Behaviour Research and Therapy最新文献_第6页

Exposure to images of post-bushfire disaster impacts fear learning and extinction 接触森林大火后的图像会影响恐惧学习和灭绝

IF 4.5 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL

Behaviour Research and Therapy

Pub Date : 2025-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2025.104911

Lindsey J. Franklin-Browne , Kathryn L. Modecki , Allison M. Waters

Exposure to natural disasters, such as bushfires, increases vulnerability for poor psychological outcomes. Large scale reviews have increased our understanding of risk factors associated with disaster related maladjustment, however this relationship remains unclear. This study examined the effect of exposure to resource loss in the post-bushfire disaster environment on fear learning and extinction pathways. Participants (70 adults; 73 % female, 17–58 years of age, M = 23.77, SD = 8.16) were randomly allocated to view scenes depicting post-bushfire resource loss (post-bushfire disaster group) or no disaster (community group) followed by all participants completing a discriminative Pavlovian conditioning task including habituation, conditioning, extinction, and retest phases. During acquisition, one shape (CS+) was paired with an aversive tone as the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and another shape (CS-) was presented alone, while both CSs were presented alone during extinction and retest phases. Subjective ratings of fear, worry and sadness, were obtained before and after picture viewing and between learning task phases whilst ratings of CS pleasantness and arousal were obtained before and after learning task phases. Skin conductance responses (SCR) were recorded to the CSs during all phases. The post-bushfire disaster group reported more subjective fear, worry and sadness after viewing images relative to the community group. The post-bushfire disaster group also showed significantly larger orienting SCRs to both CSs during acquisition relative to the community group and significantly smaller orienting SCRs to both CSs and undifferentiated anticipatory SCRs during extinction relative to the community group. During retest, the post-bushfire disaster group exhibited significantly larger anticipatory SCRs to both CSs compared to the community group. There were no group differences in between phase ratings of CS+ and CS- unpleasantness and arousal and no group differences in subjective anxiety ratings between learning task phases. Exposure to post-bushfire resource loss may increase fear conditioning and generalisation to safe stimuli, impair safety learning, and increase reactivity when re-exposed to fear stimuli.

暴露于自然灾害，如森林大火，增加了心理结果不佳的脆弱性。大规模的回顾增加了我们对与灾害相关的适应不良相关的风险因素的理解，然而这种关系仍然不清楚。本研究考察了森林大火后环境中资源损失暴露对恐惧学习和灭绝途径的影响。参与者（70名成年人，其中73%为女性，17-58岁，M = 23.77, SD = 8.16）被随机分配到描述森林大火后资源损失的场景（森林大火后灾难组）或没有灾难的场景（社区组），然后所有参与者完成一个歧视的巴甫洛夫条件反射任务，包括习惯化、条件反射、消失和重新测试阶段。在获取过程中，一种形状（CS+）与反感音调配对作为非条件刺激（UCS），另一种形状（CS-）单独呈现，而在消光和重测阶段，两种形状均单独呈现。在观看图片前后和学习任务阶段之间分别获得了恐惧、担忧和悲伤的主观评分，而在学习任务阶段前后分别获得了CS愉悦和唤醒的评分。在所有阶段记录皮肤电导反应（SCR）。与社区小组相比，森林大火后的小组在观看图像后报告了更多的主观恐惧、担忧和悲伤。与群落相比，林火灾害后群体在获取过程中对两种类型的scr取向均显著增大，在灭绝过程中对两种类型和未分化预期scr取向均显著减小。在复测过程中，山火灾害后组对两种CSs的预期scr均显著高于社区组。CS+和CS-不愉快和觉醒的阶段评分之间没有组间差异，学习任务阶段之间的主观焦虑评分没有组间差异。暴露于森林大火后的资源损失可能会增加对安全刺激的恐惧条件反射和泛化，损害安全学习，并增加再次暴露于恐惧刺激时的反应性。

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引用次数: 0

Trait anxiety-linked bias in expectancy updating: Examining the contributions of negative interrogation bias and negatively biased expectancy updating to elevated negative state affect when approaching potential stressors 特质焦虑相关偏见在期望更新中的作用：研究负面询问偏见和负面偏见期望更新对接近潜在压力源时负面状态影响的贡献

IF 4.5 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL

Behaviour Research and Therapy

Pub Date : 2025-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2025.104909

Amelia Reynolds, Colin MacLeod, Ben Grafton

The present study examined whether people with high trait anxiety volitionally access proportionately more negative (than positive) information when interrogating available information concerning an approaching potential stressor during a period of expectancy updating. The present study also examined the role this negative interrogation bias plays in shaping trait anxiety-linked negative expectancy bias and elevated negative state affect. Participants low and high in trait anxiety (N = 311) were informed at the outset of the testing session that they may later view a potentially stressful film. Participants then completed a procedure designed to induce initial expectancies concerning the film viewing stressor. Subsequently, participants were provided the opportunity to update their initial expectancies by interrogating negative and positive information concerning the film viewing stressor. The proportion of negative information selected by each participant was taken as a measure of their negative interrogation bias. Measures of expectancies and state affect were taken before and after the induction of initial expectancies, and before and after the subsequent expectancy updating period. The results indicated that, during the expectancy updating period, participants high in trait anxiety displayed greater negative interrogation bias than participants low in trait anxiety. The results also revealed an indirect association between trait anxiety and elevation of negative state affect concurrent to expectancy updating period, which was serially mediated by negative interrogation bias during this period, and by concurrent elevation of negative expectancy bias. Findings are discussed with regards to potential implications for cognitive behavioural interventions for anxiety which seek to drive therapeutic change through the modification of expectancies.

本研究考察了在期望更新期间，高特质焦虑者在询问有关即将到来的潜在压力源的可用信息时，是否会按比例有意识地获得更多的消极信息（而不是积极信息）。本研究还考察了这种负面询问偏见在特质焦虑相关的负面期望偏见和负面状态影响的形成中的作用。在测试开始时，低焦虑和高焦虑的参与者（N = 311）被告知，他们稍后可能会观看一部有潜在压力的电影。然后，参与者完成了一个程序，旨在诱导对电影观看压力源的初始期望。随后，通过询问有关观影压力源的消极和积极信息，参与者有机会更新他们最初的期望。每个参与者选择的负面信息的比例被用来衡量他们的负面询问偏见。在初始期望诱导前后以及随后的期望更新期前后分别测量期望和状态影响。结果表明，在期望更新期，特质焦虑高的被试比特质焦虑低的被试表现出更大的负性询问偏倚。结果还表明，特质焦虑与期望更新期负性状态影响的提升存在间接关联，并通过期望更新期负性询问偏差和期望更新期负性期望偏差的提升依次介导。研究结果讨论了对焦虑的认知行为干预的潜在影响，这些干预试图通过改变预期来推动治疗变化。

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引用次数: 0

The unique impacts of attentional control and experiential avoidance on PTSD symptomatology: Moderation of nonlinear effects 注意控制和经验回避对PTSD症状的独特影响：非线性效应的调节。

IF 4.5 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL

Behaviour Research and Therapy

Pub Date : 2025-11-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2025.104908

Lucas Marinack, Alexandria F. Sowers, Robert A. Kaya, Alicia R. Bachtel, Jenna L. Mohr, Joshua D. Clapp

Whereas attentional control has been proposed as a broad-based protective factor for PTSD, data suggest that elevated control may be paradoxically associated with increased symptoms, particularly in the presence of other risk factors. The current study examined the unique and interactive effects of attentional shifting (i.e., the transfer of attention across stimuli) and attentional focusing (i.e., the maintenance of attention on relevant targets) with experiential avoidance on posttrauma symptom clusters, accounting for potential nonlinearities in the influence of shifting and focusing dimensions. Shifting models in survivors of heterogeneous trauma (N = 252; 75 % female; 85.7 % White/Non-Hispanic) identified shifting as a moderator of the linear effect of experiential avoidance on CAPS-5 arousal-reactivity (β = −.16, p = .008), with experiential avoidance holding positive associations with arousal-reactivity through shifting scores reaching 2/3SD above the mean. Focusing models, by contrast, identified experiential avoidance as a moderator of the quadratic effect (x²) of focusing on CAPS-5 intrusions (β = .13, p = .010). Data failed to support effects of focusing at low levels of experiential avoidance (-1SD). A curvilinear effect of focusing emerged at average experiential avoidance, however, suggesting reductions in traumatic intrusions with increased focusing to mean values in the sample. At high experiential avoidance (+1SD), intrusions decreased with increases in focusing through average levels, but rebounded in response to focusing capabilities extending beyond the sample mean. Results are consistent with previous research suggesting nonlinearities in the effects of attentional control on posttrauma functioning and point to the importance of specific attentional processes in understanding avenues of risk and resilience.

虽然注意力控制被认为是创伤后应激障碍的一个广泛的保护因素，但数据表明，控制水平的提高可能与症状的增加相矛盾，特别是在存在其他风险因素的情况下。目前的研究考察了注意转移（即跨刺激的注意转移）和注意聚焦（即对相关目标的注意维持）与经验回避对创伤后症状集群的独特和相互作用，说明了转移和聚焦维度影响的潜在非线性。异质性创伤幸存者的移位模型（N = 252； 75%为女性；85.7%为白人/非西班牙裔）发现移位是经验回避对cap -5唤醒反应性线性效应的调节因子（β = - 0.16, p = 0.008），通过移位得分高于平均值2/3SD，经验回避与唤醒反应性保持正相关。相比之下，聚焦模型发现，经验回避是聚焦于cap -5入侵的二次效应（x2）的调节因子（β = 0.13, p = 0.010）。数据无法支持低水平的经验回避（-1SD）下的聚焦效应。然而，在平均经验回避中出现了聚焦的曲线效应，这表明随着样本中聚焦的增加，创伤性侵入的减少达到了平均值。在高经验回避（+1SD）水平下，干扰随着聚焦能力的增加而减少，但当聚焦能力超出样本平均值时，干扰会反弹。结果与先前的研究一致，表明注意控制对创伤后功能的影响呈非线性，并指出了特定注意过程在理解风险和恢复途径中的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Evaluation of a brief, online imagery rescripting intervention targeting fear-of-self in high obsessive-compulsive participants 评估一个简短的，在线图像重新描述干预针对高强迫症参与者的自我恐惧。

IF 4.5 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL

Behaviour Research and Therapy

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2025.104903

Eliza M. Ferguson, David D.J. Cooper, Jessica R. Grisham

Emerging evidence suggests that rescripting aversive memories related to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may improve symptoms and OCD-relevant cognitive and affective outcomes. We aimed to validate an online, audio-guided imagery rescripting protocol by comparing it with a focused, thought-listing control. A sample of Prolific online workers (n = 112) with high OCD symptoms identified a memory associated with OCD-related experiences, then were randomly assigned to complete either the rescripting or control task. Select outcomes were re-assessed one-week post-experiment. Feared self-perceptions improved for the rescripting, but not the control condition; these improvements were maintained for idiosyncratic and state feared-self beliefs, but not trait fear-of-self. Participants in the rescripting condition also reported significantly greater reductions in state anxiety and urge to neutralise, compared to controls. No changes were observed in obsessional beliefs for either condition. There were no between-condition differences in engagement in behavioural neutralisation post-experiment. A small but significant increase in reporting OCD symptoms was found at follow-up; this did not differ between conditions and was consistent with heightened awareness of symptoms. These findings provide preliminary evidence that imagery rescripting in a standardised audio-guided format may be an effective adjunctive treatment for OCD to facilitate cognitive and affective change.

新出现的证据表明，重新处方与强迫症（OCD）相关的厌恶记忆可能改善症状和与强迫症相关的认知和情感结果。我们的目标是通过将其与集中的、思想列表控制进行比较，来验证一个在线的、音频引导的图像重写协议。一个高强迫症症状的多产在线工作者样本（n = 112）确定了与强迫症相关的经历相关的记忆，然后被随机分配完成重新记录或控制任务。选择的结果在实验后一周重新评估。恐惧自我认知在处方组有所改善，但对照组没有；这些改善在特质和状态恐惧自我信念中得到了维持，但在特质恐惧自我信念中没有得到改善。与对照组相比，处方条件下的参与者也报告了明显更大的状态焦虑和中和冲动的减少。在两种情况下，没有观察到强迫信念的变化。实验后行为中和的参与没有条件间差异。在随访中发现，报告强迫症症状的人数有小幅但显著的增加；这在不同的情况下没有差异，并且与对症状的高度认识一致。这些发现提供了初步的证据，证明以标准化音频引导格式的图像重写可能是强迫症的有效辅助治疗，以促进认知和情感变化。

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引用次数: 0

Augmenting in vivo exposure with reward-focused strategies: A randomized controlled trial providing preliminary evidence for improved outcomes in individuals with elevated anhedonia 以奖励为中心的策略增加体内暴露：一项随机对照试验为提高快感缺乏症患者的预后提供了初步证据

IF 4.5 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL

Behaviour Research and Therapy

Pub Date : 2025-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2025.104907

Anton Regorius , Jule Lepper , Christiane A. Melzig , Christoph Benke

Objective

Exposure therapy is a first-line treatment for social anxiety, yet many individuals show limited response or relapse after treatment. Deficits in reward processes have been linked to impaired extinction learning and may undermine exposure efficacy. This study investigated whether supplementing in-vivo exposure with reward-enhancing strategies can improve outcomes for public speaking anxiety, particularly in individuals with elevated anhedonia.

Method

This preregistered study (ClinicalTrials: NCT06258889) randomized 40 adults with public speaking anxiety to: in-vivo exposure paired with reward-focused (EXP + RF) or cognitive restructuring (EXP + CR) techniques. Participants completed a preparatory and exposure session. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, intermediate and post-treatment. Primary outcomes included public speaking anxiety, assessed via Personal Report of Public Speaking Anxiety (PRPSA), and mean fear ratings during a behavioral approach test (BAT; standardized 3-min speech). Baseline anhedonia, assessed via Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (TEPS), was examined as a moderator.

Results

Both groups improved significantly in public speaking anxiety and fear during BAT from baseline to post-treatment, with no between-group differences. Exploratory analyses revealed that treatment efficacy in public speaking anxiety differed between treatment groups as a function of individuals’ levels of anhedonia. In individuals with high anhedonia, EXP + RF led to greater reduction in public speaking anxiety than EXP + CR (d = 1.43, p = .04). No differences emerged for low or medium anhedonia. Anhedonia did not moderate other outcomes.

Conclusion

Individuals with elevated anhedonia derived greater benefit from exposure therapy for social anxiety when augmented with reward-enhancing strategies, highlighting treatment optimization in this subgroup and stratified treatment planning.

目的暴露疗法是治疗社交焦虑的一线疗法，但许多个体在治疗后反应有限或复发。奖励过程的缺陷与受损的灭绝学习有关，并可能破坏暴露效果。本研究调查了体内暴露与奖励增强策略是否可以改善公共演讲焦虑的结果，特别是对快感缺乏症升高的个体。方法本预注册研究（临床试验：NCT06258889）将40名患有公开演讲焦虑的成年人随机分为两组：体内暴露与奖励聚焦（EXP + RF）或认知重构（EXP + CR）技术配对。参与者完成了准备和曝光环节。在基线、中期和治疗后对结果进行评估。主要结果包括公共演讲焦虑，通过个人公共演讲焦虑报告（PRPSA）评估，以及行为方法测试（BAT；标准化3分钟演讲）中的平均恐惧评分。基线快感缺乏症，通过时间体验的快乐量表（TEPS）评估，被检查为调节。结果两组在BAT治疗期间的公共演讲焦虑和恐惧从治疗前到治疗后均有显著改善，组间无差异。探索性分析显示，不同治疗组对演讲焦虑的治疗效果不同，这是个体快感缺乏症水平的函数。在高快感缺乏的个体中，EXP + RF比EXP + CR更能减少公共演讲焦虑（d = 1.43, p = 0.04）。低快感缺乏症和中度快感缺乏症没有差异。快感缺乏对其他结果没有缓和作用。结论高快感缺乏症患者在社交焦虑暴露治疗中获益更大，并辅以奖励增强策略，强调了该亚组的治疗优化和分层治疗计划。

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引用次数: 0

The distinctive digital phenotypes of different emotion regulation strategies 不同情绪调节策略的不同数字表型

IF 4.5 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL

Behaviour Research and Therapy

Pub Date : 2025-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2025.104887

Tomas Meaney , Vijay Yadav , Isaac R. Galatzer-Levy , Richard Bryant

Extensive research on cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression suggests that they produce distinct emotion outcomes. The present study, conducted in 2021, assessed whether these regulation strategies produced distinctive facial, vocal and linguistic responses to emotionally evocative, negative images relative to control conditions. Participants (N = 65) were asked to describe these images after being instructed to engage in cognitive reappraisal or no regulation, or expressive suppression compared to no regulation. Cognitive reappraisal was distinguished from no regulation by higher levels of vocal activity, more positive speech and less self-reported negative reactions to the images, suggesting that it changed the valence of the elicited emotion. Expressive suppression was distinguished from no regulation by diminished overall facial expressivity, negative facial expressivity and head movement deviation. These patterns indicate that these emotion regulation strategies result in distinct emotional responses across multiple emotional channels.

对认知重评和表达抑制的广泛研究表明，它们会产生不同的情绪结果。本研究于2021年进行，评估了相对于控制条件，这些调节策略是否会对情感唤起的负面图像产生不同的面部、声音和语言反应。参与者（N = 65）被要求在被指示进行认知重新评估或无调节，或与无调节相比表达抑制后描述这些图像。认知重评与不受调节的区别在于，声音活动水平更高，说话更积极，对图像的自我报告的负面反应更少，这表明它改变了引发的情绪的效价。通过整体面部表情减少、面部表情负向和头部运动偏差来区分表达抑制与无调节。这些模式表明这些情绪调节策略在多个情绪通道中导致不同的情绪反应。

引用次数: 0

Updating inferences about negative events: Does the direction of the update matter? 关于负面事件的更新推断：更新的方向重要吗？

IF 4.5 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL

Behaviour Research and Therapy

Pub Date : 2025-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2025.104904

Baraah Abu Saleh , Baruch Perlman , Gil Burg , Nilly Mor

Belief updating—the revision of beliefs in light of new evidence—is central to adaptive cognition and emotion regulation yet often disrupted in emotional disorders. This study examines the overlooked process of internally driven inferential update, the capacity to move spontaneously between competing causal explanations for an event regardless of new information. We address two gaps in literature: whether benefits depend on shift direction or on shifting itself, and whether effects persist to the next day. In two studies we tested inference updating for participants’ personally meaningful negative events. On Day 1 they were assigned to one of three conditions: shifting from depressogenic-to-benign inferences, the reverse shift, or a no-shift control condition. Outcomes were assessed immediately after the manipulation and 24 h later. We tested whether change in symptoms depended on shift direction or on the mere flexibility of shifting across inferences, regardless of direction. We further tested whether trait brooding was associated with the effects of shifting. Across studies, immediate benefits—improved mood and reduced state rumination—were specific to the depressogenic-to-benign condition. On Day 2, Study 1 showed that only the depressogenic-to-benign shift increased benign inferences, whereas Study 2 found that both shift directions did so relative to the no-shift condition. Trait brooding affected emotional reactivity and next-day inferences but did not interact with condition. These findings suggest that internally driven inferential shifts are a viable form of belief updating about emotionally-laden events and highlight the clinical utility of inferential flexibility for addressing maladaptive cognitive and emotional processes.

信念更新——根据新的证据对信念进行修正——是适应性认知和情绪调节的核心，但在情绪障碍中经常被破坏。本研究考察了被忽视的内部驱动的推理更新过程，即在一个事件的相互竞争的因果解释之间自发移动的能力，而不管新的信息。我们解决了文献中的两个空白：益处是否取决于移位方向或移位本身，以及效果是否持续到第二天。在两项研究中，我们测试了对参与者个人有意义的负面事件的推理更新。在第一天，他们被分配到三种情况中的一种：从抑郁推断转向良性推断，相反的转变，或者没有转变的控制条件。操作后立即和24小时后评估结果。我们测试了症状的改变是否取决于移动方向，还是仅仅取决于在推断中移动的灵活性，而不考虑方向。我们进一步测试了性状孵育是否与迁移效应有关。在所有的研究中，直接的好处——改善情绪和减少沉思状态——是特定于抑郁到良性状态的。在第2天，研究1显示，只有抑郁性向良性的转变增加了良性的推断，而研究2发现，相对于无转变的情况，两种转变方向都是如此。特质沉思影响情绪反应和次日推理，但与条件无交互作用。这些发现表明，内部驱动的推理转变是一种关于情绪负荷事件的信念更新的可行形式，并强调了推理灵活性在解决适应不良的认知和情绪过程中的临床应用。

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引用次数: 0

On bias and balance: Updating agentic and communal self-beliefs in social anxiety and depression 偏见与平衡：在社交焦虑和抑郁中更新主观和集体的自我信念。

IF 4.5 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL

Behaviour Research and Therapy

Pub Date : 2025-10-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2025.104905

Zohar Klein , Reut Zabag , Dan E. Hay , Einat Levy-Gigi , Eva Gilboa-Schechtman

Cognitive models propose that biased information processing in social anxiety (SA) and depression facilitates negative and inhibits the processing of positive self-information. These biases are postulated to reinforce persistent negative views of the self. Biased updating of self-beliefs in response to valanced new information in both SA and depression is theoretically postulated. The results, however, are not fully consistent with theoretical postulations. Importantly, self-information is structured around two main domains - agency (e.g., competence, assertiveness) and communion (e.g., warmth, connectedness). These domains distinctly influence the way information about the self is processed and integrated. However, this distinction is missing from the examination of self-belief updating. The current study examined how individuals update agentic and communal self-beliefs in response to negative and positive social feedback. We employed a novel ‘SocialMirror’ paradigm in a large subclinical sample (N = 560). In this two-phase reversal learning task, participants received negative feedback followed by positive feedback on their personality traits. SA was uniquely associated with increased negative updating of agentic, but not communal, self-beliefs. Depression was uniquely associated with reduced positive updating across both domains. Notably, these findings remained evident even after statistically controlling for initial beliefs. Across the sample, updating was domain dependent, with agentic traits being less malleable. These findings suggest domain- and valence-related patterns of self-belief updating in SA and depression. Results are interpreted in light of Bayesian models, emphasizing the need to integrate motivational aspects into cognitive theory. We highlight the implications of these findings for interventions aimed at updating self-belief in psychopathology.

认知模型表明，社交焦虑和抑郁的偏倚信息加工促进了消极自我信息的加工，抑制了积极自我信息的加工。这些偏见被认为是为了强化对自我的持续负面看法。在SA和抑郁症中，有偏见的自我信念更新是对有价值的新信息的反应，理论上是假设的。然而，结果并不完全符合理论假设。重要的是，自我信息是围绕两个主要领域构建的——代理（例如，能力、自信）和交流（例如，温暖、联系）。这些领域明显地影响着关于自我的信息被处理和整合的方式。然而，这种区别在自我信念更新的研究中是缺失的。目前的研究考察了个人如何在回应消极和积极的社会反馈时更新个人和群体的自我信念。我们在一个大型亚临床样本（N = 560）中采用了一种新颖的“SocialMirror”范式。在这个两阶段的逆向学习任务中，参与者先收到关于他们性格特征的负面反馈，然后收到正面反馈。SA与主观自我信念的负面更新增加有独特的关联，而与集体自我信念无关。抑郁症与这两个领域的积极更新减少有独特的联系。值得注意的是，即使在统计上控制了初始信念之后，这些发现仍然很明显。在整个样本中，更新是领域依赖的，代理特征的可塑性较小。这些发现提示了SA和抑郁症中自我信念更新的域和价相关模式。结果根据贝叶斯模型解释，强调需要将动机方面整合到认知理论中。我们强调这些发现对旨在更新精神病理学自我信念的干预措施的意义。

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引用次数: 0

Pavlovian bias instigates suboptimal choices in humans 巴甫洛夫偏见促使人类做出次优选择。

IF 4.5 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL

Behaviour Research and Therapy

Pub Date : 2025-10-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2025.104906

Luigi A.E. Degni , Claudio Danti , Gianluca Finotti , Francesca Starita , Giuseppe di Pellegrino , Sara Garofalo

Value-based decisions are often biased by Pavlovian cues in the environment, but it remains unclear how such biases affect optimal decision-making in humans. To address this, we used a novel variant of the Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer (PIT) paradigm. Participants first learned to prefer a richer option (70 % reward probability) over a poorer one (30 %) in order to maximize rewards. A baiting rule was implemented, whereby each option's reward probability increased the longer it was not selected, rendering reward matching (i.e., aligning choice proportions with reward probabilities) a close approximation of the optimal strategy. Pavlovian cues predictive of either option were then introduced during decision-making. Results showed that Pavlovian bias disrupted optimal behavior, impairing reward maximization under both nominal extinction and rewarded conditions. This effect was replicated in an independent sample. In a third experiment, weakening the cue-outcome association during Pavlovian learning reduced the bias, suggesting a causal role of cue predictiveness. Together, these findings demonstrate that Pavlovian cues can produce maladaptive choice patterns, with implications for understanding and potentially mitigating behaviors linked to impulsivity and addiction.

基于价值的决策常常受到环境中巴甫洛夫线索的影响，但目前尚不清楚这种偏见如何影响人类的最佳决策。为了解决这个问题，我们使用了巴甫洛夫-工具迁移（PIT）范式的一种新变体。参与者首先学会了选择更富的选项（70%的奖励概率），而不是更差的选项（30%），以获得最大的奖励。我们执行了一个诱饵规则，即每个选择的奖励概率随着时间的延长而增加，从而呈现出奖励匹配（即将选择比例与奖励概率对齐）是最优策略的近似值。然后在决策过程中引入预测两种选择的巴甫洛夫线索。结果表明，巴甫洛夫偏见破坏了最优行为，损害了名义灭绝和奖励条件下的奖励最大化。这种效应在一个独立的样本中得到了重复。在第三个实验中，在巴甫洛夫学习过程中，减弱线索-结果的关联减少了偏见，表明线索预测的因果作用。总之，这些发现表明，巴甫洛夫线索可以产生不适应的选择模式，这对理解和潜在地减轻与冲动和成瘾有关的行为有影响。

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引用次数: 0

From maltreatment to mistrust: Impaired belief updating as a mechanism linking childhood maltreatment to interpersonal and clinical outcomes 从虐待到不信任：受损的信念更新是将儿童虐待与人际关系和临床结果联系起来的机制。

IF 4.5 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL

Behaviour Research and Therapy

Pub Date : 2025-10-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2025.104902

Shir Porat-Butman , Görkem Ayas , Stefanie Rita Balle , Julia Carranza-Neira , Natalia E. Fares-Otero , Alla Hemi , Billy Jansson , Antonia Lüönd , Tanja Michael , Dany Laure Wadji , Misari Oe , Roxanne M. Sopp , Tanya Tandon , Ulrich Schnyder , Monique Pfaltz , Einat Levy-Gigi

Childhood maltreatment (CM), defined as caregiver-perpetrated abuse or neglect during childhood or adolescence, is associated with enduring social dysfunction. Adults with a history of CM often maintain greater interpersonal distance from both friends and strangers, regardless of relational closeness. Predictive-processing models suggest that such impairments may stem from the development of overly precise negative beliefs about others, which are resistant to updating, even in the face of contradictory information. The current study investigated whether the ability to form and update social beliefs varies as a function of CM history, and whether belief updating moderates the association between CM and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms following trauma exposure in adulthood. One hundred and eighteen participants completed a battery of questionnaires and a performance-based task assessing belief formation and updating about friends and strangers. Results indicated no CM-related differences in initial belief formation. However, as predicted, adults with a CM history showed impaired belief updating when interacting with strangers. Importantly, deficits in stranger-related belief updating moderated the relationship between CM severity and PTSD symptoms: those with poor updating showed a stronger association between CM and PTSD, while those with greater flexibility in belief updating reported low symptom levels regardless of maltreatment severity. These findings suggest that CM may disrupt adaptive belief updating in interpersonal contexts, contributing to later vulnerability to psychopathology. The results highlight the potential value of targeting social cognitive processes, particularly belief updating, in interventions aimed at improving social functioning and psychological resilience among individuals with a history of CM.

儿童虐待（CM），定义为在儿童或青少年时期由照顾者实施的虐待或忽视，与持久的社会功能障碍有关。有CM病史的成年人通常与朋友和陌生人保持更大的人际距离，无论关系亲密与否。预测处理模型表明，这种损伤可能源于对他人过于精确的负面信念的发展，即使面对矛盾的信息，这种信念也不愿更新。目前的研究调查了形成和更新社会信念的能力是否随CM历史的变化而变化，以及信念更新是否调节CM与成年期创伤暴露后创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）症状之间的关联。118名参与者完成了一系列问卷调查和一项基于表现的任务，评估对朋友和陌生人的信念形成和更新。结果显示，在初始信念形成方面没有cm相关的差异。然而，正如预测的那样，有CM病史的成年人在与陌生人互动时表现出受损的信念更新。重要的是，陌生人相关的信念更新缺陷调节了CM严重程度与PTSD症状之间的关系：更新能力差的患者CM与PTSD之间的关联更强，而信念更新灵活性更强的患者无论虐待严重程度如何，其症状水平都较低。这些发现表明，CM可能会破坏人际环境中的适应性信念更新，从而导致后来对精神病理的脆弱性。研究结果强调了针对社会认知过程的潜在价值，特别是信念更新，旨在改善有CM病史的个体的社会功能和心理弹性。

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