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Justifying Dissent 证明异议
1区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-01-24 DOI: 10.1093/qje/qjad007
Leonardo Bursztyn, Georgy Egorov, Ingar Haaland, Aakaash Rao, Christopher Roth
Abstract Dissent plays an important role in any society, but dissenters are often silenced through social sanctions. Beyond their persuasive effects, rationales providing arguments supporting dissenters’ causes can increase the public expression of dissent by providing a “social cover” for voicing otherwise stigmatized positions. Motivated by a simple theoretical framework, we experimentally show that liberals are more willing to post a tweet opposing the movement to defund the police, are seen as less prejudiced, and face lower social sanctions when their tweet implies they had first read credible scientific evidence supporting their position. Analogous experiments with conservatives demonstrate that the same mechanisms facilitate anti-immigrant expression. Our findings highlight both the power of rationales and their limitations in enabling dissent and shed light on phenomena such as social movements, political correctness, propaganda, and antiminority behavior.
异议在任何社会中都扮演着重要的角色,但异议者往往因社会制裁而被噤声。除了具有说服力之外,为持不同政见者的理由提供支持的理由,还可以通过为表达不受歧视的立场提供“社会掩护”,从而增加公众对不同政见者的表达。在一个简单的理论框架的推动下,我们通过实验表明,当自由主义者的推文暗示他们首先阅读了支持其立场的可靠科学证据时,他们更愿意发布推文反对为警察撤资的运动,被视为较少偏见,并且面临较少的社会制裁。对保守派的类似实验表明,同样的机制促进了反移民的表达。我们的研究结果强调了理性的力量及其在支持异议方面的局限性,并揭示了诸如社会运动、政治正确、宣传和反少数群体行为等现象。
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引用次数: 5
Misdemeanor Prosecution 轻罪起诉
1区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-01-23 DOI: 10.1093/qje/qjad005
Amanda Agan, Jennifer L Doleac, Anna Harvey
Abstract Communities across the United States are reconsidering the public safety benefits of prosecuting nonviolent misdemeanor offenses, yet there is little empirical evidence to inform policy in this area. We report the first estimates of the causal effects of misdemeanor prosecution on defendants’ subsequent criminal justice involvement. We leverage the as-if random assignment of nonviolent misdemeanor cases to assistant district attorneys (ADAs) who decide whether a case should be prosecuted in the Suffolk County District Attorney’s Office in Massachusetts. These ADAs vary in the average leniency of their prosecution decisions. We find that for the marginal defendant, nonprosecution of a nonviolent misdemeanor offense leads to a 53% reduction in the likelihood of a new criminal complaint and a 60% reduction in the number of new criminal complaints over the next two years. These local average treatment effects are largest for defendants without prior criminal records, suggesting that averting criminal record acquisition is an important mechanism driving our findings. We also present evidence that a recent policy change in Suffolk County imposing a presumption of nonprosecution for nonviolent misdemeanor offenses had similar beneficial effects, decreasing the likelihood of subsequent criminal justice involvement.
美国各地的社区都在重新考虑起诉非暴力轻罪对公共安全的好处,但在这一领域,几乎没有经验证据可以为政策提供信息。我们报告了对轻罪起诉对被告随后的刑事司法参与的因果影响的第一次估计。我们将非暴力轻罪案件随机分配给助理地区检察官(ADAs),由他们决定是否在马萨诸塞州萨福克县地区检察官办公室起诉一个案件。这些助理检察官的起诉决定的平均宽大程度各不相同。我们发现,对于边缘被告,非暴力轻罪的不起诉导致在接下来的两年里,新的刑事诉讼的可能性降低了53%新的刑事诉讼的数量减少了60%。对于没有犯罪记录的被告,这些当地平均治疗效果最大,这表明避免获取犯罪记录是推动我们研究结果的重要机制。我们还提供证据表明,萨福克县最近的一项政策变化,对非暴力轻罪推定不起诉,具有类似的有益效果,降低了随后刑事司法介入的可能性。
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引用次数: 3
Learning from Shared News: When Abundant Information Leads to Belief Polarization 从分享的新闻中学习:当丰富的信息导致信仰两极分化
1区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-01-09 DOI: 10.1093/qje/qjac045
Renee Bowen, Danil Dmitriev, Simone Galperti
Abstract We study learning via shared news. Each period agents receive the same quantity and quality of firsthand information and can share it with friends. Some friends (possibly few) share selectively, generating heterogeneous news diets across agents. Agents are aware of selective sharing and update beliefs by Bayes’s rule. Contrary to standard learning results, we show that beliefs can diverge in this environment, leading to polarization. This requires that (i) agents hold misperceptions (even minor) about friends’ sharing and (ii) information quality is sufficiently low. Polarization can worsen when agents’ friend networks expand. When the quantity of firsthand information becomes large, agents can hold opposite extreme beliefs, resulting in severe polarization. We find that news aggregators can curb polarization caused by news sharing. Our results hold without media bias or fake news, so eliminating these is not sufficient to reduce polarization. When fake news is included, it can lead to polarization but only through misperceived selective sharing. We apply our theory to shed light on the polarization of public opinion about climate change in the United States.
我们通过分享新闻来研究学习。每个时期的代理收到相同数量和质量的第一手信息,并可以与朋友分享。一些朋友(可能很少)有选择地分享,在代理之间产生异质的新闻饮食。根据贝叶斯规则,智能体意识到选择性共享和更新信念。与标准的学习结果相反,我们表明信念在这种环境中会发生分歧,导致两极分化。这需要(i)代理人对朋友的分享有误解(即使是轻微的误解),(ii)信息质量足够低。当代理人的朋友网络扩大时,两极分化会加剧。当第一手信息的数量变大时,代理人可能持有相反的极端信念,导致严重的两极分化。我们发现新闻聚合器可以抑制由新闻分享引起的两极分化。我们的结果在没有媒体偏见或假新闻的情况下成立,因此消除这些并不足以减少两极分化。当包含假新闻时,它可能导致两极分化,但只有通过错误的选择性分享。我们运用我们的理论来阐明美国关于气候变化的公众舆论的两极分化。
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引用次数: 3
The Fractured-Land Hypothesis 断裂土地假说
1区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-01-09 DOI: 10.1093/qje/qjad003
Jesús Fernández-Villaverde, Mark Koyama, Youhong Lin, Tuan-Hwee Sng
Abstract Patterns of state formation have crucial implications for comparative economic development. Diamond (1997) famously argued that “fractured land” was responsible for China’s tendency toward political unification and Europe’s protracted polycentrism. We build a dynamic model with granular geographical information in terms of topographical features and the location of productive agricultural land to quantitatively gauge the effects of fractured land on state formation in Eurasia. We find that topography alone is sufficient but not necessary to explain polycentrism in Europe and unification in China. Differences in land productivity, in particular the existence of a core region of high land productivity in northern China, deliver the same result. We discuss how our results map into observed historical outcomes, assess how robust our findings are, and analyze the differences between theory and data in Africa and the Americas.
国家形成模式对比较经济发展具有至关重要的影响。戴蒙德(1997)提出了著名的观点,即“破碎的土地”是中国倾向于政治统一和欧洲旷日持久的多中心主义的原因。我们根据地形特征和生产性农业用地的位置建立了一个包含颗粒地理信息的动态模型,以定量衡量欧亚大陆破碎土地对国家形成的影响。我们发现,对于解释欧洲的多中心主义和中国的统一,地形本身是充分的,但不是必要的。土地生产力的差异,特别是中国北方存在的高土地生产力核心区,提供了同样的结果。我们讨论了我们的结果如何映射到观察到的历史结果,评估了我们的发现的可靠性,并分析了非洲和美洲的理论和数据之间的差异。
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引用次数: 3
Market Power and Spatial Competition in Rural India 印度农村的市场力量和空间竞争
1区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-01-09 DOI: 10.1093/qje/qjad004
Shoumitro Chatterjee
Abstract Market power of intermediaries contributes to the low incomes of farmers in India. I study the role of spatial competition between intermediaries in determining the prices that farmers receive in India by focusing on a law that restricts farmers to selling their goods to intermediaries in their own state. I show that the discontinuities in market power generated by the law translate into discontinuities in prices. Increasing spatial competition by one standard deviation causes prices received by farmers to increase by 6.4%. I propose and estimate a quantitative spatial model of bargaining and trade to shed light on spatial and aggregate implications. Estimates from the structural model suggest that removing the interstate trade restriction in India would increase competition between intermediaries. Thereby average farmer prices and their output would increase by at least 11% and 7%, respectively. The value of the national crop output would increase by at least 18%. However, there are distributional consequences as well, as some farmers stand to lose due to increased local production.
中间商的市场支配力是造成印度农民收入偏低的原因之一。我研究了中介机构之间的空间竞争在决定印度农民获得的价格方面的作用,重点关注了一项限制农民向自己邦的中介机构出售商品的法律。我展示了由法律产生的市场力量的不连续性转化为价格的不连续性。空间竞争每增加一个标准差,农民获得的价格就会增加6.4%。我提出并估计了一个议价和贸易的定量空间模型,以阐明空间和总体影响。结构模型的估计表明,取消印度的州际贸易限制将增加中间商之间的竞争。因此,农民的平均价格和产量将分别增长至少11%和7%。全国农作物产值将至少增加18%。然而,也有分配方面的后果,因为一些农民会因为当地产量的增加而蒙受损失。
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引用次数: 5
Cutting the Innovation Engine: How Federal Funding Shocks Affect University Patenting, Entrepreneurship, and Publications 切断创新引擎:联邦资金冲击如何影响大学专利、创业和出版
1区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-01-09 DOI: 10.1093/qje/qjac046
Tania Babina, Alex Xi He, Sabrina T Howell, Elisabeth Ruth Perlman, Joseph Staudt
Abstract This article studies how federal funding affects the innovation outputs of university researchers. We link person-level research grants from 22 universities to patents, publications, and career outcomes from the U.S. Census Bureau. We focus on the effects of large, idiosyncratic, and temporary cuts to federal funding in a researcher’s preexisting narrow field of study. Using an event study design, we document that these negative federal funding shocks reduce high-tech entrepreneurship and publications but increase patenting. The lost publications tend to be higher quality and more basic, whereas the additional patents tend to be lower quality, less general, and more often privately assigned. These federal funding cuts lead to an increase in private funding, which partially compensates for the decline in federal funding. Together with evidence from industry-university contracts, the results suggest that federal funding cuts shift university research funding from federal to private sources and lead to innovation outputs that are less openly accessible and more often appropriated by corporate funders.
摘要本文研究了联邦资助对高校科研人员创新产出的影响。我们将22所大学的个人研究资助与美国人口普查局的专利、出版物和职业成果联系起来。我们关注的是,在研究人员先前存在的狭窄研究领域中,大规模、特殊和临时削减联邦资助的影响。使用事件研究设计,我们证明这些负面的联邦资金冲击减少了高科技创业和出版物,但增加了专利申请。失去的出版物往往质量更高,更基本,而额外的专利往往质量较低,不那么普遍,更多的是私人转让。这些联邦资金的削减导致私人资金的增加,这部分弥补了联邦资金的减少。结合产学研合同的证据,研究结果表明,联邦资金削减将大学研究资金从联邦资金转移到私人资金来源,导致创新产出不太容易公开获取,而且更经常被企业资助者挪用。
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引用次数: 4
Globalization, Trade Imbalances, and Labor Market Adjustment 全球化、贸易失衡与劳动力市场调整
1区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-01-02 DOI: 10.1093/qje/qjac043
Rafael Dix-Carneiro, João Paulo Pessoa, Ricardo Reyes-Heroles, Sharon Traiberman
Abstract We argue that modeling trade imbalances is crucial for understanding transitional dynamics in response to globalization shocks. We build and estimate a general equilibrium, multicountry, multisector model of trade with two key ingredients: (i) endogenous trade imbalances arising from households’ consumption and saving decisions; (ii) labor market frictions across and within sectors. We use our model to perform several empirical exercises. We find that the “China shock” accounted for 28% of the decline in U.S. manufacturing between 2000 and 2014—1.65 times the magnitude predicted from a model imposing balanced trade. A concurrent rise in U.S. service employment led to a negligible aggregate unemployment response. We benchmark our model’s predictions for the gains from trade against the popular ACR sufficient-statistics approach. We find that our predictions for the long-run gains from trade and consumption dynamics significantly diverge.
摘要本文认为,建立贸易失衡模型对于理解应对全球化冲击的转型动态至关重要。我们建立并估计了一个具有两个关键要素的一般均衡、多国、多部门贸易模型:(i)由家庭消费和储蓄决策引起的内生贸易失衡;(ii)部门之间和部门内部的劳动力市场摩擦。我们使用我们的模型来执行几个实证练习。我们发现,2000年至2014年间,“中国冲击”占美国制造业衰退的28%,是贸易平衡模型预测的幅度的65倍。与此同时,美国服务业就业的增加导致总体失业率的反应微不足道。我们将模型对贸易收益的预测与流行的ACR充分统计方法进行对比。我们发现,我们对贸易和消费动态带来的长期收益的预测存在显著分歧。
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引用次数: 7
ORIGINS OF THE OPIOID CRISIS AND ITS ENDURING IMPACTS. 阿片类药物危机的起源及其持久影响。
IF 11.1 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-05-01 Epub Date: 2021-11-13 DOI: 10.1093/qje/qjab043
Abby Alpert, William N Evans, Ethan M J Lieber, David Powell

Overdose deaths involving opioids have increased dramatically since the 1990s, leading to the worst drug overdose epidemic in U.S. history, but there is limited empirical evidence about the initial causes. In this article, we examine the role of the 1996 introduction and marketing of OxyContin as a potential leading cause of the opioid crisis. We leverage cross-state variation in exposure to OxyContin's introduction due to a state policy that substantially limited the drug's early entry and marketing in select states. Recently unsealed court documents involving Purdue Pharma show that state-based triplicate prescription programs posed a major obstacle to sales of OxyContin and suggest that less marketing was targeted to states with these programs. We find that OxyContin distribution was more than 50% lower in "triplicate states" in the years after the drug's launch. Although triplicate states had higher rates of overdose deaths prior to 1996, this relationship flipped shortly after the launch and triplicate states saw substantially slower growth in overdose deaths, continuing even 20 years after OxyContin's introduction. Our results show that the introduction and marketing of OxyContin explain a substantial share of overdose deaths over the past two decades.

自20世纪90年代以来,与阿片类药物有关的过量死亡人数急剧增加,导致美国历史上最严重的药物过量流行,但关于最初原因的经验证据有限。在这篇文章中,我们研究了1996年奥施康定的引入和营销作为阿片类药物危机的潜在主要原因的作用。我们利用了奥施康定引入的跨州差异,因为州政策实质上限制了该药物在某些州的早期进入和营销。最近公布的涉及普渡制药的法庭文件显示,各州的重复处方计划对奥施康定的销售构成了主要障碍,并表明针对这些计划的州的营销活动较少。我们发现,在奥施康定上市后的几年里,该药物在“三联体州”的分销减少了50%以上。虽然在1996年之前,三联体州的过量死亡率较高,但在奥施康定推出后不久,这种关系就发生了逆转,三联体州的过量死亡率增长明显放缓,甚至在奥施康定推出20年后仍在继续。我们的研究结果表明,奥施康定的引进和营销解释了过去二十年过量死亡的很大一部分。
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引用次数: 0
Selection with Variation in Diagnostic Skill: Evidence from Radiologists. 诊断技能差异的选择:来自放射科医生的证据。
IF 11.1 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-01-21 eCollection Date: 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1093/qje/qjab048
David C Chan, Matthew Gentzkow, Chuan Yu

Physicians, judges, teachers, and agents in many other settings differ systematically in the decisions they make when faced with similar cases. Standard approaches to interpreting and exploiting such differences assume they arise solely from variation in preferences. We develop an alternative framework that allows variation in preferences and diagnostic skill and show that both dimensions may be partially identified in standard settings under quasi-random assignment. We apply this framework to study pneumonia diagnoses by radiologists. Diagnosis rates vary widely among radiologists, and descriptive evidence suggests that a large component of this variation is due to differences in diagnostic skill. Our estimated model suggests that radiologists view failing to diagnose a patient with pneumonia as more costly than incorrectly diagnosing one without, and that this leads less skilled radiologists to optimally choose lower diagnostic thresholds. Variation in skill can explain 39% of the variation in diagnostic decisions, and policies that improve skill perform better than uniform decision guidelines. Failing to account for skill variation can lead to highly misleading results in research designs that use agent assignments as instruments.

医生、法官、教师和其他许多环境中的代理人在面对类似情况时所做出的决定也存在系统性差异。解释和利用这种差异的标准方法假定它们完全源于偏好的差异。我们建立了一个允许偏好和诊断技能差异的替代框架,并证明在准随机分配的标准环境下,这两个维度都可以被部分识别。我们将这一框架应用于研究放射科医生对肺炎的诊断。放射科医生之间的诊断率差异很大,而描述性证据表明,这种差异的很大一部分是由于诊断技能的差异造成的。我们估计的模型表明,放射科医生认为未能诊断出肺炎患者比错误诊断出非肺炎患者的成本更高,这导致技术水平较低的放射科医生最佳选择较低的诊断阈值。技术水平的差异可以解释诊断决策中 39% 的差异,而提高技术水平的政策比统一的决策指南效果更好。在使用代理分配作为工具的研究设计中,如果不考虑技能差异,就会导致极具误导性的结果。
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引用次数: 0
Mortality Effects and Choice Across Private Health Insurance Plans. 私人医疗保险计划的死亡率影响和选择。
IF 13.7 1区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2021-08-01 Epub Date: 2021-05-06 DOI: 10.1093/qje/qjab017
Jason Abaluck, Mauricio Caceres Bravo, Peter Hull, Amanda Starc

Competition in health insurance markets may fail to improve health outcomes if consumers are not able to identify high quality plans. We develop and apply a novel instrumental variables framework to quantify the variation in causal mortality effects across plans and how much consumers attend to this variation. We first document large differences in the observed mortality rates of Medicare Advantage plans within local markets. We then show that when plans with high (low) mortality rates exit these markets, enrollees tend to switch to more typical plans and subsequently experience lower (higher) mortality. We derive and validate a novel "fallback condition" governing the subsequent choices of those affected by plan exits. When the fallback condition is satisfied, plan terminations can be used to estimate the relationship between observed plan mortality rates and causal mortality effects. Applying the framework, we find that mortality rates unbiasedly predict causal mortality effects. We then extend our framework to study other predictors of plan mortality effects and estimate consumer willingness to pay. Higher spending plans tend to reduce enrollee mortality, but existing quality ratings are uncorrelated with plan mortality effects. Consumers place little weight on mortality effects when choosing plans. Good insurance plans dramatically reduce mortality, and redirecting consumers to such plans could improve beneficiary health.

如果消费者无法识别高质量的计划,医疗保险市场的竞争可能无法改善健康结果。我们开发并应用了一个新颖的工具变量框架来量化不同计划之间因果死亡率效应的差异,以及消费者对这种差异的关注程度。我们首先记录了在当地市场中观察到的医疗保险优势计划死亡率的巨大差异。然后我们表明,当死亡率高(低)的计划退出这些市场时,参保者往往会转向更典型的计划,并随后经历较低(较高)的死亡率。我们推导并验证了一个新的 "回退条件",该条件制约着受计划退出影响的人的后续选择。当回退条件满足时,计划终止可用于估计观察到的计划死亡率与因果死亡率效应之间的关系。应用该框架,我们发现死亡率可以无偏地预测因果死亡率效应。然后,我们扩展我们的框架,研究计划死亡率效应的其他预测因素,并估算消费者的支付意愿。高支出计划往往会降低参保者的死亡率,但现有的质量评级与计划的死亡率效应并不相关。消费者在选择保险计划时很少考虑死亡率效应。好的保险计划能显著降低死亡率,将消费者导向这样的计划可以改善受益人的健康状况。
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引用次数: 0
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Quarterly Journal of Economics
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