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Joint short-time speaker recognition and tracking using sparsity-based source detection 基于稀疏源检测的联合短时说话人识别与跟踪
IF 1.4 3区 物理与天体物理 Q4 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/aacus/2023004
Yao Guo, Hongyan Zhu
A random finite set-based sequential Monte–Carlo tracking method is proposed to track multiple acoustic sources in indoor scenarios. The proposed method can improve tracking performance by introducing recognized speaker identities from the received signals. At the front-end, the degenerate unmixing estimation technique (DUET) is employed to separate the mixed signals, and the time delay of arrival (TDOA) is measured. In addition, a criterion to select the reliable microphone pair is designed to quickly obtain accurate speaker identities from the mixed signals, and the Gaussian mixture model universal background model (GMM-UBM) is employed to train the speaker model. In the tracking step, the update of the weight for each particle is derived after introducing the recognized speaker identities, which results in better association between the measurements and sources. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can improve the accuracy of the filter states and discriminate the sources close to each other.
针对室内多声源的跟踪问题,提出了一种基于随机有限集的顺序蒙特卡罗跟踪方法。该方法通过从接收信号中引入可识别的说话人身份来提高跟踪性能。前端采用退化解混估计技术(DUET)对混合信号进行分离,并测量到达时延(TDOA)。此外,设计了可靠麦克风对选择准则,从混合信号中快速获得准确的说话人身份,并采用高斯混合模型通用背景模型(GMM-UBM)对说话人模型进行训练。在跟踪步骤中,引入识别的说话人身份后,导出每个粒子的权值更新,从而使测量值与源之间的关联更好。仿真结果表明,该方法可以提高滤波状态的精度,并能区分出彼此接近的源。
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引用次数: 0
A direct-hybrid CFD/CAA method based on lattice Boltzmann and acoustic perturbation equations 基于晶格玻尔兹曼方程和声扰动方程的直接混合CFD/CAA方法
IF 1.4 3区 物理与天体物理 Q4 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/aacus/2022062
Miro Gondrum, S. Satcunanathan, Ansgar Niemöller, M. Meinke, W. Schröder
The accuracy of two direct coupled two-step CFD/CAA methods is discussed. For the flow field either a finite-volume (FV) method for the solution of the Navier–Stokes equations or a lattice Boltzmann (LB) method is coupled to a discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method for the solution of the acoustic perturbation equations. The coupling takes advantage of a joint Cartesian mesh allowing for the exchange of the acoustic sources without MPI communication. An immersed boundary treatment of the acoustic scattering from solid bodies by a novel solid wall formulation is implemented and validated in the DG method. Results for the case of a spinning vortex pair and the low Reynolds number unsteady flow around a circular cylinder show that a solution with comparable accuracy is obtained for the two direct-hybrid methods when using identical mesh resolution.
讨论了两种直接耦合的两步CFD/CAA方法的精度。对于流场,将求解Navier-Stokes方程的有限体积法(FV)或晶格玻尔兹曼法(LB)与求解声扰动方程的不连续伽辽金法(DG)相耦合。该耦合利用了一个联合笛卡尔网格,允许在没有MPI通信的情况下交换声源。采用一种新的固体壁公式实现了固体声散射的浸入边界处理,并在DG方法中得到了验证。结果表明,在网格分辨率相同的情况下,两种直接混合方法的求解精度相当。
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引用次数: 0
Correlation of room acoustic parameters and noise level in eating establishments 餐饮场所室内声学参数与噪声水平的相关性
IF 1.4 3区 物理与天体物理 Q4 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/aacus/2023026
Lukáš Zelem, Vojtech Chmelík, C. Glorieux, M. Rychtáriková
This article addresses the impact of the occupancy level, the average acoustic absorption and the so-called acoustic capacity of a space, which is proportional with the volume and inversely proportional with the reverberation time, on the behavior of talking people in an eating establishments. Four different settings were compared: two casual dining restaurants, a self-service student canteen and a small faculty club. The Lombard effect was observed in all cases. In a restaurant with an average amount of absorbing surface of 2.4 m2 or more per person, the sound pressure level increased with more than 3 dB per doubling of the number of people. Results for the student canteen show that people started to communicate less when the number of people present was so high that the absorbing surface dropped under 1.5 m2/person (80 people). The level even stopped to increase with increasing occupancy from 150 people present and beyond, corresponding with 0.8 m2 of absorbing surface per person. This is roughly consistent with an estimated value for the acoustic capacity of that space, which was 189 people (corresponding with a table occupancy of about 72%). In the latter circumstances, the background noise level, as expressed by LA,95 was as high as 69 dB. Overcoming this level for oral communication would require a not sustainable vocal effort. In the tests performed in other restaurants, the observed occupancy was below 60%, which, thanks to the higher number of absorbing surfaces in those restaurants, was well below the acoustic capacity.
本文讨论了用餐场所的占用水平、平均声吸收和所谓的空间声容量(与体积成正比,与混响时间成反比)对说话人行为的影响。四种不同的设置进行了比较:两个休闲餐厅,一个自助学生食堂和一个小型教师俱乐部。在所有情况下都观察到伦巴第效应。在人均平均吸声面积在2.4 m2以上的餐厅中,每增加一倍的人数,声压级就会增加3db以上。对学生食堂的研究结果表明,当人数过多时,人们的交流开始减少,以至于吸收面降至1.5平方米/人(80人)以下。随着入住人数从150人增加到超过150人,这一水平甚至停止了增长,相当于每人0.8平方米的吸收面积。这与该空间的声学容量估计值大致一致,该空间的声学容量为189人(对应的桌子占用率约为72%)。在后一种情况下,以LA 95表示的背景噪声级高达69 dB。要想在口头交流中达到这个水平,就需要在发声方面做出不可持续的努力。在其他餐馆进行的测试中,观察到的入住率低于60%,这要归功于这些餐馆的吸收面数量较多,远远低于声学容量。
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引用次数: 0
Real-time sound synthesis of pass-by noise: comparison of spherical harmonics and time-varying filters 通过噪声的实时声音合成:球面谐波和时变滤波器的比较
IF 1.4 3区 物理与天体物理 Q4 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/aacus/2023029
M. Alkmim, G. Vandernoot, J. Cuenca, K. Janssens, W. Desmet, L. De Ryck
This paper proposes and compares two sound synthesis techniques to render a moving source for a fixed receiver position based on indoor pass-by noise measurements. The approaches are based on the time-varying infinite impulse response (IIR) filtering and spherical harmonics (SH) representation. The central contribution of the work is a framework for realistic moving source sound synthesis based on transfer functions measured using static far-field microphone arrays. While the SHs require a circular microphone array and a free-field propagation (delay, geometric spread), the IIR filtering relies on far-field microphones that correspond to the propagation path of the moving source. Both frameworks aim to provide accurate sound pressure levels in the far-field that comply with standards. Moreover, the frameworks can be extended to additional sources and filters (e.g. sound barriers) to create different moving source scenarios by removing the room size constraint. The results of the two sound synthesis approaches are preliminary evaluated and compared on a vehicle pass-by noise dataset and it is shown that both approaches are capable of accurately and efficiently synthesize a moving source.
本文提出并比较了两种声音合成技术,以在室内通过噪声测量的基础上为固定的接收器位置呈现运动声源。该方法基于时变无限脉冲响应(IIR)滤波和球面谐波(SH)表示。这项工作的核心贡献是一个基于静态远场麦克风阵列测量的传递函数的现实移动源声音合成框架。虽然SHs需要圆形麦克风阵列和自由场传播(延迟,几何传播),但IIR滤波依赖于与移动源的传播路径相对应的远场麦克风。这两个框架的目标都是在远场提供符合标准的准确声压级。此外,框架可以扩展到额外的源和过滤器(例如,音障),通过消除房间大小的限制来创建不同的移动源场景。在一个车辆通行噪声数据集上对两种声音合成方法的结果进行了初步评价和比较,结果表明两种方法都能够准确有效地合成运动声源。
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引用次数: 0
A validated modeling strategy for piezoelectric MEMS loudspeakers including viscous effects 一种包含粘性效应的压电式MEMS扬声器的有效建模策略
IF 1.4 3区 物理与天体物理 Q4 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/aacus/2023019
Hamideh Hassanpour Guilvaiee, P. Heyes, C. Novotny, M. Kaltenbacher, F. Toth
Piezoelectric micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) loudspeakers are drawing more interest due to their applications in new-developing audio technologies. MEMS devices’ small dimensions necessitate including thermal and viscous effects in the surrounding air when simulating their behaviors. Thus, the linearized mass, momentum and energy conservation equations are used to describe these effects. These formulations are implemented in our open-source finite element program openCFS. In this article, we model a 3D piezoelectric MEMS loudspeaker in two configurations: open and closed back-volume, which behave differently due to the effects of air viscosity and pressure forces between the cantilever and the closed back-volume. Furthermore, using a customized vacuum chamber, the atmospheric pressure is varied and its effects are studied in these two configurations, numerically and experimentally. Experimental results prove that our model predicts the behavior of the piezoelectric MEMS loudspeaker in various configurations very well. Additional simulations illustrate the effect of the slit thickness and thermal losses.
压电微机电系统(MEMS)扬声器因其在新兴音频技术中的应用而受到越来越多的关注。MEMS器件的小尺寸需要在模拟其行为时考虑周围空气中的热效应和粘性效应。因此,线性化的质量、动量和能量守恒方程被用来描述这些效应。这些公式在我们的开源有限元程序openCFS中实现。在这篇文章中,我们模拟了一个三维压电MEMS扬声器在两种配置下的模型:开放和封闭后容积,由于空气粘度和悬臂梁和封闭后容积之间的压力的影响,它们的行为不同。此外,利用定制的真空室,通过数值和实验研究了两种配置下大气压力的变化及其影响。实验结果表明,该模型能较好地预测压电式MEMS扬声器在不同结构下的性能。另外的模拟说明了狭缝厚度和热损失的影响。
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引用次数: 0
A Bayesian model for human directional localization of broadband static sound sources 宽带静态声源人体定向定位的贝叶斯模型
3区 物理与天体物理 Q4 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/aacus/2023006
Roberto Barumerli, Piotr Majdak, Michele Geronazzo, David Meijer, Federico Avanzini, Robert Baumgartner
Humans estimate sound-source directions by combining prior beliefs with sensory evidence. Prior beliefs represent statistical knowledge about the environment, and the sensory evidence consists of auditory features such as interaural disparities and monaural spectral shapes. Models of directional sound localization often impose constraints on the contribution of these features to either the horizontal or vertical dimension. Instead, we propose a Bayesian model that flexibly incorporates each feature according to its spatial precision and integrates prior beliefs in the inference process. The model estimates the direction of a single, broadband, stationary sound source presented to a static human listener in an anechoic environment. We simplified interaural features to be broadband and compared two model variants, each considering a different type of monaural spectral features: magnitude profiles and gradient profiles. Both model variants were fitted to the baseline performance of five listeners and evaluated on the effects of localizing with non-individual head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) and sounds with rippled spectrum. We found that the variant equipped with spectral gradient profiles outperformed other localization models. The proposed model appears particularly useful for the evaluation of HRTFs and may serve as a basis for future extensions towards modeling dynamic listening conditions.
人类通过结合先验信念和感官证据来估计声源的方向。先验信念代表了对环境的统计知识,感官证据由听觉特征组成,如耳间差异和单耳频谱形状。定向声音定位模型通常对这些特征对水平或垂直维度的贡献施加限制。相反,我们提出了一种贝叶斯模型,根据其空间精度灵活地融合每个特征,并在推理过程中集成先验信念。该模型估计了一个单一的、宽带的、固定的声源在消声环境中呈现给静态的人类听众的方向。我们将声间特征简化为宽带,并比较了两种模型变体,每种模型变体都考虑了不同类型的单声光谱特征:星等剖面和梯度剖面。这两种模型变体都拟合了五名听众的基线表现,并评估了非个体头部相关传递函数(hrtf)和波纹频谱声音的定位效果。我们发现配备光谱梯度轮廓的变体优于其他定位模型。所提出的模型似乎对hrtf的评估特别有用,并且可以作为未来扩展到动态聆听条件建模的基础。
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引用次数: 1
Characteristics of partially filled Helmholtz resonators 部分填充亥姆霍兹谐振腔的特性
3区 物理与天体物理 Q4 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/aacus/2023039
Mikhail V. Indenbom, Souren P. Pogossian
In this work we have developed a technique for the measurement of the resonance curve of Helmholtz resonators as a function of filling with beads and sands of different sizes, and water as the reference. Our measurements allowed us to observe very different behaviors of resonance frequencies and resonance half-widths as a function of the size of the sand grains and the beads. By comparing results for beads and water we were able to prove that the sound penetrates the interstitial space between the beads. This was confirmed by measurements of the resonance properties in resonators filled with spherical beads whose experimentally determined filling factor is close to the random filling factor of about 0.54. The similar behavior of the frequency and half-width of resonance of sand-filled resonators of three different sizes allowed us to suggest that sound penetrates the sand in the same way as it does the beads.
在这项工作中,我们开发了一种测量亥姆霍兹谐振器的共振曲线的技术,作为填充不同大小的珠子和沙子的函数,并以水为参考。我们的测量使我们能够观察到共振频率和共振半宽度作为沙粒和珠子大小的函数的非常不同的行为。通过比较珠子和水的结果,我们能够证明声音穿过珠子之间的间隙空间。实验结果表明,填充球珠的谐振腔的填充系数接近于随机填充系数,约为0.54。三种不同尺寸的填沙谐振器的频率和共振半宽度的相似行为使我们认为声音穿透沙子的方式与穿透珠子的方式相同。
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引用次数: 1
Perceptual evaluation of an ambisonic auralization system of measured 3D acoustics 测量三维声学双声化系统的感知评价
3区 物理与天体物理 Q4 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/aacus/2023052
Simon Fargeot, Adrien Vidal, Mitsuko Aramaki, Richard Kronland-Martinet
This paper presents a perceptual experiment aimed at assessing the spatial quality of acoustic environment rendering using a 4th order ambisonic auralization system. A novel test protocol is developed for this purpose, based on comparing the perceived spatial attributes of sound sources in both real (in-situ) and virtual listening conditions (loudspeaker-based ambisonic auralization of measured SRIRs). The perceptual evaluation is conducted using a specific reporting method combined with a virtual reality interface, enabling simultaneous assessment of perceived distance, angular position, and apparent width of sound sources. The test is conducted in three “office like” rooms, varying in reverberation properties and size. The results highlight differences in spatial perception between (a) real rooms and (b) their reproduction through the auralization system. Overall, localization performance is worse in auralized conditions than in real conditions, as evidenced by a clear increase in localization errors in azimuth and elevation, along with an increase in reported source width. This study also reveals that the spatial accuracy of the auralization depends on the rooms being auralized.
本文提出了一种利用四阶双声听觉系统评估声环境渲染空间质量的感知实验。为此,研究人员开发了一种新的测试方案,该方案基于比较真实(原位)和虚拟收听条件下声源的感知空间属性(测量SRIRs的基于扬声器的双声听化)。感知评估使用特定的报告方法结合虚拟现实界面进行,可以同时评估感知距离,角度位置和声源的表观宽度。测试在三个类似办公室的房间中进行,这些房间的混响特性和大小各不相同。结果突出了(a)真实房间和(b)通过听觉系统再现的房间之间的空间感知差异。总体而言,可视化条件下的定位性能比真实条件下更差,方位角和仰角的定位误差明显增加,同时报告的源宽度也增加。该研究还表明,听觉化的空间精度取决于被听觉化的房间。
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引用次数: 0
Investigation of an engine order noise cancellation system in a super sports car 某超级跑车发动机命令噪声消除系统的研究
IF 1.4 3区 物理与天体物理 Q4 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/aacus/2022060
Cesare Lupo Ferrari, J. Cheer, Mario Mautone
Today’s cars must meet ever-higher acoustic standards, and so, to avoid compromising vehicle dynamics, handling performance and fuel consumption, standard passive methods alone do not provide sufficient performance. Active control solutions can provide a potential solution to this challenge, particularly at low frequency and such systems have been investigated for application to small cars, SUVs and luxury vehicles. These vehicles are generally characterised by fairly slow dynamics and limited noise emission and, therefore, this paper explores the challenging application of active noise control to a two-seat super sports car equipped with a naturally aspirated engine. This work aims to track and then control sounds characterised by extremely rapid frequency variation rates, up to peaks of over 80 Hz/s, and high sound pressure levels. A multi-channel, multi-order FxLMS based control system has been implemented, which has been modified to optimise performance for this application by including both convergence gain and leakage scheduling, to achieve effective control at the driver’s and passenger’s ears. To evaluate the performance of the controller, its performance has been simulated when applied to measurements taken under several vehicle manoeuvres, ranging from conventional constant engine speed to very fast engine run-ups. From the presented results, it is shown that the system can obtain high levels of control during the manoeuvre set, with the controller reducing the overall sound pressure level by more than 10 dB at certain frequencies when analysing a single order, and it reduces the overall loudness by around 5% in all of the analysed cases.
今天的汽车必须满足越来越高的声学标准,因此,为了避免影响车辆动力学,操纵性能和燃油消耗,标准的被动方法本身并不能提供足够的性能。主动控制解决方案可以为这一挑战提供潜在的解决方案,特别是在低频情况下,此类系统已被研究用于小型车、suv和豪华车。这些车辆通常具有相当缓慢的动力学和有限的噪声排放的特点,因此,本文探讨了主动噪声控制在配备自然吸气发动机的双座超级跑车上的具有挑战性的应用。这项工作旨在跟踪并控制以极快的频率变化率为特征的声音,最高可达80 Hz/s以上,声压级高。基于FxLMS的多通道、多阶控制系统已经实现,该系统经过修改,通过包括收敛增益和泄漏调度来优化性能,从而实现驾驶员和乘客耳朵的有效控制。为了评估控制器的性能,我们对其性能进行了模拟,并将其应用于几种车辆机动下的测量,范围从传统的恒定发动机转速到非常快的发动机运转。从所提供的结果来看,该系统可以在操纵设置期间获得高水平的控制,控制器在分析单个订单时,在某些频率下将总声压级降低10 dB以上,并且在所有分析情况下将总响度降低约5%。
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引用次数: 4
Conceptual estimation of the noise reduction potential of electrified aircraft engines 电气化飞机发动机降噪潜力的概念估计
IF 1.4 3区 物理与天体物理 Q4 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/aacus/2023009
T. Geyer, L. Enghardt
The advent of electrified propulsion systems for civil aircraft promises not only notable reductions of CO2 and NOx emissions, but also of perceived noise. In an attempt to estimate the noise reduction potential of fully electric aircraft engines, the current study compares the noise generated by classical turboprop and turbofan engines with noise spectra calculated for electrified engines. The calculation is based on published far-field sound pressure level spectra at different noise certification points, which are then modified to account for the absence of combustion-related noise sources. In addition to the overall sound pressure level, changes to the effective perceived noise level are also taken into account. The results clearly show that the electrification of the engine alone will not lead to the notable noise reductions that are required in order to achieve the goals for future aviation set by the European Commission. Instead, continued research is necessary to further reduce noise sources that will continue to be present in novel electrified aircraft systems, such as fan noise and airframe noise.
民用飞机电气化推进系统的出现不仅有望显著减少二氧化碳和氮氧化物的排放,而且还能降低可感知的噪音。为了评估全电动飞机发动机的降噪潜力,本研究将经典涡桨发动机和涡扇发动机产生的噪声与电气化发动机计算的噪声谱进行了比较。计算基于不同噪声认证点公布的远场声压级谱,然后对其进行修改,以考虑与燃烧相关的噪声源的缺失。除了整体声压级外,有效感知噪声级的变化也被考虑在内。结果清楚地表明,仅靠发动机的电气化并不能显著降低噪音,而这是实现欧盟委员会为未来航空业设定的目标所必需的。相反,有必要继续研究以进一步降低新型电气化飞机系统中的噪声源,例如风扇噪声和机身噪声。
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引用次数: 0
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