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Buyers’ Sourcing Strategies and Suppliers’ Markups in Bangladeshi Garments 孟加拉服装买家采购策略与供应商加价
IF 13.7 1区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-06-27 DOI: 10.1093/qje/qjad026
Julia Cajal-Grossi, Rocco Macchiavello, Guillermo Noguera
We study differences in markups earned by Bangladeshi garment exporters across buyers with different sourcing strategies and make three contributions. First, we distinguish buyers with a relational versus a spot sourcing strategy and show that a buyer’s sourcing strategy is correlated across products and origins. Buyer fixed effects explain most of the variation in sourcing strategies, suggesting that these depend on organizational capabilities. Second, we use novel data that match quantities and prices of the two main variable inputs in the production of garments (fabric and labor on sewing lines) to specific export orders. We derive conditions under which these data allow measurement of within exporter–product–time differences in markups across orders produced for different buyers. Third, we show that exporters earn higher markups on otherwise identical orders produced for relational, as opposed to spot, buyers. A sourcing model with imperfect contract enforcement, idiosyncratic shocks to exporters, and buyers that adopt different sourcing strategies trading off higher prices and reliable supply rationalizes this and other observed facts in the industry. We discuss alternative explanations and policy implications.
我们研究了孟加拉国服装出口商在不同采购策略的买家之间赚取的加价差异,并做出了三个贡献。首先,我们区分了采用关系采购策略和现货采购策略的买家,并表明买家的采购策略在产品和产地之间是相关的。买方固定效应解释了采购策略的大部分变化,表明这些变化取决于组织能力。其次,我们使用新颖的数据,将服装生产中的两个主要变量投入(面料和缝纫线上的劳动力)的数量和价格与特定的出口订单相匹配。我们推导了这些数据允许在出口商产品时间内为不同买家生产的订单加价差异的测量条件。第三,我们表明出口商在为关系买家而不是现货买家生产的相同订单上获得更高的利润。一个不完善的合同执行,对出口商的特殊冲击,以及采用不同采购策略的买家在更高的价格和可靠的供应之间进行交易的采购模型,使这一现象和其他观察到的行业事实合理化。我们讨论了不同的解释和政策含义。
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引用次数: 7
The Damages and Distortions from Discrimination in the Rental Housing Market 租赁住房市场歧视的损害与扭曲
IF 13.7 1区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-06-16 DOI: 10.1093/qje/qjad029
Peter Christensen, Christopher Timmins
By constraining an individual’s choice during a search, housing discrimination distorts sorting decisions away from true preferences and results in a ceteris paribus reduction in welfare. This study combines a large-scale field experiment with a residential sorting model to derive utility-theoretic measures of renter welfare loss associated with the constraints imposed by discrimination in the rental housing market. Results from experiments conducted in five cities show that key neighborhood amenities are associated with higher levels of discrimination. Counterfactual simulations based on the sorting model suggest that discrimination imposes damages equivalent to 4.4% and 3.5% of the annual incomes for African American and Hispanic/Latinx renters, respectively. Damages are increasing in income for African American renters, such that impacts become stronger for economically mobile households. Renters of color must make substantial investments in additional search to mitigate the costs of these constraints. We find that a naive model ignoring discrimination constraints yields biased estimates of willingness to pay for key neighborhood amenities.
住房歧视在搜索过程中限制了个人的选择,使排序决策偏离了真正的偏好,并导致福利在其他条件下的减少。本研究结合大规模实地实验与住宅分类模型,推导出租赁住房市场歧视约束下租房者福利损失的效用理论测度。在五个城市进行的实验结果表明,关键的社区设施与更高程度的歧视有关。基于分类模型的反事实模拟表明,对非裔美国人和西班牙裔/拉丁裔租房者来说,歧视造成的损失分别相当于年收入的4.4%和3.5%。非裔美国人租房者的收入损失正在增加,因此对经济流动性家庭的影响变得更大。有色人种的租房者必须在额外的搜索上进行大量投资,以减轻这些限制的成本。我们发现,忽略歧视约束的幼稚模型会产生对关键社区设施支付意愿的偏差估计。
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引用次数: 0
An Economic Framework for Vaccine Prioritization 疫苗优先排序的经济框架
1区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-06-12 DOI: 10.1093/qje/qjad022
Mohammad Akbarpour, Eric Budish, Piotr Dworczak, Scott Duke Kominers
Abstract We propose an economic framework for determining the optimal allocation of a scarce supply of vaccines that become gradually available during a public health crisis, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Agents differ in observable and unobservable characteristics, and the designer maximizes a social-welfare function over all feasible mechanisms—accounting for agents’ characteristics, as well as their endogenous behavior in the face of the pandemic. The framework emphasizes the role of externalities and incorporates equity as well as efficiency concerns. Our results provide an economic justification for providing vaccines immediately and for free to some groups of agents, while at the same time showing that a carefully constructed pricing mechanism can improve outcomes by screening for individuals with the highest private and social benefits of receiving the vaccine. The solution casts light on the classic question of whether prices or priorities should be used to allocate scarce public resources under externalities and equity concerns.
我们提出了一个经济框架,用于确定在公共卫生危机(如COVID-19大流行)期间逐渐可用的稀缺疫苗供应的最佳分配。代理人在可观察和不可观察的特征上有所不同,设计者在所有可行的机制上最大化社会福利函数——考虑代理人的特征,以及他们面对流行病时的内生行为。该框架强调外部因素的作用,并纳入公平和效率问题。我们的研究结果为立即向某些代理群体免费提供疫苗提供了经济理由,同时表明精心构建的定价机制可以通过筛选获得最高私人和社会效益的个体来改善结果。该解决方案阐明了一个经典问题:在外部性和公平性问题下,应该使用价格还是优先级来分配稀缺的公共资源。
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引用次数: 3
Children’s Indirect Exposure to the U.S. Justice System: Evidence from Longitudinal Links Between Survey and Administrative Data 儿童对美国司法系统的间接暴露:来自调查和行政数据之间纵向联系的证据
IF 13.7 1区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-06-09 DOI: 10.1093/qje/qjad021
Keith Finlay, Michael Mueller-Smith, Brittany Street
Children’s indirect exposure to the justice system through biological parents or coresident adults is both a marker of their own vulnerability and a measure of the justice system’s expansive reach in society. Estimating the size of this population for the United States has historically been hampered by inadequate data resources, including the inability to (1) observe nonincarceration events, (2) follow children throughout their childhood, and (3) measure adult nonbiological parent cohabitants. To overcome these challenges, we leverage billions of restricted administrative and survey records linked with Criminal Justice Administrative Records System data, and find substantially larger exposure rates than previously reported: prison, 9% of children born between 1999–2005; felony conviction, 18%; and any criminal charge, 39%. Charge exposure rates exceed 60% for Black, American Indian, and low-income children. While broader definitions reach a more expansive population, strong and consistently negative correlations with childhood well-being suggest these remain valuable predictors of vulnerability. Finally, we document substantial geographic variation in exposure, which we leverage in a movers design to estimate the effect of living in a high-exposure county during childhood. We find that children moving into high-exposure counties are more likely to experience postmove exposure events and exhibit significantly worse outcomes by age 26 on multiple dimensions (earnings, criminal activity, teen parenthood, mortality); impacts are strongest for those who moved at earlier ages.
儿童通过亲生父母或共同成人间接接触司法系统,既是他们自身脆弱性的标志,也是司法系统在社会中广泛影响的衡量标准。由于数据资源不足,估计美国这一人口的规模历来受到阻碍,包括无法(1)观察非监禁事件,(2)跟踪儿童的整个童年,(3)测量非亲生父母的成年同居者。为了克服这些挑战,我们利用了与刑事司法行政记录系统数据相关的数十亿受限制的行政和调查记录,发现暴露率比之前报道的要高得多:监狱,1999-2005年间出生的儿童中有9%;重罪定罪,18%;任何刑事指控,39%。黑人、美洲印第安人和低收入家庭儿童的收费暴露率超过60%。虽然更广泛的定义适用于更广泛的人群,但与儿童福祉的强烈且持续的负相关表明,这些仍然是脆弱性的有价值的预测指标。最后,我们记录了暴露的大量地理差异,我们在搬运工设计中利用这些差异来估计童年时期生活在高暴露县的影响。我们发现,搬到高暴露县的儿童更有可能经历迁移后暴露事件,并且在26岁时在多个维度(收入、犯罪活动、青少年父母身份、死亡率)上表现出明显更差的结果;对于那些在较早年龄搬家的人来说,影响最大。
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引用次数: 0
Labor Market Dynamics and Development 劳动力市场动态与发展
1区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-05-27 DOI: 10.1093/qje/qjad019
Kevin Donovan, Will Jianyu Lu, Todd Schoellman
Abstract We provide new evidence on how labor market dynamics vary with development. We build a new data set consisting of harmonized microdata from rotating panel labor force surveys covering 80 million people from 49 countries. Labor market flows, such as the job-finding or employment exit rate, are higher in developing economies. These higher flows largely reflect a slippery job ladder: workers transition frequently to and from marginal employment without climbing to or persisting in better-paying jobs. Subsistence self-employment and different patterns of selection for wage workers each play a role in our findings and are useful avenues for future theories of labor market frictions.
摘要我们为劳动力市场动态如何随发展而变化提供了新的证据。我们建立了一个新的数据集,由来自49个国家的8000万人的轮换面板劳动力调查的协调微数据组成。发展中经济体的劳动力市场流动,如求职率或就业退出率较高。这些较高的流动在很大程度上反映了一个不稳定的工作阶梯:工人经常从边缘工作过渡到边缘工作,而没有爬到或坚持到收入更高的工作。自给自足的自营职业和不同的工资工人选择模式都在我们的研究结果中发挥了作用,并为未来的劳动力市场摩擦理论提供了有用的途径。
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引用次数: 1
A Quantity-Driven Theory of Term Premia and Exchange Rates 期限溢价和汇率的数量驱动理论
IF 13.7 1区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-05-27 DOI: 10.1093/qje/qjad024
Robin Greenwood, Samuel Hanson, Jeremy C Stein, Adi Sunderam
We develop a model in which specialized bond investors must absorb shocks to the supply and demand for long-term bonds in two currencies. Since long-term bonds and foreign exchange are both exposed to unexpected movements in short-term interest rates, a shift in the supply of long-term bonds in one currency influences the foreign exchange rate between the two currencies, as well as bond term premia in both currencies. Our model matches several important empirical patterns, including the comovement between exchange rates and term premia, as well as the finding that central banks’ quantitative-easing policies impact exchange rates. An extension of our model links spot exchange rates to the persistent deviations from covered interest rate parity that have emerged since 2008.
我们开发了一个模型,在这个模型中,专业债券投资者必须吸收两种货币长期债券的供求冲击。由于长期债券和外汇都受到短期利率意外变动的影响,一种货币长期债券供应的变化会影响两种货币之间的汇率,以及两种货币的债券期限溢价。我们的模型匹配了几个重要的经验模式,包括汇率和期限溢价之间的变动,以及央行量化宽松政策影响汇率的发现。我们的模型的延伸将现货汇率与2008年以来出现的持续偏离覆盖利率平价联系起来。
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引用次数: 0
Seeing What is Representative 看到什么是有代表性的
IF 13.7 1区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-05-27 DOI: 10.1093/qje/qjad020
Ignacio Esponda, Ryan Oprea, Sevgi Yuksel
We provide evidence for a bias that we call “representative signal distortion” (RSD) which is particularly relevant to settings of statistical discrimination. Experimental subjects distort their evaluation of new evidence on individual group members and interpret such information to be more representative of the group to which the individual belongs (relative to a reference group) than it really is. This produces a discriminatory gap in the evaluation of members of the two groups. Because it is driven by representativeness, the bias (and the discriminatory gap) disappears when subjects are prevented from contrasting different groups; because it is a bias in the interpretation of information, it disappears when subjects receive information before learning of the individual’s group. We show that this bias can be easily estimated from appropriately constructed datasets and can be distinguished from previously documented inferential biases in the literature. Importantly, we document how removing the bias produces a kind of free lunch in reducing discrimination, making it possible to significantly reduce discrimination without lowering accuracy of inferences.
我们为一种偏差提供证据,我们称之为“代表性信号失真”(RSD),这与统计歧视的设置特别相关。实验对象歪曲了他们对个别小组成员的新证据的评价,并将这些信息解释为比实际情况更能代表个人所属的小组(相对于参考小组)。这就造成了对这两个群体成员的评价存在歧视性差距。因为它是由代表性驱动的,当受试者被阻止对比不同的群体时,偏见(和歧视性差距)就会消失;因为这是对信息解释的一种偏见,所以当被试在了解个体所在群体之前接受信息时,这种偏见就会消失。我们表明,这种偏差可以很容易地从适当构建的数据集中估计出来,并且可以与文献中先前记录的推断偏差区分开来。重要的是,我们记录了消除偏见如何在减少歧视方面产生一种免费的午餐,使得在不降低推理准确性的情况下显著减少歧视成为可能。
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引用次数: 2
A Fiscal Theory of Persistent Inflation 持续通货膨胀的财政理论
IF 13.7 1区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-05-27 DOI: 10.1093/qje/qjad027
Francesco Bianchi, Renato Faccini, Leonardo Melosi
We develop a new class of general-equilibrium models with partially unfunded debt to propose a fiscal theory of persistent inflation. In response to business cycle shocks, the monetary authority controls inflation and the fiscal authority stabilizes debt. However, the central bank accommodates unfunded fiscal shocks, causing persistent movements in inflation, output, and real interest rates. In an estimated quantitative model, fiscal inflation accounts for the bulk of inflation dynamics. In the aftermath of the pandemic, unfunded fiscal shocks sustain the recovery, but also cause a persistent increase in inflation. The model is able to predict the inflationary effects of the American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA) fiscal stimulus out of sample and with real time data.
我们开发了一类新的具有部分无资金债务的一般均衡模型,以提出持续通货膨胀的财政理论。为了应对商业周期的冲击,货币当局控制通胀,财政当局稳定债务。然而,中央银行容忍无资金支持的财政冲击,导致通胀、产出和实际利率的持续波动。在估计的定量模型中,财政通货膨胀占通货膨胀动态的大部分。在大流行之后,无资金支持的财政冲击维持了复苏,但也导致通货膨胀持续上升。该模型能够在样本外和实时数据中预测美国救助计划法案(ARPA)财政刺激的通货膨胀效应。
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引用次数: 7
Economic Consequences of Kinship: Evidence From U.S. Bans on Cousin Marriage 亲属关系的经济后果:来自美国禁止表亲结婚的证据
IF 13.7 1区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-05-27 DOI: 10.1093/qje/qjad018
Arkadev Ghosh, Sam Il Myoung Hwang, Munir Squires
Close-kin marriage, by sustaining tightly knit family structures, may impede development. We find support for this hypothesis using U.S. state bans on cousin marriage. Our measure of cousin marriage comes from the excess frequency of same-surname marriages, a method borrowed from population genetics that we apply to millions of marriage records from the eighteenth to the twentieth century. Using census data, we first show that married cousins are more rural and have lower-paying occupations. We then turn to an event study analysis to understand how cousin marriage bans affected outcomes for treated birth cohorts. We find that these bans led individuals from families with high rates of cousin marriage to migrate off farms and into urban areas. They also gradually shift to higher-paying occupations. We also observe increased dispersion, with individuals from these families living in a wider range of locations and adopting more diverse occupations. Our findings suggest that these changes were driven by the social and cultural effects of dispersed family ties rather than genetics. Notably, the bans also caused more people to live in institutional settings for the elderly, infirm, or destitute, suggesting weaker support from kin.
近亲婚姻,通过维持紧密的家庭结构,可能阻碍发展。我们用美国各州禁止表亲结婚的禁令来支持这一假设。我们对表亲婚姻的衡量来自于同姓婚姻的过度频率,这是一种借鉴于人口遗传学的方法,我们将其应用于从18世纪到20世纪的数百万份婚姻记录。利用人口普查数据,我们首先表明,已婚表亲更多地来自农村,从事的职业收入较低。然后,我们转向事件研究分析,以了解表亲婚姻禁令如何影响治疗出生队列的结果。我们发现,这些禁令导致来自表亲通婚率高的家庭的个人从农村迁移到城市地区。他们也逐渐转向收入更高的职业。我们还观察到离散性的增加,来自这些家庭的个体生活在更广泛的地方,从事更多样化的职业。我们的研究结果表明,这些变化是由分散的家庭关系的社会和文化影响而不是遗传驱动的。值得注意的是,这些禁令还导致更多的人住在老年人、体弱者或贫困者的机构里,这表明来自亲属的支持减弱了。
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引用次数: 6
Cognitive Uncertainty 认知不确定性
1区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-05-27 DOI: 10.1093/qje/qjad025
Benjamin Enke, Thomas Graeber
Abstract This article documents the economic relevance of measuring cognitive uncertainty: people’s subjective uncertainty over their ex ante utility-maximizing decision. In a series of experiments on choice under risk, the formation of beliefs, and forecasts of economic variables, we show that cognitive uncertainty predicts various systematic biases in economic decisions. When people are cognitively uncertain—either endogenously or because the problem is designed to be complex—their decisions are heavily attenuated functions of objective probabilities, which gives rise to average behavior that is regressive to an intermediate option. This insight ties together a wide range of empirical regularities in behavioral economics that are typically viewed as distinct phenomena or even as reflecting preferences, including the probability weighting function in choice under risk; base rate insensitivity, conservatism, and sample size effects in belief updating; and predictable overoptimism and -pessimism in forecasts of economic variables. Our results offer a blueprint for how a simple measurement of cognitive uncertainty generates novel insights about what people find complex and how they respond to it.
摘要本文记录了测量认知不确定性的经济相关性:人们对其事前效用最大化决策的主观不确定性。在风险选择、信念形成和经济变量预测的一系列实验中,我们发现认知不确定性预测了经济决策中的各种系统性偏差。当人们在认知上不确定时——要么是内在的,要么是因为问题被设计得很复杂——他们的决定是客观概率的严重衰减函数,这导致了平均行为向中间选择的回归。这种见解将行为经济学中广泛的经验规律联系在一起,这些规律通常被视为独特的现象,甚至反映了偏好,包括风险下选择的概率加权函数;信念更新中的基率不敏感性、保守性和样本量效应在对经济变量的预测中,可预见的过度乐观和过度悲观。我们的研究结果为认知不确定性的简单测量如何产生关于人们认为什么是复杂的以及他们如何对此做出反应的新见解提供了蓝图。
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引用次数: 0
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Quarterly Journal of Economics
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