性较小，而较小的奖励可能性较大。当比较资源稀缺与丰富环境下竞争性觅食者的成功概率时，也观察到同样的相互作用。在小插曲中告诉参与者不同程度的稀缺性和竞争改变了他们的概率估计，这与觅食模型一致。我们认为，社会经济地位较低的人使用的启发式是对稀缺性经验的具体适应。这意味着心理上的社会经济差异将持续存在，除非采取行动直接解决短缺问题。

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引用次数: 0

Zero-sum bias in politicized problem solving 政治化问题解决中的零和偏见。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-12-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106408

Almos C. Molnar, Steven Sloman

Zero-sum bias refers to the tendency to believe that anything gained by one side is lost by the other when in fact win-win outcomes are available. Prior research has documented the bias in several domains but little is known about what triggers it. As politics is a hotbed of zero-sum beliefs, we hypothesized that politicizing problems would act as either a situational trigger or inhibitor for partisans and that this would lead them to propose qualitatively different solutions. We report five studies that find evidence for our hypotheses. We demonstrate that Democrats find less-effective solutions to a problem when it is framed in terms of corporate tax cuts, and more-effective solutions when a formally identical problem is framed in terms of pro-immigration policies, than when it is framed non-politically. Republicans exhibit the opposite pattern. Thus, we find differential problem-solving performance between the two political groups only in the politicized problem frames. We show that the political frames interfere with the process of problem solving per se, as opposed to rendering some solutions socially inadmissible. We also show that this interference impacts participants not by dialing up or down the effort they put in, but by constraining their way of thinking about the space of possible solutions. Finally, we demonstrate that the outcome of the problem-solving process is predicted by the presence or absence of zero-sum beliefs about the particular political frame, but not by participants' affective response to it.

零和偏见指的是一种倾向，认为一方获得的任何东西都会被另一方所失去，而实际上双赢的结果是可能的。先前的研究已经在几个领域记录了这种偏见，但对引发这种偏见的原因知之甚少。由于政治是零和信念的温床，我们假设政治化问题将成为党派人士的情境触发或抑制因素，这将导致他们提出质量不同的解决方案。我们报告了五项为我们的假设找到证据的研究。我们证明，民主党人发现，当一个问题以企业减税为框架时，解决方案的效率较低，而当一个形式上相同的问题以亲移民政策为框架时，解决方案的效率要高于非政治框架。共和党人则表现出相反的模式。因此，我们发现只有在政治化的问题框架中，两个政治群体之间的问题解决表现存在差异。我们表明，政治框架本身干扰了问题解决的过程，而不是使某些解决方案在社会上不可接受。我们还表明，这种干扰对参与者的影响不是通过增加或减少他们投入的努力，而是通过限制他们对可能解决方案空间的思考方式。最后，我们证明了解决问题过程的结果是由对特定政治框架的零和信念的存在与否来预测的，而不是由参与者对它的情感反应来预测的。

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引用次数: 0

Testing stimulus generalisation as a mechanism for impression formation 检验刺激泛化作为印象形成机制的作用。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-12-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106414

Leoni S. Masroujah , Stephanie Wilcke , Linda Jeffery , Brigitte Mostert , Bernie Tiddeman , Clare A.M. Sutherland

People readily judge trustworthiness based on others' facial appearance, but less is known about how our prior experiences shape who we find trustworthy. Stimulus generalisation is one mechanism which may explain how experience influences impressions of strangers. This fundamental learning principle argues that learning about one stimulus generalises to stimuli that resemble the original stimulus. Here, we asked whether stimulus generalisation, specifically, based on facial resemblance, can influence impressions of trustworthiness. We used a novel face resemblance paradigm to test whether naturally acquired attitudes held towards known individuals (celebrities) predict trustworthiness impressions of strangers' faces that were manipulated to resemble these identities. Across three studies (Total N = 283) and two countries (UK, Australia), we confirmed that pre-existing attitudes towards known individuals significantly predicted trustworthiness impressions of strangers' faces that merely resemble these individuals. Importantly, pre-existing attitudes remained significant after multi-level modelling accounted for variation in both facial appearance and participant differences. We found strong support for stimulus generalisation, demonstrating that social learning in the real world predicts individuals' impressions of trustworthiness. Therefore, impression formation involves integrating visual appearance with prior experiences to help us decide which people we trust. Our work demonstrates an important but neglected theoretical overlap between person perception, attitude formation, and learning principles.

人们很容易根据别人的长相来判断一个人的可信度，但对于我们之前的经历如何塑造我们认为值得信赖的人，我们知之甚少。刺激概括是一种可以解释经验如何影响对陌生人印象的机制。这一基本学习原则认为，对一个刺激的学习可以推广到与原始刺激相似的刺激。在这里，我们问刺激概括，特别是基于面部相似性，是否会影响可信度的印象。我们使用了一种新颖的面部相似性范式来测试对已知个体（名人）自然获得的态度是否能预测对被操纵成与这些身份相似的陌生人面孔的可信度印象。在三个研究（总N = 283）和两个国家（英国，澳大利亚）中，我们证实了对已知个体的预先存在的态度显著地预测了对陌生人面孔的可信度印象，这些面孔只是与这些个体相似。重要的是，在多层次建模解释了面部外观和参与者差异的变化之后，预先存在的态度仍然很重要。我们发现了刺激泛化的有力支持，证明了现实世界中的社会学习可以预测个人对可信度的印象。因此，印象的形成包括将视觉外观与先前的经验相结合，以帮助我们决定我们信任哪些人。我们的研究表明，在人的感知、态度形成和学习原则之间存在重要但被忽视的理论重叠。

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引用次数: 0

Second language vocabulary learning: The interplay between learning mode, testing mode and word class 二语词汇学习：学习模式、测试模式与词汇类的相互作用。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106381

Paula Janjić, John P. Spencer, Kenny R. Coventry

Theoretical accounts of second language (L2) vocabulary learning vary in the degree to which they see word meanings as grounded in non-linguistic experience or as determined distributionally. However, research on the roles of sensorimotor and linguistic processes in L2 vocabulary has failed to produce consistent results. A frequent focus has been on the influence of learning methods on L2 vocabulary learning, but studies have usually failed to consider possible moderating variables, such as word properties or congruence between learning modes and testing modes. The present experiments address these gaps by systematically examining how learning mode, testing mode, word class, and translational ambiguity interact in L2 vocabulary learning. Two experiments (N = 320 adults) investigated the effects of picture-based versus text-based learning and differing testing modes on learning of different word types. Results showed that the effects of learning mode were not universal but depended on the interaction with the testing mode. Furthermore, results revealed a consistent interaction between testing mode and word class. Specifically, text-based testing was particularly advantageous for verbs and prepositions, indicating that different word classes engage distinct cognitive processes and grounding mechanisms. These findings integrate embodied and distributional perspectives by acknowledging the roles of both sensorimotor and linguistic networks, thus supporting hybrid language models. Moreover, we present a model of L2 vocabulary learning that recognises the importance of aligning testing mode with word class. Such a model may contribute to the development of refined instructional strategies and digital learning tools that more effectively harness different learning and testing modes to enhance L2 vocabulary learning.

第二语言（L2）词汇学习的理论解释在一定程度上不同，他们认为单词的意义是基于非语言经验的，还是由分布决定的。然而，关于感觉运动过程和语言过程在二语词汇中的作用的研究未能得出一致的结果。人们经常关注学习方法对二语词汇学习的影响，但研究通常未能考虑可能的调节变量，如单词性质或学习模式与测试模式之间的一致性。本实验通过系统地考察学习模式、测试模式、词类和翻译歧义在二语词汇学习中的相互作用来弥补这些空白。两个实验（N = 320）研究了基于图片和基于文本的学习以及不同测试模式对不同类型单词学习的影响。结果表明，学习模式的影响不是普遍的，而是取决于与测试模式的交互作用。此外，研究结果还揭示了测试模式与词类之间存在一致的交互作用。具体来说，基于文本的测试对动词和介词特别有利，这表明不同的词类涉及不同的认知过程和基础机制。这些发现通过承认感觉运动网络和语言网络的作用，整合了体现和分布的观点，从而支持混合语言模型。此外，我们提出了一个二语词汇学习模型，该模型认识到将测试模式与词类相结合的重要性。这样的模型可能有助于完善教学策略和数字学习工具的发展，更有效地利用不同的学习和测试模式来提高二语词汇的学习。

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引用次数: 0

Cortical representation of quantification: The role of the left anterior temporal lobe 量化的皮质表征：左前颞叶的作用。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106403

Nigel Flower, Liina Pylkkänen

Quantifiers like ‘all’ or ‘some’ play a key role in how we construct meaning from language, but their underlying neurobiological mechanisms are still unclear. One difficulty in determining the neural correlates of quantification is that the interpretation of these elements depends on multiple elements of a sentence, unlike other determiners, such as ‘the.’ This makes it difficult to isolate neural signals that are specific to the logical properties of quantifiers but orthogonal to the intricacies of predictive processing. In this magnetoencephalography study, we overcame this challenge by employing rapid parallel visual presentation of four-word quantified sentences as well as sentences containing the semantically simpler definite determiner ‘the.’ Since the left anterior temporal lobe (LATL) has been hypothesized to perform Boolean set intersection on conceptual representations, we tested whether activation in this region would also reflect the degree of intersection performed by the quantifier (maximal for “all,” intermediate for “some,” minimal for “no”). Instead, we found that LATL activation corresponds to whether a determiner involves the representation of a unique domain of individuals as well as whether the expression is referential. We argue that this pattern offers neural support for the theory of Restricted Quantification, which states that the arguments of a quantifier are mentally represented in distinct ways. Overall, these results suggest that the LATL performs conceptual combinatory operations that interact with a model of the discourse.

Significance statement

A remarkable property of language is that we can produce and comprehend an infinite set of complex meanings from a finite set of building blocks. These building blocks vary widely in how they contribute to higher levels of meaning, and we can exploit their differences when studying the neural mechanisms that underlie our recursive ability to build structured meanings. This study uses brain data to study how our minds form basic logical representations out of linguistic elements known as “quantifiers”. Our findings suggest that the left anterior temporal lobe is involved in computing the referential domain of a quantified phrase, and they further have bearing on our representational theories for quantifiers.

像“全部”或“一些”这样的量词在我们如何从语言中构建意义方面发挥着关键作用，但它们潜在的神经生物学机制尚不清楚。确定量化的神经关联的一个困难是，这些元素的解释取决于一个句子的多个元素，不像其他限定词，如“the”。这使得隔离特定于量词的逻辑属性但与预测处理的复杂性正交的神经信号变得困难。在这项脑磁图研究中，我们克服了这一挑战，采用四词量化句子的快速平行视觉呈现，以及包含语义上更简单的限定词“the”的句子。由于左前颞叶（LATL）被假设对概念表征执行布尔集合交集，我们测试了该区域的激活是否也反映了量词执行的交集程度（“全部”为最大，“一些”为中间，“否”为最小）。相反，我们发现LATL激活对应于一个限定词是否涉及个体的一个独特域的表示，以及该表达式是否具有参考意义。我们认为这种模式为限制量化理论提供了神经支持，该理论认为量词的论点以不同的方式在心理上被表征。总的来说，这些结果表明LATL执行与话语模型相互作用的概念组合操作。意义陈述：语言的一个显著特性是我们可以从有限的构建模块中产生和理解无限的复杂含义。这些构建模块在如何促进更高层次的意义方面差异很大，我们可以在研究我们构建结构化意义递归能力的神经机制时利用它们的差异。这项研究使用大脑数据来研究我们的大脑如何从被称为“量词”的语言元素中形成基本的逻辑表征。我们的研究结果表明，左颞叶前部参与计算量化短语的参考域，并进一步影响我们对量词的表征理论。

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引用次数: 0

Facial expression recognition in the broader autism phenotype: What does alexithymia have to do with it? 更广泛的自闭症表型中的面部表情识别：述情障碍与之有什么关系？

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106407

J.R. Towler, C. Kannan, C. Soupioni, E. Castle, H. Fletcher-Miles, M. Childs, S. Donnelley, T. Reinert-Joensen, D. Brooks, J.J. Tree

Emotion recognition difficulties are widely reported in autism, but the “alexithymia hypothesis” proposes that such deficits are driven by co-occurring alexithymic traits rather than autism itself. We tested this hypothesis in a large sample of 556 adults spanning the broader autism phenotype, using self-reported autistic traits (Autism Quotient, AQ), alexithymia (Toronto Alexithymia Scale, TAS-20), and multiple face processing tasks. All participants completed an emotional expression discrimination task; Subsample 1 (N = 231) additionally completed an expression labelling task and Raven's matrices, while Subsample 2 (N = 325) completed the Cambridge Face Memory Test. Across correlational, regression, partial correlation, and mediation analyses, autistic traits—particularly social-communicative difficulties—were the strongest and most consistent predictors of poorer emotion recognition. In contrast, the core alexithymia facets of difficulty identifying and describing feelings did not contribute unique variance once autistic traits were controlled. Importantly, externally oriented thinking (EOT) emerged as the only alexithymia facet with independent predictive value, consistently associated with reduced accuracy across both emotional and identity face recognition tasks. This suggests that EOT reflects a broader domain-general attentional style that deprioritises reflective engagement with socially salient information. Group-based analyses further confirmed that high autistic trait groups showed significant recognition impairments regardless of alexithymia levels. These findings challenge the alexithymia hypothesis and highlight autistic traits as primary drivers of emotion recognition difficulties, with EOT adding an additional, qualitatively distinct influence. The results call for revised multivariate models of face and emotion processing that integrate autistic traits, attentional orientations, cognitive ability, and gender.

情绪识别困难在自闭症中被广泛报道，但“述情障碍假说”提出，这种缺陷是由共同发生的述情障碍特征驱动的，而不是自闭症本身。我们在556名成年人的大样本中测试了这一假设，这些成年人跨越了更广泛的自闭症表型，使用自我报告的自闭症特征（自闭症商数，AQ），述情障碍（多伦多述情障碍量表，TAS-20）和多个面部处理任务。所有参与者都完成了一项情绪表情辨别任务；子样本1 （N = 231）还完成了表达标记任务和Raven’s矩阵，而子样本2 （N = 325）完成了剑桥面部记忆测试。通过相关、回归、部分相关和中介分析，自闭症特征——尤其是社交障碍——是情感识别能力较差的最强和最一致的预测因素。相比之下，一旦自闭症特征得到控制，识别和描述情感困难的述情障碍核心方面就不会产生独特的变异。重要的是，外向型思维（EOT）是唯一具有独立预测价值的述情障碍方面，始终与情绪和身份面部识别任务的准确性降低有关。这表明EOT反映了一种更广泛的领域-一般注意风格，这种风格剥夺了对社会突出信息的反思性参与。基于群体的分析进一步证实，无论述情障碍程度如何，高自闭症特征组都表现出显著的认知障碍。这些发现挑战了述情障碍假说，并强调自闭症特征是情绪识别困难的主要驱动因素，而EOT增加了一个额外的、定性上不同的影响。研究结果要求对面部和情绪处理的多元模型进行修正，以整合自闭症特征、注意取向、认知能力和性别。

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引用次数: 0

Reading words of out order: Comparing serial and parallel accounts of the transposed word effect 读乱序单词：比较调换单词效果的连续和平行描述。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106399

Victoria A. McGowan , Mahmoud M. Elsherif , Michael G. Cutter , Zhiwei Liu , Jingxin Wang , Kevin B. Paterson

A fundamental issue in reading research concerns whether words are encoded serially (one at a time in the order they are encountered) or in parallel (concurrently with the encoding of neighboring words). This debate has reignited recently with evidence showing that readers can encode word order flexibly and often fail to detect grammatical violations produced by transposing adjacent words (e.g., “The white was cat big”). These transposed word effects have been accommodated under both parallel accounts (due to the simultaneous processing of multiple words) and under serial accounts (due to temporal overlap in the integration of adjacent words). However, the precise nature of the effect remains contentious. To examine these contrasting accounts, we conducted six novel experiments that manipulated spatial and temporal aspects of transposed-word stimulus processing. Experiments 1a and 1b show equivalent transposed-word effects for displays that allow or disallow simultaneous processing of transposed words. Experiments 2a and 2b show enlarged transposed-word effects when whole sentence stimuli are displayed at fast presentation rates, but only when spatial cues to word location are unavailable. Experiments 3a and 3b show that the transposed-word effect is larger when the first than second transposed word is presented at a faster presentation rate. Overall, our findings are inconsistent with claims that flexible word order encoding is attributable to parallel word recognition. Instead, they show a temporal component to flexible word order encoding, consistent with claims that they can be explained by overlapping integration stages within serial models.

阅读研究中的一个基本问题是，单词是按顺序编码（按照遇到的顺序一次一个单词）还是并行编码（与相邻单词同时编码）。最近，有证据表明，读者可以灵活地对词序进行编码，并且经常无法发现调换相邻单词所产生的语法违规（例如，“The white was cat big”），这一争论再次被点燃。这些转置的单词效应在平行账户（由于同时处理多个单词）和串行账户（由于相邻单词整合的时间重叠）下都得到了适应。然而，这种效应的确切性质仍然存在争议。为了检验这些对比的说法，我们进行了六个新颖的实验，操纵转置词刺激处理的空间和时间方面。实验1a和1b显示了允许或不允许同时处理转置词的显示器的等效转置词效应。实验2a和2b显示，当整个句子刺激以快速呈现速度呈现时，但只有在无法获得单词位置的空间线索时，才会放大转置词效应。实验3a和3b表明，当以更快的呈现速度呈现第一个转置词时，转置词效应大于第二个转置词。总的来说，我们的发现与灵活的词序编码归因于平行词识别的说法不一致。相反，它们显示了灵活的词序编码的时间成分，这与可以通过序列模型中的重叠集成阶段来解释它们的说法是一致的。

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引用次数: 0

Constructive episodic simulation, self-projection, and scene construction: Investigating the mechanisms of children's episodic thinking 建构性情景模拟、自我投射与情景建构：儿童情景思维机制的研究。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106405

Ege Kamber , Michael A. Busseri , Caitlin E.V. Mahy

Constructive episodic simulation, self-projection, and scene construction are three prominent cognitive mechanisms posited to underpin episodic thinking. This study investigated whether these mechanisms explain individual differences in children's episodic thinking and relations to other related abilities during middle childhood (i.e., imagination, perspective-taking, and spatial navigation). A sample of 150 Canadian children aged 8 to 10 years completed the Autobiographical Interview, in which they described future, past, current, and make-believe events, and several other behavioural tasks measuring their perspective-taking, spatial navigation, narrative ability, and receptive vocabulary. Structural equation modelling revealed significant covariance among episodic thinking for future, past, and current events, imagination, and spatial navigation, but not perspective-taking. When children's verbosity was controlled, these relations were weakened in magnitude and spatial navigation was no longer significantly related to episodic thinking processes. These results support constructive episodic simulation and scene construction accounts, as well as a more general underlying episodic simulation ability, as mechanisms for episodic thinking in middle childhood.

建设性情景模拟、自我投射和场景构建是支撑情景思维的三个主要认知机制。本研究探讨了这些机制是否解释了儿童情景思维的个体差异及其与儿童中期其他相关能力（即想象力、换位思考和空间导航）的关系。150名年龄在8到10岁之间的加拿大儿童完成了自传式访谈，他们在访谈中描述了未来、过去、现在和虚构的事件，并完成了其他一些行为任务，测量他们的换位思考、空间导航、叙事能力和接受性词汇。结构方程模型显示未来、过去和当前事件的情景思维、想象力和空间导航之间存在显著的协方差，但换位思考不存在显著的协方差。当儿童的冗长性得到控制时，这种关系在程度上减弱，空间导航不再与情景思维过程显著相关。这些结果支持建设性情景模拟和场景构建描述，以及更普遍的潜在情景模拟能力，作为童年中期情景思维的机制。

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