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Effect of slit length on linear and non-linear acoustic transfer impedance of a micro-slit plate 狭缝长度对微狭缝板线性和非线性声传递阻抗的影响
IF 1.4 3区 物理与天体物理 Q4 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/aacus/2021059
Alessia Aulitto, A. Hirschberg, I. L. Arteaga, Esmée L.R.H. Buijssen
The effect of the slit length on the acoustic transfer impedance of micro-slit plates (MSPs) is investigated in the linear and non-linear regime for a specific slit geometry. This geometry is inspired by slits obtained by cutting and bending the plate. MSPs are plates with arrays of slit-shaped perforations, with the width of the order of the acoustic viscous boundary layer thickness. Impedance tube measurements on two accurately manufactured plates are compared to numerical solution of the Linearized Navier-Stokes equations and to analytical limits. The impedance of the plate is obtained by the impedance of a single slit divided by the plate porosity. The resistance of a slit is independent on the slit length and on the plate porosity. In the linear regime the resistance is accurately predicted by a two-dimensional numerical model. In the non-linear regime, the resistance is strongly dependent on the amplitude of the acoustic waves. The inertance of the slit is weakly dependent on the slit length and on the plate porosity, for low and moderate amplitudes. For high amplitudes, a complicated amplitude dependency of the inertia of short slits is found. One expects that most of the conclusions obtained can be generalised to other slit geometries.
在特定狭缝几何条件下,研究了狭缝长度对微狭缝板声传递阻抗的影响。这种几何形状的灵感来自于通过切割和弯曲钢板而获得的狭缝。MSPs是具有狭缝状穿孔阵列的板,其宽度与声粘性边界层厚度的数量级相当。在两个精确制造的板上的阻抗管测量与线性化Navier-Stokes方程的数值解和解析极限进行了比较。板的阻抗由单狭缝的阻抗除以板的孔隙率得到。狭缝的阻力与狭缝长度和板的孔隙率无关。在线性状态下,用二维数值模型精确地预测了电阻。在非线性状态下,阻力强烈依赖于声波的振幅。对于低振幅和中等振幅,狭缝的惯性对狭缝长度和板孔隙率的依赖性较弱。对于高幅值,发现了短缝惯性与幅值的复杂关系。人们期望得到的大多数结论可以推广到其他狭缝几何。
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引用次数: 5
2D phononic-crystal Luneburg lens for all-angle underwater sound localization 二维声子晶体Luneburg透镜全角度水声定位
IF 1.4 3区 物理与天体物理 Q4 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/aacus/2021058
Yongdu Ruan, Xu Liang
Phononic crystals are well known for acoustic wave manipulation which may have potential application in an underwater acoustic detection system. In this work, we design and simulate a two-dimensional Luneburg lens based on gradient-index (GRIN) phononic crystal that is composed of PLA-Air inclusion, and a novel application of GRIN phononic crystals is proposed to sound localization. The Luneburg lens has a broadband working range, from 1500 Hz to 7500 Hz, for acoustic wave focusing with sensitive directivity and signal-to-noise improvement. By searching maximum wave intensity’s position of the focusing beam, the propagating direction of an unknown sound wave can be directly recognized covering 360°. Besides, we redesign the conventional square-lattice Luneburg lenses using annular lattices for better performance. The annular-lattice Luneburg lens overcomes the weakness of configuration defect due to the square lattice. The numerical results show that the redesign Luneburg lenses have high accuracy for distance measurement from 5 m to 35 m through the triangulation location. In a word, this work tries to explore a novel application of phononic crystals in underwater acoustic positioning and navigation technology.
声子晶体以声波操纵而闻名,在水声探测系统中具有潜在的应用前景。在这项工作中,我们设计并模拟了一个基于PLA-Air内含物组成的梯度指数(GRIN)声子晶体的二维Luneburg透镜,并提出了GRIN声子晶体在声音定位中的新应用。Luneburg透镜具有宽带工作范围,从1500 Hz到7500 Hz,用于声波聚焦,具有灵敏的指向性和信噪比改善。通过搜索聚焦光束的最大波强位置,可以直接识别360°范围内未知声波的传播方向。此外,我们利用环形晶格重新设计了传统的方形晶格吕尼堡透镜,以获得更好的性能。环形晶格Luneburg透镜克服了方形晶格造成的构型缺陷。数值结果表明,重新设计的Luneburg透镜通过三角定位在5 ~ 35 m范围内具有较高的测量精度。总之,本研究试图探索声子晶体在水声定位与导航技术中的新应用。
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引用次数: 6
Excitation of pipe bending modes by internal pressure: A phenomenon present in refrigerators with skin condenser 内压对管道弯曲模态的激发:一种存在于带蒙皮冷凝器的冰箱中的现象
IF 1.4 3区 物理与天体物理 Q4 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/aacus/2022027
Ricardo Luís Schaefer, A. Lenzi
The concept of skin condenser refrigerators has been increasingly explored for its capacity to provide a larger internal cabinet volume. However, the discharge pulsation of the cooling gas has become a significant source of noise because it directly excites the cabinet. This paper analyzes the mechanisms of cabinet vibration excitation by gas pulsation in the condenser tubes. Initial tests were performed with vibration measurements on a refrigerator and on segments of the cabinet excited by pulsation only. The results showed that bending modes of cabinet segments were excited by the pulsation in the condenser tube. A theoretical analysis showed that asymmetry in the condenser tube cross section is responsible for bending moment generation and numerical evaluations confirmed this effect for different types of asymmetries.
由于能够提供更大的内部柜体体积,蒙皮冷凝器制冷机的概念得到了越来越多的探索。然而,冷却气体的放电脉动由于直接激励箱体而成为一个重要的噪声源。分析了凝汽器管内气体脉动激发柜体振动的机理。最初的试验是通过对冰箱和仅受脉动激励的柜体部分进行振动测量来进行的。结果表明:冷凝器管内的脉动激发了箱体管片的弯曲模态;理论分析表明,凝汽器管截面的不对称是产生弯矩的主要原因,数值计算证实了不同类型的不对称对弯矩产生的影响。
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引用次数: 0
On the identification and assessment of underlying acoustic dimensions of soundscapes 论声景的底层声学维度的识别与评价
IF 1.4 3区 物理与天体物理 Q4 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/aacus/2022042
Jakob Bergner, J. Peissig
The concept of soundscapes according to ISO 12913-1/-2/-3 proposes a descriptive framework based on a triangulation between the entities acoustic environment, person and context. While research on the person-related dimensions is well established, there is not yet complete agreement on the relevant indicators and dimensions for the pure description of acoustic environments. Therefore, this work attempts to identify acoustic dimensions that actually vary between different acoustic environments and thus can be used to characterize them. To this end, an exploratory, data-based approach was taken. A database of Ambisonics soundscape recordings (approx. 12.5 h) was first analyzed using a variety of signal-based acoustic indicators (Ni = 326) within the categories loudness, quality, spaciousness and time. Multivariate statistical methods were then applied to identify compound and interpretable acoustic dimensions. The interpretation of the results reveals 8 independent dimensions “Loudness”, “Directivity”, “Timbre”, “High-Frequency Timbre”, “Dynamic Range”, “High-Frequency Amplitude Modulation”, “Loudness Progression” and “Mid-High-Frequency Amplitude Modulation” to be statistically relevant. These derived latent acoustic dimensions explain 48.76% of the observed total variance and form a physical basis for the description of acoustic environments. Although all baseline indicators were selected for perceptual reasons, validation must be done through appropriate listening tests in future.
根据ISO 12913-1/-2/-3,声景的概念提出了一个基于实体声环境、人和环境之间的三角测量的描述性框架。虽然对人相关维度的研究已经建立,但对于声环境的纯粹描述的相关指标和维度尚未完全达成一致。因此,这项工作试图识别不同声学环境之间实际变化的声学尺寸,从而可以用来表征它们。为此目的,采取了一种探索性的、基于数据的办法。一个关于立体声声景录音的数据库。12.5 h)首先使用各种基于信号的声学指标(Ni = 326)在响度、质量、空间和时间类别中进行分析。然后应用多元统计方法来识别复合和可解释的声学尺寸。通过对结果的解释,发现响度、指向性、音色、高频音色、动态范围、高频调幅、响度级数和中高频调幅这8个独立维度具有统计学相关性。这些推导出的潜在声学维数解释了观测到的总方差的48.76%,并为声环境的描述提供了物理基础。虽然所有基线指标的选择都是出于感知原因,但必须通过适当的听力测试来验证。
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引用次数: 2
Structure-borne sound sources in buildings – Estimating the uncertainty of source properties and installed power from interlaboratory test results 建筑物中结构传播的声源。从实验室间试验结果估计声源特性和安装功率的不确定度
IF 1.4 3区 物理与天体物理 Q4 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/aacus/2022012
V. Wittstock, J. Scheck, M. Villot
A low immission due to structure-borne sound sources is a major component of the acoustic quality inside buildings. After many years of research, methods have been standardised to characterise such sources (EN 15657) and to predict their impact in buildings (EN 12354-5). This contribution is dedicated to the question what the uncertainty of the source descriptors and the predicted installed sound power is. To answer this question, an interlaboratory test with an artificial source was performed. Altogether seven laboratories participated, and estimates for the uncertainties of the source quantities could be deduced from the measurement results. Additionally, measurements were performed with a standardised structure-borne sound source, the ISO tapping machine, by all participating laboratories. The measured source quantity for this source turned out to be in good agreement with the theoretically predicted values thereby validating this theoretical prediction.
由结构传播的声源造成的低排放是影响建筑物内音质的主要因素。经过多年的研究,已经有了标准化的方法来描述这些来源(EN 15657)并预测它们对建筑物的影响(EN 12354-5)。这篇文章致力于解决声源描述符和预测安装声功率的不确定性问题。为了回答这个问题,使用人工源进行了实验室间测试。共有7个实验室参与,源量的不确定度估计可以从测量结果中推断出来。此外,所有参与的实验室都使用标准化的结构声源ISO攻丝机进行测量。该源的测量源量与理论预测值吻合良好,从而验证了理论预测值。
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引用次数: 1
Hybrid multi-harmonic model for the prediction of interaural time differences in individual behind-the-ear hearing-aid-related transfer functions 混合多谐模型用于预测个体耳后助听器相关传递函数的耳间时差
IF 1.4 3区 物理与天体物理 Q4 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/aacus/2022020
Florian Pausch, S. Doma, J. Fels
Spatial sound perception in aided listeners partly relies on hearing-aid-related transfer functions (HARTFs), describing the directional acoustic paths between a sound source and the hearing-aid (HA) microphones. Compared to head-related transfer functions (HRTFs), the HARTFs of behind-the-ear HAs exhibit substantial differences in spectro-temporal characteristics and binaural cues such as interaural time differences (ITDs). Since assumptions on antipodal microphone placement on the equator of a three-concentric sphere are violated in such datasets, predicting the ITDs via Kuhn’s simple analytic harmonic model entails excessive errors. Although angular ear-canal offsets have been addressed in an extended Woodworth model, the prediction errors remain large if the frequency range does not comply with the model specifications. Tuned to the previously inaccurately modelled frequency range between 500 Hz and 1.5 kHz, we propose a hybrid multi-harmonic model to predict the ITDs in HRTFs and HARTFs for arbitrary directions in the horizontal plane with superior accuracy. The target model coefficients are derived from individual directional measurements of 30 adults, wearing two dual-microphone behind-the-ear HAs and two in-ear microphones. Model individualisation is facilitated by the availability of polynomial weights that are applied to subsets of individual anthropometric and HA features to estimate the target model coefficients. The model is published as part of the Auditory Modeling Toolbox (AMT, pausch2022) and supplemented with the individual features and directional datasets.
辅助听者的空间声音感知部分依赖于助听器相关的传递函数(HARTFs),描述声源和助听器(HA)麦克风之间的定向声路径。与头部相关传递函数(hrtf)相比,耳后ha的HARTFs在光谱-时间特征和双耳信号(如耳间时差(ITDs))方面表现出实质性差异。由于这些数据集违背了对跖传声器放置在三同心球赤道上的假设,因此通过库恩的简单解析调和模型预测过渡段会带来很大的误差。虽然在扩展的Woodworth模型中已经解决了耳道角偏移问题,但如果频率范围不符合模型规范,预测误差仍然很大。在500 Hz到1.5 kHz的频率范围内,我们提出了一种混合多谐波模型,可以在水平面上任意方向上预测hrtf和HARTFs中的过渡段,具有较高的精度。目标模型系数来自30名成年人的个人方向测量,他们戴着两个双麦克风耳后麦克风和两个入耳式麦克风。将多项式权重应用于个体人体测量和HA特征的子集以估计目标模型系数,从而促进了模型个性化。该模型作为听觉建模工具箱(AMT, pausch2022)的一部分发布,并补充了个人特征和定向数据集。
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引用次数: 1
Aeroacoustic formulations for confined flows based on incompressible flow data 基于不可压缩流动数据的受限流动气动声学公式
IF 1.4 3区 物理与天体物理 Q4 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/aacus/2022041
Paul Maurerlehner, S. Schoder, J. Tieber, Clemens Freidhager, H. Steiner, G. Brenn, Karl-Heinz Schäfer, A. Ennemoser, M. Kaltenbacher
The hybrid aeroacoustic approach is an efficient way to address the issue of the disparity of scales in Computational AeroAcoustics (CAA) at low Mach numbers. In the present paper, three wave equations governing propagation of flow-induced sound of low Mach number flows, namely the Perturbed Convective Wave Equation (PCWE), Ribner’s Dilatation (RIB) equation, and Lighthill’s wave equation, are applied using the Finite Element Method (FEM). An airflow through a circular pipe with a half-moon-shaped orifice at three operating flow speeds is considered, where validation data from measurements on a dedicated test rig is available. An extensive analysis of the flow field is provided based on the results of the incompressible flow simulation. The resulting acoustic source terms are investigated, and the relevant source term contributions are determined. The results of the acoustic propagation simulations revealed that the PCWE and RIB are best suited for the present task. The overall deviation of the predicted pressure spectra from the measured mean values amounted to 2.26 and 2.13 times the standard deviation of the measurement compared to 3.55 for Lighthill’s wave equation. Besides reliably predicting the flow-induced sound, the numerical procedure of source term computation is straightforward for PCWE and RIB, where the source term contributions, shown to be relevant, solely consist of time derivatives of the incompressible pressure. In contrast, the Lighthill source term involves spatial derivatives and, thus, is strongly dependent on the spatial resolution and the numerical method actually used for approximating these terms.
混合气动声学方法是解决低马赫数计算气动声学(CAA)中尺度差异问题的有效方法。本文采用有限元法对低马赫数流动中控制流声传播的三个波动方程,即摄动对流波动方程(PCWE)、里伯纳膨胀方程(RIB)和莱特希尔波动方程(Lighthill’s波动方程)进行了分析。考虑在三种工作流速下通过带有半月形孔的圆形管道的气流,其中可获得专用测试平台测量的验证数据。基于不可压缩流动模拟的结果,对流场进行了广泛的分析。研究了由此产生的声源项,并确定了相关的声源项贡献。声学传播模拟结果表明,PCWE和RIB最适合本课题。预测压力谱与测量平均值的总体偏差分别为测量标准差的2.26和2.13倍,而Lighthill波动方程的标准差为3.55倍。除了可靠地预测流动声外,对于PCWE和RIB,源项计算的数值过程也很简单,其中源项贡献显示出相关性,仅由不可压缩压力的时间导数组成。相比之下,Lighthill源项涉及空间导数,因此,强烈依赖于空间分辨率和实际用于近似这些项的数值方法。
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引用次数: 10
Interaction between double nonspherical bubbles in compressible liquid under the coupling effect of ultrasound and electrostatic field 超声与静电场耦合作用下可压缩液体中双非球形气泡的相互作用
IF 1.4 3区 物理与天体物理 Q4 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/aacus/2022048
Jin-Jie Deng, M. Yu, Ri-Fu Yang
A dynamic model for a double-bubble system in compressible liquid under the coupling effect of ultrasound and electrostatic field was developed here. In this study, we mainly discussed the effect of the interaction on the investigated bubble using the numerical solutions to the theoretic model. The variable parameters are the distance between bubble centers and the initial radius of the adjacent bubble. In addition, we applied approximate equations to analyse variations of the internal gas pressure and temperature of a bubble. We found that, the oscillation amplitude of a bubble with an adjacent bubble significantly reduces, compared to that of an isolated bubble.
建立了超声和静电场耦合作用下可压缩液体中双泡系统的动力学模型。在本研究中,我们主要利用理论模型的数值解来讨论相互作用对所研究气泡的影响。可变参数是气泡中心之间的距离和相邻气泡的初始半径。此外,我们应用近似方程分析了气泡内部气体压力和温度的变化。我们发现,与孤立气泡相比,有相邻气泡的气泡的振荡幅度明显减小。
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引用次数: 0
Pilot study on the influence of spatial resolution of human voice directivity on speech perception 人类语音指向性空间分辨率对语音感知影响的初步研究
IF 1.4 3区 物理与天体物理 Q4 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/aacus/2022006
Aurian Quélennec, P. Luizard
A perceptual threshold related to spatial resolution of the human voice directivity was determined through a listening test of similarity (MUSHRA). Directivity data of an artificial talking head measured at high spatial resolution (spherical harmonics order 35) was the input of a room acoustics simulation software (RAVEN) to build sound stimuli in various room acoustic conditions and source–receiver arrangements, with different voices. Results showed that, at spherical harmonics order 8 and above, the voice signal was not anymore perceived as significantly different from the greatest resolution. An analytical model was proposed and showed good agreement with the listening test results.
通过相似度听力测试(MUSHRA)确定了与人声指向性空间分辨率相关的感知阈值。以高空间分辨率(球谐阶35)测量的人工说话头指向性数据为输入,通过房间声学模拟软件(RAVEN)构建不同房间声学条件和不同声源-接收机布置下的声音刺激。结果表明,在球谐波阶为8及以上时,语音信号不再被认为与最大分辨率有显著差异。提出了一种分析模型,与听力测试结果吻合较好。
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引用次数: 0
In-flight directivity and sound power measurement of small-scale unmanned aerial systems 小型无人机系统的飞行指向性和声功率测量
IF 1.4 3区 物理与天体物理 Q4 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/aacus/2022052
G. Herold
The sound emission characteristics of unmanned aerial systems are of interest in many contexts. For a realistic representation of the directional characteristics and the radiated sound energy, it is useful if the aircraft is operated under realistic conditions. However, deriving emission-based acoustic quantities for a typical mode of operation such as cruise flight is difficult. In this paper, the directivity and sound power of a quadcopter drone are determined using a microphone array measurement of a single flight through a predefined corridor. The recorded data are processed to both reconstruct the drone’s flight path and characterize its acoustic emission. To verify the reliability of the presented method, the signal processing is tested with simulated data from moving sources with the directivity of a monopole as well as a dipole. Using different discretizations of the radiation direction space and evaluating the frequency-dependent directivity factor, it is discussed how the sound radiation can be described as comprehensively as possible on the basis of as few quantities as possible.
无人机系统的声发射特性在许多情况下都是人们感兴趣的。为了真实地表示方向特性和辐射声能,如果飞机在真实条件下运行是有用的。然而,对于典型的操作模式,如巡航飞行,导出基于发射的声学量是困难的。在本文中,利用麦克风阵列测量通过预定走廊的单次飞行,确定了四轴飞行器的指向性和声功率。对记录的数据进行处理,以重建无人机的飞行路径并表征其声发射。为了验证该方法的可靠性,用具有单极子指向性和偶极子指向性的移动源的模拟数据对信号处理进行了测试。利用辐射方向空间的不同离散化方法和频率相关的指向性因子,讨论了如何在尽可能少的量的基础上尽可能全面地描述声辐射。
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引用次数: 1
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