Pub Date : 2025-12-30DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2025.104948
Colette R. Hirsch , Andrew Mathews
Ambiguity and uncertainty are evident in much of our day-to-day lives. We will discuss how, driven by clinical insights, researchers in the field of cognition and emotion developed methods to assess how individuals process ambiguous information that can be interpreted in positive or negative ways. People with emotional disorders, and those with high levels of anxiety or depression, tend to process ambiguity in more negative ways than others with low levels of anxiety or depression, who tend to generate positive interpretations of ambiguity. We will also discuss how methods to assess interpretation bias have been adapted to modify interpretation bias, and reveal its causal role in maintaining emotional problems. We then consider how interpretation can influence and be influenced by other biases such as in memory and imagery. Finally, we will discuss how interpretation bias can be targeted in psychological interventions to reduce anxiety and depression.
{"title":"Interpretation bias in emotional disorders: a selective review","authors":"Colette R. Hirsch , Andrew Mathews","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104948","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104948","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ambiguity and uncertainty are evident in much of our day-to-day lives. We will discuss how, driven by clinical insights, researchers in the field of cognition and emotion developed methods to assess how individuals process ambiguous information that can be interpreted in positive or negative ways. People with emotional disorders, and those with high levels of anxiety or depression, tend to process ambiguity in more negative ways than others with low levels of anxiety or depression, who tend to generate positive interpretations of ambiguity. We will also discuss how methods to assess interpretation bias have been adapted to modify interpretation bias, and reveal its causal role in maintaining emotional problems. We then consider how interpretation can influence and be influenced by other biases such as in memory and imagery. Finally, we will discuss how interpretation bias can be targeted in psychological interventions to reduce anxiety and depression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 104948"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145908853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-18DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2025.104942
Jeffrey M. Lackner (.) , Yi Xiong , Andrew H. Rogers , Christopher D. Radziwon , Gregory D. Gudleski , Siobhan Sutcliffe , Jia Wang , Bruce D. Naliboff , J. Quentin Clemens , Teresa L. Danforth
Little is known about cognitive-affective factors associated with symptom exacerbations (“flares”) in individuals with Urologic Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome (UCPPS) even though pain is its cardinal feature and a defining attribute of flares which are regarded as a global marker of illness severity. Disease activity is unable to explain UCPPS flares because its pathophysiology involves altered pain modulation in the central nervous system independent of peripheral pain input. We sought to characterize how different psychosocial factors correspond with distinct flare attributes in UCPPS patients. Subjects included 92 formally diagnosed UCPPS (Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome or Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome) patients (Mage = 43, SD = 14, 82 % female) with refractory pelvic pain. Data, completed as part of baseline evaluation of an NIH clinical trial, included the Pain Discomfort Scale (pain-related suffering), Coping Strategies Questionnaire, Catastrophizing subscale, revised McGill Pain Inventory-Short Form (pain quality), Positive and Negative Affect Scale, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, as well as flare and UCPPS symptom measures. Regression analyses were applied to characterize the association between psychosocial factors and flare dimensions. Psychosocial factors were broadly associated with multiple flare attributes. Their combined effect was strongest for flare severity with mood, and pain-related suffering, as significant predictors. This investigation breaks new ground by linking psychosocial risk factors to multiple dimensions of UCPPS flares. Further studies are needed to leverage this line of research to develop behaviorally-based flare management programs that strengthen patients’ self-regulatory capacity for reducing flares, thereby decreasing the public health burden of UCPPS.
{"title":"Role of psychosocial factors of symptom flares in a cohort of patients with urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A cognitive-affective approach","authors":"Jeffrey M. Lackner (.) , Yi Xiong , Andrew H. Rogers , Christopher D. Radziwon , Gregory D. Gudleski , Siobhan Sutcliffe , Jia Wang , Bruce D. Naliboff , J. Quentin Clemens , Teresa L. Danforth","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104942","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104942","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Little is known about cognitive-affective factors associated with symptom exacerbations (“flares”) in individuals with Urologic Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome (UCPPS) even though pain is its cardinal feature and a defining attribute of flares which are regarded as a global marker of illness severity. Disease activity is unable to explain UCPPS flares because its pathophysiology involves altered pain modulation in the central nervous system independent of peripheral pain input. We sought to characterize how different psychosocial factors correspond with distinct flare attributes in UCPPS patients. Subjects included 92 formally diagnosed UCPPS (Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome or Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome) patients (<em>M</em><sub><em>age</em></sub> = 43, SD = 14, 82 % female) with refractory pelvic pain. Data, completed as part of baseline evaluation of an NIH clinical trial, included the Pain Discomfort Scale (pain-related suffering), Coping Strategies Questionnaire, Catastrophizing subscale, revised McGill Pain Inventory-Short Form (pain quality), Positive and Negative Affect Scale, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, as well as flare and UCPPS symptom measures. Regression analyses were applied to characterize the association between psychosocial factors and flare dimensions. Psychosocial factors were broadly associated with multiple flare attributes. Their combined effect was strongest for flare severity with mood, and pain-related suffering, as significant predictors. This investigation breaks new ground by linking psychosocial risk factors to multiple dimensions of UCPPS flares. Further studies are needed to leverage this line of research to develop behaviorally-based flare management programs that strengthen patients’ self-regulatory capacity for reducing flares, thereby decreasing the public health burden of UCPPS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"196 ","pages":"Article 104942"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145829067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2025.104944
Xiang Zhang , Shaoxia Wang , Yijie Wang , Qianyun Liu , Kun Wang , Chujun Wu , Yanrong Wang , Jianqun Fang
Objective
Cognitive flexibility (CF) deficits significantly impact academic and social functioning in individuals with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of an 8-week computer-assisted cognitive flexibility training (CFT) program and explore the moderating effect of neuroticism on intervention outcomes.
Methods
A total of 203 children with ADHD (152 boys, 51 girls; aged 6–12 years) were enrolled between December 2024 and April 2025 and randomly assigned to CFT arm (CFTA, n = 70), pharmacological treatment arm (PTA, Atomoxetine, n = 67), or wait-list control arm (WLCA, n = 66). Outcomes were measured at baseline, week 4, and week 8 using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test for CF, the Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale-Parent Form for functional impairments, and the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham, Version IV- Scale for ADHD symptom severity.
Results
Compared to PTA and WLCA, CFT was associated with significant near-transfer gains in CF and parent-reported improvements in life skills and social activities. In contrast, PTA yielded larger gains for inattention, learning and school, and risky activities, while both active arms surpassed the wait-list in reducing hyperactivity-impulsivity. Lower baseline neuroticism predicted greater CFT-related cognitive gains.
Conclusions
Targeted CFT demonstrated near-transfer cognitive gains and was associated with parent-reported improvements in some functional domains. Given its distinct profile from pharmacotherapy, CFT may be a promising adjunct, rather than a standalone treatment, for children with ADHD, particularly those with lower neuroticism.
目的：认知灵活性（CF）缺陷显著影响注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）患者的学业和社会功能。本研究旨在评估为期8周的计算机辅助认知灵活性训练（CFT）的效果，并探讨神经质对干预结果的调节作用。方法在2024年12月至2025年4月期间，共纳入203例ADHD儿童（男孩152例，女孩51例，年龄6-12岁），随机分为CFT组（CFTA, n = 70）、药物治疗组（PTA，托莫西汀，n = 67）和等候名单对照组（WLCA, n = 66）。结果在基线、第4周和第8周使用CF的威斯康星卡片分类测试、功能障碍的Weiss功能障碍评定量表-家长表格和ADHD症状严重程度的Swanson， Nolan, and Pelham，版本IV量表来测量。结果与PTA和WLCA相比，CFT与CF的显著接近转移收益以及父母报告的生活技能和社会活动的改善有关。相比之下，PTA在注意力不集中、学习和学校活动以及危险活动方面取得了更大的进步，而两支积极的手臂在减少多动冲动方面都超过了等候名单。较低的基线神经质预示着与cft相关的认知能力提高。结论靶向CFT表现出接近迁移的认知收益，并与父母报告的某些功能领域的改善有关。考虑到CFT与药物治疗的不同，它可能是一种有希望的辅助治疗，而不是一种独立的治疗方法，用于多动症儿童，特别是那些低神经质的儿童。
{"title":"Efficacy of computer-assisted cognitive flexibility training and the moderating role of neuroticism in children with ADHD: A randomized controlled trial","authors":"Xiang Zhang , Shaoxia Wang , Yijie Wang , Qianyun Liu , Kun Wang , Chujun Wu , Yanrong Wang , Jianqun Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104944","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104944","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Cognitive flexibility (CF) deficits significantly impact academic and social functioning in individuals with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of an 8-week computer-assisted cognitive flexibility training (CFT) program and explore the moderating effect of neuroticism on intervention outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 203 children with ADHD (152 boys, 51 girls; aged 6–12 years) were enrolled between December 2024 and April 2025 and randomly assigned to CFT arm (CFTA, n = 70), pharmacological treatment arm (PTA, Atomoxetine, n = 67), or wait-list control arm (WLCA, n = 66). Outcomes were measured at baseline, week 4, and week 8 using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test for CF, the Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale-Parent Form for functional impairments, and the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham, Version IV- Scale for ADHD symptom severity.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Compared to PTA and WLCA, CFT was associated with significant near-transfer gains in CF and parent-reported improvements in life skills and social activities. In contrast, PTA yielded larger gains for inattention, learning and school, and risky activities, while both active arms surpassed the wait-list in reducing hyperactivity-impulsivity. Lower baseline neuroticism predicted greater CFT-related cognitive gains.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Targeted CFT demonstrated near-transfer cognitive gains and was associated with parent-reported improvements in some functional domains. Given its distinct profile from pharmacotherapy, CFT may be a promising adjunct, rather than a standalone treatment, for children with ADHD, particularly those with lower neuroticism.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"196 ","pages":"Article 104944"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2025.104943
Shengjie Pan , Gang Wang
Background
Disruption of circadian and neuroimmune regulation after rectal cancer surgery contributes to psychological distress, inflammation, and impaired recovery. This exploratory randomized controlled trial evaluated whether a perioperative multicomponent behavioral program targeting circadian and gut–brain processes was associated with improvements in neuroimmune profiles and symptom outcomes.
Methods
A total of 184 patients with stage I–III low rectal cancer undergoing ultra-low anterior resection were randomized to receive either standard ERAS care or an integrative perioperative intervention that combined emotion-regulation strategies (mindfulness-based stress reduction, heart-rate-variability biofeedback, neurofeedback) with structured sleep and circadian therapy (cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia, controlled-release melatonin, circadian scheduling). Co-primary outcomes were depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory-II) and sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) at 6 months. Secondary outcomes included inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α), gastrointestinal recovery indices, and skeletal muscle index (SMI). Disease-free and overall survival were examined as pre-specified exploratory endpoints.
Results
Compared with standard care, the integrative intervention was associated with greater 6-month improvements in depressive symptoms and sleep quality (both p < 0.01), lower postoperative inflammation (e.g., POD7 interleukin-6: 39.7 vs 52.3 pg/mL; p < 0.001), and faster gastrointestinal recovery. Preservation of SMI at 12 months was associated with improved disease-free survival (hazard ratio 0.51, 95 % CI 0.29–0.92; p = 0.027). Two-year disease-free survival showed an exploratory signal favoring the intervention (89.7 % vs 74.0 %; hazard ratio 0.46, 95 % CI 0.23–0.93), although survival analyses were not powered for definitive inference.
Conclusions
Perioperative modulation of circadian and gut–brain processes was associated with improvements in depressive symptoms, sleep quality, postoperative inflammatory profiles, and functional recovery. Survival findings represent preliminary exploratory signals and require confirmation in larger, adequately powered randomized trials.
直肠癌手术后昼夜节律和神经免疫调节的中断会导致心理困扰、炎症和恢复受损。这项探索性随机对照试验评估了围手术期针对昼夜节律和肠-脑过程的多组分行为计划是否与神经免疫谱和症状结果的改善有关。方法184例接受超低前部切除术的I-III期低位直肠癌患者随机接受标准ERAS护理或综合围手术期干预，该干预将情绪调节策略（基于正念的减压、心率变异性生物反馈、神经反馈）与结构化睡眠和昼夜节律治疗（失眠认知行为治疗、控释褪黑素、昼夜节律计划）相结合。共同主要结局是6个月时的抑郁症状（贝克抑郁量表- ii）和睡眠质量（匹兹堡睡眠质量指数）。次要结局包括炎症标志物（c反应蛋白、白细胞介素-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α）、胃肠道恢复指数和骨骼肌指数（SMI）。无病生存期和总生存期作为预先指定的探索性终点进行检查。结果与标准治疗相比，综合干预与6个月后抑郁症状和睡眠质量的改善（p < 0.01）、术后炎症（例如，POD7白介素-6:39.7 vs 52.3 pg/mL; p < 0.001）和更快的胃肠道恢复相关。12个月时SMI的保存与无病生存率的提高相关（风险比0.51,95% CI 0.29-0.92; p = 0.027）。2年无病生存率显示了支持干预的探索性信号（89.7% vs 74.0%；风险比0.46,95% CI 0.23-0.93），尽管生存分析不能提供明确的推断。结论手术调节昼夜节律和肠-脑过程与抑郁症状、睡眠质量、术后炎症特征和功能恢复的改善有关。生存研究结果代表了初步的探索性信号，需要在更大的、足够有力的随机试验中得到证实。
{"title":"Circadian and gut–brain axis modulation is associated with neuroimmune and symptom recovery after rectal cancer surgery: An exploratory randomized controlled trial","authors":"Shengjie Pan , Gang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104943","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104943","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Disruption of circadian and neuroimmune regulation after rectal cancer surgery contributes to psychological distress, inflammation, and impaired recovery. This exploratory randomized controlled trial evaluated whether a perioperative multicomponent behavioral program targeting circadian and gut–brain processes was associated with improvements in neuroimmune profiles and symptom outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 184 patients with stage I–III low rectal cancer undergoing ultra-low anterior resection were randomized to receive either standard ERAS care or an integrative perioperative intervention that combined emotion-regulation strategies (mindfulness-based stress reduction, heart-rate-variability biofeedback, neurofeedback) with structured sleep and circadian therapy (cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia, controlled-release melatonin, circadian scheduling). Co-primary outcomes were depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory-II) and sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) at 6 months. Secondary outcomes included inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α), gastrointestinal recovery indices, and skeletal muscle index (SMI). Disease-free and overall survival were examined as pre-specified exploratory endpoints.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Compared with standard care, the integrative intervention was associated with greater 6-month improvements in depressive symptoms and sleep quality (both p < 0.01), lower postoperative inflammation (e.g., POD7 interleukin-6: 39.7 vs 52.3 pg/mL; p < 0.001), and faster gastrointestinal recovery. Preservation of SMI at 12 months was associated with improved disease-free survival (hazard ratio 0.51, 95 % CI 0.29–0.92; p = 0.027). Two-year disease-free survival showed an exploratory signal favoring the intervention (89.7 % vs 74.0 %; hazard ratio 0.46, 95 % CI 0.23–0.93), although survival analyses were not powered for definitive inference.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Perioperative modulation of circadian and gut–brain processes was associated with improvements in depressive symptoms, sleep quality, postoperative inflammatory profiles, and functional recovery. Survival findings represent preliminary exploratory signals and require confirmation in larger, adequately powered randomized trials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"196 ","pages":"Article 104943"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-11DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2025.104940
Julie L. Ji , Nilly Mor , Colin MacLeod
Dysphoria is associated with dampening of social interaction intention, but the cognitive mechanisms that underpin this relationship are under-investigated. This study tested the hypothesis that heightened negative social expectancies mediate the association between dysphoria and dampened social motivation. Additionally, it tested the hypothesis that the association between dysphoria and negative social expectancies is mediated by an attribution style bias that attributes negative, but not positive, outcomes to internal causes. University students (N = 271) with varied levels of dysphoria read vignettes describing hypothetical situations where they initiate a social interaction that results in positive or negative outcomes. Participants rated their expectancies concerning the likelihoods of these outcomes, and their expected emotional impact. Participants also forecast the emotions they would experience and reported the degree to which they attribute each outcome to internal factors (themselves) or to external factors (the other person/circumstance). Finally, participants reported their intention to seek social interaction in similar future situations. Results showed that negative biases in outcome likelihood and emotional impact expectancies both independently mediated the association between dysphoria and deficits in social interaction intention. Furthermore, negative internal causal attribution bias mediated the association between dysphoria and each type of expectancy bias. Dysphoria's association with negative internal causal attribution style converged with negative affective forecasts, reflecting greater self-focused negative emotions (humiliation, guilt, helplessness) and reduced self-focused positive emotions (pride). Findings indicate the utility of assessing dysphoria-linked biases in outcome and emotional impact expectancies and highlight the importance of attribution style bias in dampening social motivation in dysphoria. [250/250].
{"title":"Dampened social motivation in dysphoria: the role of negative social expectancies and internal causal attribution style","authors":"Julie L. Ji , Nilly Mor , Colin MacLeod","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104940","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104940","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dysphoria is associated with dampening of social interaction intention, but the cognitive mechanisms that underpin this relationship are under-investigated. This study tested the hypothesis that heightened negative social expectancies mediate the association between dysphoria and dampened social motivation. Additionally, it tested the hypothesis that the association between dysphoria and negative social expectancies is mediated by an attribution style bias that attributes negative, but not positive, outcomes to internal causes. University students (<em>N</em> = 271) with varied levels of dysphoria read vignettes describing hypothetical situations where they initiate a social interaction that results in positive or negative outcomes. Participants rated their expectancies concerning the likelihoods of these outcomes, and their expected emotional impact. Participants also forecast the emotions they would experience and reported the degree to which they attribute each outcome to internal factors (themselves) or to external factors (the other person/circumstance). Finally, participants reported their intention to seek social interaction in similar future situations. Results showed that negative biases in outcome likelihood and emotional impact expectancies both independently mediated the association between dysphoria and deficits in social interaction intention. Furthermore, negative internal causal attribution bias mediated the association between dysphoria and each type of expectancy bias. Dysphoria's association with negative internal causal attribution style converged with negative affective forecasts, reflecting greater self-focused negative emotions (humiliation, guilt, helplessness) and reduced self-focused positive emotions (pride). Findings indicate the utility of assessing dysphoria-linked biases in outcome and emotional impact expectancies and highlight the importance of attribution style bias in dampening social motivation in dysphoria. [250/250].</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"196 ","pages":"Article 104940"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145769674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2025.104939
Jessica C. Lee , Tracy Dang , Jack H. Collins
The tendency to overgeneralize fear learning has been identified as a potential risk factor for anxiety disorders. In this study, we examined whether highly anxious individuals differed from low anxious individuals in how they generalized fear (learning when an aversive stimulus is present) and safety (learning when an aversive stimulus is absent) following differential conditioning with an aversive scream outcome. We achieved this by using a morphed shape dimension to separately measure generalization from the fear cue (predicting the scream) and generalization from the safety cue (predicting the absence of the scream). In two experiments, we found that relative to low trait anxious participants, high trait anxious participants showed higher outcome predictions to stimuli resembling the safety cue (i.e., they undergeneralized safety learning), but not for stimuli resembling the fear cue (i.e., they did not overgeneralize fear learning). Undergeneralization was not found when a neutral outcome was used, suggesting that this effect is dependent on the use of an aversive outcome and specific to safety learning. Our findings suggest that safety generalization may vary more as a function of trait anxiety than fear generalization, and therefore future research should separately measure these processes to uncover the mechanisms driving excessive spread of fear.
{"title":"Trait anxiety and fear generalization: Overgeneralization of fear or undergeneralization of safety learning?","authors":"Jessica C. Lee , Tracy Dang , Jack H. Collins","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104939","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104939","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The tendency to overgeneralize fear learning has been identified as a potential risk factor for anxiety disorders. In this study, we examined whether highly anxious individuals differed from low anxious individuals in how they generalized fear (learning when an aversive stimulus is present) <em>and</em> safety (learning when an aversive stimulus is absent) following differential conditioning with an aversive scream outcome. We achieved this by using a morphed shape dimension to separately measure generalization from the fear cue (predicting the scream) and generalization from the safety cue (predicting the absence of the scream). In two experiments, we found that relative to low trait anxious participants, high trait anxious participants showed higher outcome predictions to stimuli resembling the safety cue (i.e., they undergeneralized safety learning), but not for stimuli resembling the fear cue (i.e., they did not overgeneralize fear learning). Undergeneralization was not found when a neutral outcome was used, suggesting that this effect is dependent on the use of an aversive outcome and specific to safety learning. Our findings suggest that safety generalization may vary more as a function of trait anxiety than fear generalization, and therefore future research should separately measure these processes to uncover the mechanisms driving excessive spread of fear.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"196 ","pages":"Article 104939"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2025.104937
Lois A. Gelfand , Lorenzo Lorenzo-Luaces , Anika Dalvie , Lana Mambula , Robert J. DeRubeis
The pharmaceutical industry has paid more attention to potential variability in depressed patients' ability to benefit from antidepressants vs. placebo than psychotherapy researchers have when comparing more to less intensive psychosocial treatments. DeRubeis et al. (2014) introduced the “patient response pattern” (PRP) as part of a quantitative framework to model variability in patients’ abilities to benefit from a psychosocial treatment. We extend this framework to examine the influence of PRP on the effect size of a comparison of two mechanistically similar psychosocial treatments. We simulated combinations of “stronger” and “weaker” treatments, crossed with different PRP distributions. Despite modeling a maximum standardized mean difference (SMD) of approximately 1.0, which is considered a large treatment effect, the simulation of a case mix intended to most closely model psychotherapy clinical trials resulted in an SMD of 0.22. Thus, different distributions of PRP can have a substantial effect on the ability to detect differences in the effectiveness of two treatments. Psychotherapy researchers should investigate the influence of heterogeneity in PRP distributions on the results of psychosocial treatment comparisons, and continue to investigate the possibility of using prediction of PRP (e.g., prognostic indicators) for risk stratification and tailored treatment development.
{"title":"Effects of patient response pattern distributions on comparisons of psychosocial treatments for major depressive disorder","authors":"Lois A. Gelfand , Lorenzo Lorenzo-Luaces , Anika Dalvie , Lana Mambula , Robert J. DeRubeis","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104937","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104937","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The pharmaceutical industry has paid more attention to potential variability in depressed patients' ability to benefit from antidepressants vs. placebo than psychotherapy researchers have when comparing more to less intensive psychosocial treatments. DeRubeis et al. (2014) introduced the “patient response pattern” (PRP) as part of a quantitative framework to model variability in patients’ abilities to benefit from a psychosocial treatment. We extend this framework to examine the influence of PRP on the effect size of a comparison of two mechanistically similar psychosocial treatments. We simulated combinations of “stronger” and “weaker” treatments, crossed with different PRP distributions. Despite modeling a maximum standardized mean difference (SMD) of approximately 1.0, which is considered a large treatment effect, the simulation of a case mix intended to most closely model psychotherapy clinical trials resulted in an SMD of 0.22. Thus, different distributions of PRP can have a substantial effect on the ability to detect differences in the effectiveness of two treatments. Psychotherapy researchers should investigate the influence of heterogeneity in PRP distributions on the results of psychosocial treatment comparisons, and continue to investigate the possibility of using prediction of PRP (e.g., prognostic indicators) for risk stratification and tailored treatment development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"196 ","pages":"Article 104937"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145783247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2025.104898
Julie L. Ji , Sonia Baee , Diheng Zhang , Claudia Calicho-Mamani , M. Joseph Meyers , Daniel Funk , Samuel Portnow , Laura Barnes , Bethany A. Teachman
{"title":"Corrigendum to “Multi-session online interpretation bias training for anxiety in a community sample” [Behaviour Research and Therapy, 142 (2021), 1–15 / 103864]","authors":"Julie L. Ji , Sonia Baee , Diheng Zhang , Claudia Calicho-Mamani , M. Joseph Meyers , Daniel Funk , Samuel Portnow , Laura Barnes , Bethany A. Teachman","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104898","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104898","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 104898"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145624171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2025.104923
Tobias Κube, Jonas Everaert
{"title":"Editorial to “The role of belief updating in psychopathology: Relevance, mechanisms, and clinical implications”","authors":"Tobias Κube, Jonas Everaert","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104923","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104923","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 104923"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145551724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2025.104925
Breanne Hobden, Lauren Pollock, Vincent Lau, Sarah Leask, Kristy Fakes
{"title":"Corrigendum to understanding factors related to treatment retention in an online mental health support service: Analysis of a service database behaviour research and therapy (194), November 2025, 104875","authors":"Breanne Hobden, Lauren Pollock, Vincent Lau, Sarah Leask, Kristy Fakes","doi":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104925","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brat.2025.104925","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48457,"journal":{"name":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 104925"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145574816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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