Cognition最新文献_第3页

The role of iconicity in children's production of adverbial clauses 象似性在儿童状语从句生成中的作用

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-03-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106119

Shijie Zhang , Silke Brandt , Anna Theakston

Young children's comprehension of adverbial clauses is significantly affected by iconicity, which refers to whether the order of information in the sentence reflects the order of events in the real world. In contrast, clause order (main-subordinate vs. subordinate-main) and input frequency of specific adverbial clauses do not seem to play independent roles (De Ruiter et al., 2018). The present study tests children's sentence production across four different connective types (after, before, because, if) to determine whether the factors that underpin the comprehension of adverbial clauses also apply to production, which involves utterance planning and articulation. 42 four-year-old, 42 five-year-old, and 22 eight-year-old monolingual English-speaking children, along with 20 adult controls, completed a sentence completion task. The results showed that both four- and five-year-olds produced all type of sentences in iconic order (“She builds a tower, before she breaks her train”; “After she builds a tower, she breaks her train”) more accurately than in non-iconic order. This suggests that while comprehension and production likely impose different demands on children, iconicity as a general semantic strategy benefits children's early processing of adverbial clauses. Moreover, the effect of iconicity persisted in older children's production, but only for their because- and if-sentences, which could be related to their semantic complexity and the pragmatic properties they encode.

象似性是指句子中信息的顺序是否反映了现实世界中事件的顺序，它对幼儿对状语从句的理解有显著的影响。相比之下，从句的顺序（主-从属vs.从属-主）和特定状语从句的输入频率似乎并没有发挥独立的作用（De Ruiter et al., 2018）。本研究测试了儿童在四种不同连接类型（after, before, because, if）下的句子生成，以确定支持状语从句理解的因素是否也适用于生成，这涉及到话语计划和发音。42名4岁、42名5岁和22名8岁的单语英语儿童，以及20名成人对照，完成了一个句子补全任务。结果显示，四岁和五岁的孩子都能按照标志性的顺序说出所有类型的句子(“她在弄坏火车之前，先建了一座塔”；“在她建了一座塔之后，她弄坏了她的火车”)，比非标志性的顺序更准确。这表明，虽然理解和产生可能对儿童提出了不同的要求，但象似性作为一种普遍的语义策略有利于儿童对状语从句的早期加工。此外，象似性的影响持续存在于年龄较大的儿童的生产中，但仅限于他们的因为句和如果句，这可能与他们的语义复杂性和他们编码的语用特性有关。

{"title":"The role of iconicity in children's production of adverbial clauses","authors":"Shijie Zhang , Silke Brandt , Anna Theakston","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Young children's comprehension of adverbial clauses is significantly affected by iconicity, which refers to whether the order of information in the sentence reflects the order of events in the real world. In contrast, clause order (main-subordinate vs. subordinate-main) and input frequency of specific adverbial clauses do not seem to play independent roles (<span><span>De Ruiter et al., 2018</span></span>). The present study tests children's sentence production across four different connective types (<em>after, before</em>, <em>because</em>, <em>if</em>) to determine whether the factors that underpin the comprehension of adverbial clauses also apply to production, which involves utterance planning and articulation. 42 four-year-old, 42 five-year-old, and 22 eight-year-old monolingual English-speaking children, along with 20 adult controls, completed a sentence completion task. The results showed that both four- and five-year-olds produced all type of sentences in iconic order (“She builds a tower, before she breaks her train”; “After she builds a tower, she breaks her train”) more accurately than in non-iconic order. This suggests that while comprehension and production likely impose different demands on children, iconicity as a general semantic strategy benefits children's early processing of adverbial clauses. Moreover, the effect of iconicity persisted in older children's production, but only for their <em>because</em>- and <em>if</em>-sentences, which could be related to their semantic complexity and the pragmatic properties they encode.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 106119"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143681540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Observational learning of exploration-exploitation strategies in bandit tasks 土匪任务中探索-开发策略的观察学习。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-03-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106124

Ludwig Danwitz, Bettina von Helversen

In decision-making scenarios, individuals often face the challenge of balancing between exploring new options and exploiting known ones—a dynamic known as the exploration-exploitation trade-off. In such situations, people frequently have the opportunity to observe others' actions. Yet little is known about when, how, and from whom individuals use observational learning in the exploration-exploitation dilemma. In two experiments, participants completed multiple nine-armed bandit tasks, either independently or while observing a fictitious agent using either an explorative or equally successful exploitative strategy. To analyze participants' behaviors, we used a reinforcement learning model (simplified Kalman Filter) to extract parameters for both copying and exploration at the individual level. Results showed that participants copied the observed agents' choices by adding a bonus to the individually estimated value of the observed action. While most participants appear to use an unconditional copying approach, a subset of participants adopted a copy-when-uncertain approach, that is copying more when uncertain about the optimal action based on their individually acquired knowledge. Further, participants adjusted their exploration strategies in alignment with those observed. We discuss, in how far this can be understood as a form of emulation. Results on participants' preferences to copy from explorative versus exploitative agents are ambiguous. Contrary to expectations, similarity or dissimilarity between participants' and agents' exploration tendencies had no impact on observational learning. These results shed light on humans' processing of social and non-social information in exploration scenarios and conditions of observational learning.

在决策场景中，个人经常面临在探索新选项和利用已知选项之间取得平衡的挑战--这种动态被称为探索-利用权衡。在这种情况下，人们经常有机会观察他人的行动。然而，人们对个体在探索-开发两难境地中何时、如何以及从谁那里利用观察学习知之甚少。在两个实验中，参与者独立完成了多个九臂强盗任务，或同时观察了一个使用探索策略或同样成功的利用策略的虚构代理。为了分析参与者的行为，我们使用了一个强化学习模型（简化卡尔曼滤波器）来提取个体层面的复制和探索参数。结果显示，参与者通过在观察到的行动的个体估计值上添加奖励来复制观察到的代理选择。虽然大多数参与者似乎采用了无条件复制的方法，但也有一部分参与者采用了 "不确定时复制 "的方法。此外，参与者还根据观察到的情况调整自己的探索策略。我们将讨论这在多大程度上可以理解为一种模仿。关于参与者对模仿探索型代理与模仿开发型代理的偏好，结果并不明确。与预期相反，参与者和代理人探索倾向的相似性或不相似性对观察学习没有影响。这些结果揭示了人类在探索情景和观察学习条件下对社会和非社会信息的处理。

{"title":"Observational learning of exploration-exploitation strategies in bandit tasks","authors":"Ludwig Danwitz, Bettina von Helversen","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106124","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106124","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In decision-making scenarios, individuals often face the challenge of balancing between exploring new options and exploiting known ones—a dynamic known as the exploration-exploitation trade-off. In such situations, people frequently have the opportunity to observe others' actions. Yet little is known about when, how, and from whom individuals use observational learning in the exploration-exploitation dilemma. In two experiments, participants completed multiple nine-armed bandit tasks, either independently or while observing a fictitious agent using either an explorative or equally successful exploitative strategy. To analyze participants' behaviors, we used a reinforcement learning model (simplified Kalman Filter) to extract parameters for both copying and exploration at the individual level. Results showed that participants copied the observed agents' choices by adding a bonus to the individually estimated value of the observed action. While most participants appear to use an unconditional copying approach, a subset of participants adopted a copy-when-uncertain approach, that is copying more when uncertain about the optimal action based on their individually acquired knowledge. Further, participants adjusted their exploration strategies in alignment with those observed. We discuss, in how far this can be understood as a form of emulation. Results on participants' preferences to copy from explorative versus exploitative agents are ambiguous. Contrary to expectations, similarity or dissimilarity between participants' and agents' exploration tendencies had no impact on observational learning. These results shed light on humans' processing of social and non-social information in exploration scenarios and conditions of observational learning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 106124"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143674761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Causation, Norms, and Cognitive Bias 因果关系，规范和认知偏差

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-03-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106105

Levin Güver , Markus Kneer

Extant research has shown that ordinary causal judgements are sensitive to normative factors. For instance, agents who violate a norm are standardly deemed more causal than norm-conforming agents in identical situations. In this paper, we present novel findings that go against predictions made by several competing accounts that aim to explain this so-called “Norm Effect”. By aid of a series of five preregistered experiments (N = 2′688), we show that participants deem agents who violate nonpertinent or silly norms – norms that do not relate to the outcome at hand, or for which there is little independent justification – as more causal. Furthermore, this curious effect cannot be explained by aid of potential mediators such as foreknowledge, desire or foreseeability of harm. The “Silly Norm Effect”, we argue, spells trouble for several views of folk causality in the literature, and lends support to a Bias View, according to which Norm Effects are the result of blame-driven bias. We close with a discussion of the relevance of these findings for the just assessment of causation in the law.

现有研究表明，普通因果判断对规范因素很敏感。例如，在相同情况下，违反规范的行为主体被标准地认为比遵守规范的行为主体更有因果关系。在本文中，我们提出了新的发现，这些发现与旨在解释这种所谓 "规范效应 "的几种相互竞争的观点所做的预测背道而驰。通过五个预先登记的实验（N = 2′688），我们发现，参与者认为违反非实质性或愚蠢规范（与当前结果无关或几乎没有独立理由的规范）的行为主体更具因果关系。此外，这种奇特的效应无法借助潜在的中介因素（如预知、欲望或危害的可预见性）来解释。我们认为，"愚蠢的规范效应 "给文献中关于民间因果关系的几种观点带来了麻烦，并为 "偏见观点 "提供了支持。最后，我们将讨论这些发现对于公正评估法律中的因果关系的意义。

引用次数: 0

Evidence for word order harmony between abstract categories in silent gesture 无声手势中抽象范畴词序和谐的证据

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-03-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106100

Cliodhna Hughes , Jennifer Culbertson , Simon Kirby

Cross-category harmony is the tendency for languages to use consistent orders of heads and dependents across different types of phrases. For example, languages tend to either place both verbs and adpositions before their dependents (e.g., ‘see the girl’, ‘to the store’ as in English) or after (e.g., ‘the girl see’, ‘the store to’ as in Turkish). Harmony has been argued to reflect a cognitive bias for simpler rules: a single high level abstract rule is simpler to learn than multiple rules, one for each type of head and dependent (Culbertson and Kirby, 2016). This has been supported by recent experimental work indicating that learners prefer to consistently order nouns either before or after different nominal modifiers (e.g. Culbertson et al., 2012, 2020a) and different types of verbs (Motamedi et al., 2022), and generalise the relative order of verb and noun to the order of an adposition and noun (Wang et al., in press). However, these studies all use the exact same set of nouns for both the training and testing stimuli. This leaves open the possibility that participants are noticing surface-level patterns, i.e., matching the position of specific nouns across phrases. This would give the appearance of a preference for cross-category harmony, but would not reflect anything about the alignment of categories, or a preference for fewer abstract rules. This paper describes three experiments that were designed to establish whether there is a cognitive bias for cross-category harmony between the adpositional phrase and the verb phrase which persists when the possibility of using surface-level patterns is removed.

跨范畴和谐是语言倾向于在不同类型的短语中使用一致的词头和依存词的顺序。例如，语言倾向于将动词和副词放在它们的依赖词之前（例如，英语中的“see the girl”，“to the store”）或之后（例如，土耳其语中的“the girl see”，“the store to”）。有人认为，和谐反映了对更简单规则的认知偏见：单个高级抽象规则比多个规则更容易学习，每种类型的头部和依赖都有一个规则（Culbertson和Kirby， 2016）。最近的实验工作支持了这一点，表明学习者更喜欢在不同的名义修饰语之前或之后一致地排列名词（例如Culbertson等人，2012,2020a）和不同类型的动词（Motamedi等人，2022），并将动词和名词的相对顺序概括为介词和名词的顺序（Wang等人，in press）。然而，这些研究在训练和测试刺激中都使用了完全相同的一组名词。这就留下了一种可能性，即参与者注意到表面的模式，即匹配短语中特定名词的位置。这会给人一种倾向于跨类别和谐的感觉，但不会反映任何关于类别对齐的事情，或者倾向于更少的抽象规则。本文描述了三个实验，旨在确定当使用表面模式的可能性被删除时，是否存在对立短语和动词短语之间跨类别和谐的认知偏见。

{"title":"Evidence for word order harmony between abstract categories in silent gesture","authors":"Cliodhna Hughes , Jennifer Culbertson , Simon Kirby","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106100","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106100","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cross-category harmony is the tendency for languages to use consistent orders of heads and dependents across different types of phrases. For example, languages tend to either place both verbs and adpositions before their dependents (e.g., ‘<u>see</u> <em>the girl</em>’, ‘<u>to</u> <em>the store</em>’ as in English) or after (e.g., ‘<em>the girl</em> <u>see</u>’, ‘<em>the store</em> <u>to</u>’ as in Turkish). Harmony has been argued to reflect a cognitive bias for simpler rules: a single high level abstract rule is simpler to learn than multiple rules, one for each type of head and dependent (Culbertson and Kirby, 2016). This has been supported by recent experimental work indicating that learners prefer to consistently order nouns either before or after different nominal modifiers (e.g. Culbertson et al., 2012, 2020a) and different types of verbs (Motamedi et al., 2022), and generalise the relative order of verb and noun to the order of an adposition and noun (Wang et al., in press). However, these studies all use the exact same set of nouns for both the training and testing stimuli. This leaves open the possibility that participants are noticing surface-level patterns, i.e., matching the position of specific nouns across phrases. This would give the appearance of a preference for cross-category harmony, but would not reflect anything about the alignment of categories, or a preference for fewer abstract rules. This paper describes three experiments that were designed to establish whether there is a cognitive bias for cross-category harmony between the adpositional phrase and the verb phrase which persists when the possibility of using surface-level patterns is removed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 106100"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143629044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Computational bases of domain-specific action anticipation superiority in experts: Kinematic invariants mapping 专家领域特定动作预期优势的计算基础：运动不变量映射

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-03-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106121

Qiwei Zhao , Yinyue Wang , Yingzhi Lu , Mengkai Luan , Siyu Gao , Xizhe Li , Chenglin Zhou

While experts consistently demonstrate superior action anticipation within their domains, the computational mechanisms underlying this ability remain unclear. This study investigated how the processing of kinematic invariants contributes to expert performance by examining table tennis players, volleyball players, and novices across two table tennis serve anticipation tasks using normal and point-light displays. Employing the kinematic coding framework, we established encoding and readout models to predict both actual action outcomes and participants' responses. Results showed that table tennis players consistently outperformed other groups across both tasks. Analysis of the intersection between encoding and readout models revealed a distinct mechanism: while both athlete groups showed enhanced ability to identify informative kinematic features compared to novices, only table tennis players demonstrated superiority in correctly utilizing these features to make precise predictions. This advantage in invariants mapping showed a positive correlation with domain-specific training experience and remained consistent across display formats, suggesting the development of a robust internal model through sustained domain-specific experience. Our findings illuminate the computational bases of domain-specific action anticipation, highlighting the significance of kinematic invariants mapping superiority in experts.

虽然专家们在他们的领域中一直表现出卓越的行动预期，但这种能力背后的计算机制仍不清楚。本研究通过对乒乓球运动员、排球运动员和新手在两个乒乓球发球预判任务中使用普通和点光显示的方法，研究了运动学不变量的处理如何对专家表现做出贡献。采用运动学编码框架，我们建立了编码和读出模型来预测实际行动结果和参与者的反应。结果显示，乒乓球运动员在两项任务中的表现都优于其他组。编码和读出模型之间的交叉分析揭示了一个独特的机制：虽然与新手相比，两组运动员都表现出识别信息运动特征的能力增强，但只有乒乓球运动员在正确利用这些特征做出精确预测方面表现出优势。这种不变量映射的优势与特定领域的训练经验呈正相关，并且在不同的显示格式中保持一致，这表明通过持续的特定领域的经验开发了一个健壮的内部模型。我们的发现阐明了领域特定动作预测的计算基础，突出了专家中运动不变量映射优势的重要性。

{"title":"Computational bases of domain-specific action anticipation superiority in experts: Kinematic invariants mapping","authors":"Qiwei Zhao , Yinyue Wang , Yingzhi Lu , Mengkai Luan , Siyu Gao , Xizhe Li , Chenglin Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While experts consistently demonstrate superior action anticipation within their domains, the computational mechanisms underlying this ability remain unclear. This study investigated how the processing of kinematic invariants contributes to expert performance by examining table tennis players, volleyball players, and novices across two table tennis serve anticipation tasks using normal and point-light displays. Employing the kinematic coding framework, we established encoding and readout models to predict both actual action outcomes and participants' responses. Results showed that table tennis players consistently outperformed other groups across both tasks. Analysis of the intersection between encoding and readout models revealed a distinct mechanism: while both athlete groups showed enhanced ability to identify informative kinematic features compared to novices, only table tennis players demonstrated superiority in correctly utilizing these features to make precise predictions. This advantage in invariants mapping showed a positive correlation with domain-specific training experience and remained consistent across display formats, suggesting the development of a robust internal model through sustained domain-specific experience. Our findings illuminate the computational bases of domain-specific action anticipation, highlighting the significance of kinematic invariants mapping superiority in experts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 106121"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143610289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Beyond words: Examining the role of mental imagery for the Stroop effect by contrasting aphantasics and controls 超越语言：通过对比幻觉和控制来检验心理意象在Stroop效应中的作用

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-03-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106120

Merlin Monzel , Janik Rademacher , Raquel Krempel , Martin Reuter

One of the best replicated and most famous effects in experimental psychology, the Stroop effect, describes interferences in cognitive processing when a color word is printed in a conflicting ink color. Recently, the controversial hypothesis was proposed that reading the color word triggers visual imagery, which then interferes with the perceived color, leading to the Stroop effect. Thus, the Stroop effect should not occur in aphantasics, i.e., in individuals with impaired mental imagery. We tested this intriguing hypothesis in a rare sample of 151 aphantasics and 110 controls. Results show that the Stroop effect was reduced in aphantasics, albeit still existing. For the first time, the present data show that an interference between mental imagery and perception is partially responsible for the Stroop effect.

实验心理学中最著名的实验效应之一是Stroop效应，它描述了当一个颜色单词被印在一种冲突的墨水颜色上时，对认知处理的干扰。最近，有人提出了一个有争议的假设，即阅读颜色词会触发视觉意象，然后视觉意象会干扰感知到的颜色，从而导致斯特鲁普效应。因此，斯特鲁普效应不应该发生在幻觉中，即在心理意象受损的个体中。我们在151名幻觉者和110名对照者的罕见样本中测试了这个有趣的假设。结果表明，施特鲁普效应在幻觉中减弱，但仍然存在。目前的数据首次表明，心理意象和知觉之间的干扰是造成斯特鲁普效应的部分原因。

引用次数: 0

Similar failures of consideration arise in human and machine planning 在人类和机器规划中也会出现类似的考虑失败

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-03-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106108

Alice Zhang , Max Langenkamp , Max Kleiman-Weiner , Tuomas Oikarinen , Fiery Cushman

Humans are remarkably efficient at decision making, even in “open-ended” problems where the set of possible actions is too large for exhaustive evaluation. Our success relies, in part, on processes for calling to mind the right candidate actions. When these processes fail, the result is a kind of puzzle in which the value of a solution would be obvious once it is considered, but never gets considered in the first place. Recently, machine learning (ML) architectures have attained or even exceeded human performance on open-ended decision making tasks such as playing chess and Go. We ask whether the broad architectural principles that underlie ML success in these domains generate similar consideration failures to those observed in humans. We demonstrate a case in which they do, illuminating how humans make open-ended decisions, how this relates to ML approaches to similar problems, and how both architectures lead to characteristic patterns of success and failure.

人类在决策方面非常高效，即使是在“开放式”问题中，可能的行动集合太大，无法进行详尽的评估。我们的成功在一定程度上依赖于让人想起正确的候选人行为的过程。当这些过程失败时，结果是一种谜题，其中解决方案的价值一旦被考虑就会很明显，但从来没有被考虑过。最近，机器学习（ML）架构在开放式决策任务（如下棋和围棋）上的表现已经达到甚至超过了人类。我们想知道，在这些领域中，机器学习成功背后的广泛架构原则是否会产生与在人类中观察到的类似的考虑失败。我们展示了一个他们这样做的案例，阐明了人类如何做出开放式决策，这与ML方法如何解决类似问题有关，以及这两种架构如何导致成功和失败的特征模式。

引用次数: 0

Observers translate information about other agents' higher-order goals into expectations about their forthcoming action kinematics 观察者将其他智能体的高阶目标信息转化为对其即将到来的行动运动学的期望

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-03-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106112

Katrina L. McDonough , Eleonora Parrotta , Camilla Ucheoma Enwereuzor , Patric Bach

Social perception relies on the ability to understand the higher-order goals that drive other people's behaviour. Under predictive coding views, this ability relies on a Bayesian-like hypothesis-testing mechanism, which translates prior higher-order information about another agent's goals into perceptual predictions of the actions with which these goals can be realised and tests these predictions against the actual behaviour. We tested this hypothesis in three preregistered experiments. Participants viewed an agent's hand next to two possible target objects (e.g., donut, hammer) and heard the agent state a higher-order goal, which could be fulfilled by one of the two objects (e.g., “I'm really hungry!”). The hand then reached towards the objects and disappeared at an unpredictable point mid-motion, and participants reported its last seen location. The results revealed the hypothesized integration of prior goals and observed hand trajectories. Reported hand disappearance points were predictively shifted towards the object with which the goal could be best realised. These biases were stronger when goal statements were explicitly processed (Experiment 1) than when passively heard (Experiment 2), more robust for more ambiguous reaches, and they could not be explained by attentional shifts towards the objects or participants' awareness of the experimental hypotheses. Moreover, similar biases were not elicited (Experiment 3) when the agent's statements referred to the same objects but did not specify them as action goals (e.g., “I'm really not hungry!”). These findings link action understanding to predictive/Bayesian mechanisms of social perception and Theory of Mind and provide the first evidence that prior knowledge about others' higher-level goals cascades to lower-level action expectations, which ultimately influence the visuospatial representation of others' behaviour.

社会感知依赖于理解驱动他人行为的高阶目标的能力。在预测编码的观点下，这种能力依赖于类似贝叶斯的假设测试机制，该机制将先前关于另一个代理目标的高阶信息转化为对这些目标可以实现的行动的感知预测，并根据实际行为测试这些预测。我们在三个预先注册的实验中验证了这一假设。参与者看到一个智能体的手靠近两个可能的目标物体（例如，甜甜圈，锤子），并听到智能体陈述一个高阶目标，这个目标可以由两个物体中的一个来实现（例如，“我真的很饿！”）。然后，这只手伸向物体，在运动过程中消失在一个不可预测的点上，参与者报告了它最后出现的位置。结果揭示了先前目标和观察到的手轨迹的假设整合。报告的手消失点被预测地转移到目标可以最好地实现的物体上。当目标陈述被明确处理（实验1）时，这些偏差比被动听到（实验2）时更强，在更模糊的到达时更强，并且它们不能用注意力转向物体或参与者对实验假设的意识来解释。此外，当代理的陈述提到相同的对象但没有将其指定为行动目标（例如，“我真的不饿！”）时，不会引发类似的偏见（实验3）。这些发现将行为理解与社会知觉和心理理论的预测/贝叶斯机制联系起来，并首次提供证据表明，对他人较高水平目标的先验知识会级联到较低水平的行动期望，并最终影响他人行为的视觉空间表征。

{"title":"Observers translate information about other agents' higher-order goals into expectations about their forthcoming action kinematics","authors":"Katrina L. McDonough , Eleonora Parrotta , Camilla Ucheoma Enwereuzor , Patric Bach","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106112","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106112","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Social perception relies on the ability to understand the higher-order goals that drive other people's behaviour. Under predictive coding views, this ability relies on a Bayesian-like hypothesis-testing mechanism, which translates prior higher-order information about another agent's goals into perceptual predictions of the actions with which these goals can be realised and tests these predictions against the actual behaviour. We tested this hypothesis in three preregistered experiments. Participants viewed an agent's hand next to two possible target objects (e.g., donut, hammer) and heard the agent state a higher-order goal, which could be fulfilled by one of the two objects (e.g., “I'm really hungry!”). The hand then reached towards the objects and disappeared at an unpredictable point mid-motion, and participants reported its last seen location. The results revealed the hypothesized integration of prior goals and observed hand trajectories. Reported hand disappearance points were predictively shifted towards the object with which the goal could be best realised. These biases were stronger when goal statements were explicitly processed (Experiment 1) than when passively heard (Experiment 2), more robust for more ambiguous reaches, and they could not be explained by attentional shifts towards the objects or participants' awareness of the experimental hypotheses. Moreover, similar biases were not elicited (Experiment 3) when the agent's statements referred to the same objects but did not specify them as action goals (e.g., “I'm really not hungry!”). These findings link action understanding to predictive/Bayesian mechanisms of social perception and Theory of Mind and provide the first evidence that prior knowledge about others' higher-level goals cascades to lower-level action expectations, which ultimately influence the visuospatial representation of others' behaviour.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 106112"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143610292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Emotional events induce retrograde memory impairments on conceptually-related neutral events 情绪事件诱发与概念相关的中性事件的逆行记忆损伤

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-03-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106103

Jamie Snytte , Ting Ting Liu , Renée Withnell , M. Natasha Rajah , Signy Sheldon

Emotional events are known to be prioritized during episodic encoding, leading to more detailed recollections compared to neutral events. Encoding an emotional event can influence the mnemonic fate of preceding or subsequent neutral events. Studies examining the impact of emotion on memory for neighboring neutral events have produced inconsistent results, which could be due to differences in the conceptual association between emotional and neutral stimuli. To test this idea, we conducted two behavioural experiments in which participants viewed one neutral and one emotional video clip from the same television series (Bates Motel) or from two different sources (emotional video from Bates Motel, neutral video from An Education). In both experiments, we manipulated the order in which participants viewed the videos – one group viewed the neutral video before the emotional video and the other group viewed the neutral video after the emotional video – and tested memory for all videos using free recall. We found that encoding a neutral video before, but not after an emotional video impaired recall, illustrating a retrograde impairment. Critically, this impairment only occurred when the videos were conceptually related, as in Experiment 1. In contrast, there was no indication of a retrograde impairment when the videos were not related, as in Experiment 2. Thus, a conceptual relationship is crucial for emotional events to imbue a retrograde impairment on neutral event memory.

众所周知，情绪事件在情景编码过程中被优先考虑，与中性事件相比，会导致更详细的回忆。对情绪事件进行编码可以影响之前或之后的中性事件的助记命运。关于情绪对相邻的中性事件的记忆影响的研究产生了不一致的结果，这可能是由于情绪刺激和中性刺激之间概念关联的差异。为了验证这一观点，我们进行了两个行为实验，在实验中，参与者分别观看了来自同一电视剧（《贝茨旅馆》）或两个不同来源（《贝茨旅馆》的情感视频和《教育》的中性视频）的一个中性和一个情感视频片段。在这两个实验中，我们调整了参与者观看视频的顺序——一组在观看情感视频之前观看中性视频，另一组在观看情感视频之后观看中性视频——并使用自由回忆法测试了所有视频的记忆。我们发现，在情绪性视频之前，而不是之后，对中性视频进行编码会损害回忆，这说明了一种逆行损害。关键的是，只有当视频与概念相关时，这种损害才会发生，就像在实验1中一样。相反，在实验2中，当视频不相关时，没有迹象表明出现逆行损伤。因此，概念关系对情绪事件对中性事件记忆的逆行损害至关重要。

{"title":"Emotional events induce retrograde memory impairments on conceptually-related neutral events","authors":"Jamie Snytte , Ting Ting Liu , Renée Withnell , M. Natasha Rajah , Signy Sheldon","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106103","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106103","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Emotional events are known to be prioritized during episodic encoding, leading to more detailed recollections compared to neutral events. Encoding an emotional event can influence the mnemonic fate of preceding or subsequent neutral events. Studies examining the impact of emotion on memory for neighboring neutral events have produced inconsistent results, which could be due to differences in the conceptual association between emotional and neutral stimuli. To test this idea, we conducted two behavioural experiments in which participants viewed one neutral and one emotional video clip from the same television series (<em>Bates Motel</em>) or from two different sources (emotional video from <em>Bates Motel</em>, neutral video from <em>An Education</em>). In both experiments, we manipulated the order in which participants viewed the videos – one group viewed the neutral video before the emotional video and the other group viewed the neutral video after the emotional video – and tested memory for all videos using free recall. We found that encoding a neutral video before, but not after an emotional video impaired recall, illustrating a retrograde impairment. Critically, this impairment only occurred when the videos were conceptually related, as in Experiment 1. In contrast, there was no indication of a retrograde impairment when the videos were not related, as in Experiment 2. Thus, a conceptual relationship is crucial for emotional events to imbue a retrograde impairment on neutral event memory.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 106103"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143601362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A body detection inversion effect revealed by a large-scale inattentional blindness experiment 大规模不注意盲视实验揭示的身体检测反转效应

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-03-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106109

Marco Gandolfo, Marius V. Peelen

As a social species, humans preferentially attend to the faces and bodies of other people. Previous research revealed specialized cognitive mechanisms for processing human faces and bodies. For example, upright person silhouettes are more readily found than inverted silhouettes in visual search tasks. It is unclear, however, whether these findings reflect a top-down attentional bias to social stimuli or bottom-up sensitivity to visual cues signaling the presence of other people. Here, we tested whether the upright human form is preferentially detected in the absence of attention. To rule out influences of top-down attention and expectation, we conducted a large-scale single-trial inattentional blindness experiment on a diverse sample of naive participants (N = 13.539). While participants were engaged in judging the length of a cross at fixation, we briefly presented an unexpected silhouette of a person or a plant next to the cross. Subsequently, we asked whether participants noticed anything other than the cross. Results showed that silhouettes of people were more often noticed than silhouettes of plants. Crucially, upright person silhouettes were also more often detected than inverted person silhouettes, despite these stimuli being identical in their low-level visual features. These results were replicated in a second experiment involving headless person silhouettes. Finally, capitalizing on the exceptionally large and diverse sample, further analyses revealed strong detection differences across age and gender. These results indicate that the visual system is tuned to the form of the upright human body, allowing for the quick detection of other people even in the absence of attention.

作为一种社会物种，人类优先关注他人的脸和身体。先前的研究揭示了处理人脸和身体的特殊认知机制。例如，在视觉搜索任务中，直立的人物剪影比倒置的人物剪影更容易被发现。然而，尚不清楚这些发现是否反映了自上而下的对社会刺激的注意偏见，还是自下而上的对他人存在的视觉线索的敏感。在这里，我们测试了直立的人类形态是否在缺乏注意力的情况下被优先检测到。为了排除自上而下的注意和期望的影响，我们对不同样本的幼稚参与者（N = 13.539）进行了大规模的单试验无意盲实验。当参与者在注视时判断十字架的长度时，我们简要地展示了十字架旁边一个意想不到的人或植物的剪影。随后，我们询问参与者是否注意到除了十字架之外的其他东西。结果表明，人的剪影比植物的剪影更容易被注意到。至关重要的是，直立的人剪影也比倒立的人剪影更容易被发现，尽管这些刺激在低级视觉特征上是相同的。这些结果在第二个无头人剪影实验中得到了重复。最后，利用异常庞大和多样化的样本，进一步的分析揭示了年龄和性别之间的强烈检测差异。这些结果表明，视觉系统被调整为直立的人体形式，即使在没有注意的情况下也能快速发现其他人。

{"title":"A body detection inversion effect revealed by a large-scale inattentional blindness experiment","authors":"Marco Gandolfo, Marius V. Peelen","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a social species, humans preferentially attend to the faces and bodies of other people. Previous research revealed specialized cognitive mechanisms for processing human faces and bodies. For example, upright person silhouettes are more readily found than inverted silhouettes in visual search tasks. It is unclear, however, whether these findings reflect a top-down attentional bias to social stimuli or bottom-up sensitivity to visual cues signaling the presence of other people. Here, we tested whether the upright human form is preferentially detected in the absence of attention. To rule out influences of top-down attention and expectation, we conducted a large-scale single-trial inattentional blindness experiment on a diverse sample of naive participants (<em>N</em> = 13.539). While participants were engaged in judging the length of a cross at fixation, we briefly presented an unexpected silhouette of a person or a plant next to the cross. Subsequently, we asked whether participants noticed anything other than the cross. Results showed that silhouettes of people were more often noticed than silhouettes of plants. Crucially, upright person silhouettes were also more often detected than inverted person silhouettes, despite these stimuli being identical in their low-level visual features. These results were replicated in a second experiment involving headless person silhouettes. Finally, capitalizing on the exceptionally large and diverse sample, further analyses revealed strong detection differences across age and gender. These results indicate that the visual system is tuned to the form of the upright human body, allowing for the quick detection of other people even in the absence of attention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 106109"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143592415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0